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Shepp's 
World's   Fair   Photographed. 

Being  a 

Collection  of  Original  Copyrighted  Photographs 

Authorized  and  Permitted  by 

The  Management  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 

Consisting  of 

Photographs  of    the  Original   Buildings;    The  State  Buildings;   the  Buildings  of   Foreign  Nations; 

The    Court    of    Honor ;     Exhibits ;      The    War=Ship   Illinois ;     The    Lagoon ; 

Temples ;  Pavilions  ;  Gardens  ;  Fountains  ;  Statues  ;  The 

Midway   Plaisance    and  its  Scenes. 


All  Described  in  Crisp  and  Beautiful  Language. 


James  W.  Shepp  and  Daniel  B.  Shepp, 

Authors  of  "  Shepp*s  Photographs  of  the  World,**  the  most  famous  book  of  modern  times. 


PUBLISHED    BY  . 


GLOBE  BIBLE  PUBLISHING  CO., 


358  Dearborn  Street, 

Chicago,  III. 


723  Chestnut  Street, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1893, 

By  D.  B.  SHEPP, 

In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


All  rights  reserved. 


The  Illustrations  In  this  Book  are  from 
original  photographs,  copyrighted  by  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition.  Copying 
them  in  any  form  is  unlawful,  and  notice 
is  hereby  given  that  persons  guilty  of  in= 
fringing  on  the  copyright  will  be  immedi- 
ately prosecuted. 


PRESS  OF 

ALFRED   M.   SLOCUM    CO. 

PHILADELPHIA,    PA 


/ 


WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


EXECUTIVE   DEPARTMENT. 


HASLOW  N.  MIQINBOTHAM,   President. 
FERDINAND  W.  PECK,  Vice-President. 
ROBERT  A.  WALLER,  2d  Vicb-Presioent 
HOWARD  O.    EDMONDS,  SECRETARr. 


Chicago, J.un.e.....l.9.th.» 1 893. 


The   illustrations    in  this   publication,    issued  by  the 
Globe    Bible    Publishing    Conpany   of   Chicago   and    Philadelphia   are  from 
original   photographs    of  the   World's   Columbian   Exposition,    the   use 
of  which   is  authorized  and   permitted  by   the   Exposition  management. 


PREFACE. 


;N  HIS  BEAUTIFUL  poem,  "  Locksley  Hall,"  Lord  Tennyson   wrote   of   "The  Parliament   of  Man, 
the   Federation    of   the   World." 

This  was  then  merely  the  poet's  dream,  a  beautiful  vision  surely,  but  seemingly  very 
far  from  realization.  In  the  Polish  language  the  words  poet  and  prophet  are  synonymous, 
and  Tennyson  is  hardly  cold  in  his  grave  before  the  prophetic  nature  of  his  muse  has  become 
apparent.  At  Jackson  Park,  Chicago,  for  the  first  time  in  human  history,  mankind  is  called 
to  gaze  upon  such  a  parliament,  and  such  a  federation,  brought  about  by  no  mere  law  of 
necessity,  welded  by  no  political  subtleties,  but  born  of  the  development  of  civilization,  and  the  growing  feel- 
ing of  human  brotherhood.  Not  only  have  the  seventeen  Republics  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  met  in  fraternal 
association  but  the  hoary  monarchies  of  Asia,  the  sturdy  sovereignties  of  Europe,  the  barbarous  tribes  of  Africa, 
the  freedom-loving  children  of  Australia,  have  all  come  to 

"The  Mother  with  the  ever  open  doors. 
The  feet  of  many  Nations  on  her  floors. 
And  room  for  all  the  World  about  lier  knees." 

Not  empty-handed   have    they   come,  as    mere    holiday  guests    to    gaze    upon    the    ample   stores 

of    New  World   wealth,  but  witli    treasures    such    as    Solomon    in    all    his    glory    never    saw,   and   of    which 

neither  Greece  nor  Rome,  at  tine  imperial  height  of  their  magnificence,  ever    dreamed.     Each   nation  Inas  become 

a  revelation  to  the  other.      No   nation    can    longer   wrap   the   mantle   of   self-conceit   about   it   and  lie   down  to 

(5) 


6  PREFACE. 

pleasant  dreams  of  superiority.  Japan  just  emerged  from  the  darkness  of  conservatism,  her  almond  eyes  still 
blinking  at  the  new  light  of  civilization  pouring  in  upon  her  like  a  flood,  triumphantly  shoulders  France  the 
Queen  of  Art,  and  spreads  before  the  astonished  gaze  of  mankind,  artistic  and  horticultural  miracles  that  any 
race  might  envy.  Even  turbulent  Guatemala  marks  her  taste  and  progress  by  a  building  so  beautiful  and 
novel  as  to  wring  homage  from  the  most  enlightened  judges,  while  the  pomp  and  glory  of  oriental  architecture 
are  rivalled  by  the  faultless  beauty  of  the  interiors  of  the  buildings  of  Norway  and  Sweden.  Each -nation 
cannot  fail  to  be  proud  of  the  other,  and  the  United  States  of  America  proud  of  them  all. 

Why  have  the  nations  answered  our  call  with  such  unanimity,  and  what  makes  this  country  a 
peculiarly  felicitous  meeting-place?  it  is  because  of  the  general  feeling  that  the  United  States  of  America  is  the 
World's  big  brother,  that  in  the  veins  of  this  nation  flows  the  blood  of  all  the  races  of  the  earth,  and  that 
here  the  wanderer  from  the  most  distant  shores  may  feel  at  home.  That  the  starry  banner  guarantees  to  all 
the  right  of  "life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness."  That  here  Old  World  feuds  are  buried  and  a  new 
order  of  universal  friendship  and  hospitality  is  established. 

Since  1780,  fifteen  and  a  half  millions  of  the  population  of  the  older  countries  have  arrived  on 
these  shores,  as  immigrants,  and  all  have  found  warm  welcome  and  unfettered  opportunity.  Here  the  Englishman 
finds  a  greater  England.  He  may  travel  three  thousand  miles  continuously  to  find  his  language  spoken  and  his 
law  revered  by  happy  millions.  Here  the  hishman  rinds  the  Home  Rule,  for  which  he  craves,  and  the 
Scotchman  has  a  better  chance  to  exercise  the  splendid  qualities  of  his  race  than  in  his  own  noble  but  sterile 
land.  The  German  finds  in  this  new  fatheriand  all  and  more  than  his  own  country  could  supply,  and  sees  on 
the  glory  roll  of  Columbia's  history  Teutonic  names  shining  with  resplendent  lustre.  The  Frenchman,  always 
striving  after  an  ideal  liberty,  finds  it  here,  and  in  the  development  of  this  sister  Republic  fondly  dreams  he 
sees  the  future   of    his   own   beloved   land. 


PREFACE.  7 

We  might  catalogue  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and,  standing  on  the  highest  pinnacles  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  call  the  long  roll  in  tones  of  thunder,  and  from  some  corner  of  this  great  land  some 
voice  would  cry  "Here!"  as  the  name  of  each  nation  was  called.  At  Babel,  God  spake  the  nations  apart, 
and  put  strange  language  in  their  lips  that  they  might  dwell  asunder.  Here  he  has  called  them  together 
again   and,   under  the   sacred  flag   of    Liberty,   made   them   one. 

What  has  the  United  States  done  to  receive  this  glorious  gathering?  Jackson  Park  with 
its  architectural  splendors  might  be  considered  sufficient  answer,  but  that  is  only  part  of  the  story.  The 
city  in  which  the  Fair  is  placed  is  in  itself  the  foremost  wonder  of  the  World.  Though  New  York  is  indeed 
an  imperial  metropolis,  and  standing  there  at  the  gates  of  the  Continent  on  Manhattan  Island,  she  receives  our 
guests  with  the  dignity  and  grace  of  a  queen,  yet  her  dominions  are  too  small  and  the  needs  of  her  teeming 
population  too  imperative  to  admit  of  the  display  and  territory  necessary  for  a  great  World's  Fair.  Again, 
it  was  not  well  that  those  who  came  to  visit  us  should  merely  toy  with  the  fringes  of  our  National  robe; 
they  must  see  the  nation  itself  in  its  homes,  its  cities,  towns  and  villages.  They  must  learn  from  our  great 
railroad  systems  how  our  engineers  have  subdued  nature  to  their  will  and  triumphed  over  almost 
insurmountable  obstacles,  while  all  that  human  art  and  ingenuity  could  devise  has  been  lavishly  used 
for  the  safety  and  luxury  of  the  traveling  public.  Chicago  also  supplies  every  requisite  for  such  a  celebration. 
With  a  population  of  over  a  million,  in  the  centre  of  a  vast  railroad  system  stretching  gigantic  arms  to  the 
confines  of  the  continent,  washed  by  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  one  in  that  mighty  chain  of  lakes  flung 
down  like  silver  shields  of  sleeping  gods  in  the  midst  of  our  wondrous  land,  palpitating  with  tremendous  energy, 
and  hot  with  a  definite  enthusiasm  unknown  to  the  cooler  East,  ambitious  to  excel,  and  willing  to  strain 
every  nerve  to  win  the  crown  of  a  wodd's  approval  and  applause,  with  almost  unlimited  territory  at  her 
disposal,  and  a  lavish   disregard  for  money  where   local   pride  is  concerned,  she   is   certainly  an    ideal  place   in 


8  PREFACE. 

which  the  Dream  City  of  the  Exposition  should  have  birth.  The  city  of  Chicago  contributed  ^^,000,000 
toward  the  Fair,  and  ^3,600,000  towards  beautifying  the  city  in  readiness  for  the  multitude  of  expected  visitors. 
The  police  force  has  been  reorganized  and  is  equal  to  any  body  of  public  officers  in  the  wodd,  while  her 
patrol  system  is  a  miracle  of  efficiency.  The  water  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  forms  the  drinking  supply  of 
this  great  Western  metropolis,  is  the  seventh  in  the  world  as  to  purity,  and  only  equalled  in  two  cases  on 
the  Continent  of  America.  Some  have  thought  that  this  nervy  Western  city  would  impress  its  rawness  on 
the  Exposition,  and  thus  disappoint  the  fastidious  taste  of  European  visitors.  Far  from  this ;  with  a  self- 
abnegation  not  only  remarkable  but  truly  laudable,  Chicago  has  cheerfully  refrained  from  interference  save 
only  in  such  matters  as  would  render  secure  the  safety  and  comfort  of  the  multitude.  She  feels  that  the 
true  Exhibition  is  not  to  be  found  in  Jackson  Park  alone,  but  that  Chicago,  and  through  her  all  the  new 
cities  of  the  West  are  brought  into  the  full  light  of  the  Wodd's  criticism.  She  has  approached  and  completed 
her  task  with  a  dignity  and  grace  that  has  won  a  hearty  burst  of  approval  from  the  sunrise  gates  of  Maine 
to  California's  sunset  shores. 

Now  as  to  Jackson  Park  itself,  this  is  the  setting  of  the  magnificent  architectural  jewels,  shining 
in  splendor  before  the  astonished  sight  of  mankind.  Beneath  that  surface  of  undulating  green  and  variegated 
foliage  lies  a  tremulous  pestilential  swamp.  To-day  it  is  the  Venice  of  the  Western  World,  and  when  myriads 
of  electric  lights  pierce  night's  sable  mantle  and  shed  their  opalescent  rays  upon  the  sapphire  waters  of  the 
lagoons,  it  presents  a  fairy  scene  of  inexpressible  splendor,  reminding  one  of  the  gorgeous  descriptions 
in  the  Arabian  Nights  when  Haraun  al  Raschid  was  Caliph.  Thirteen  glorious  structures  of  the  beautiful 
tint  of  time-kissed  ivory  are  mirrored  in  the  deep  waters  and  represent  the  contribution  of  tfie  most 
generous  government  in  the  wodd  to  the  grandest  Exposition  this  planet  has  ever  witnessed.  Columns 
such  as  art-loving  Greece  and  Rome,  or   Egypt  under  the    Ptolomies,  might    have    envied    in    vain,  stretch  in 


PREFACE.  9 

graceful  vistas  between  the  buildings  and  their  annexes,  and  statues  rising  proudly  meet  with  unblinking 
eyes  the  mysterious  light  that  modern  science  has  placed  in  rivalry  with  the  golden  glory  of  the  sun. 
The  Court  of  Honor  with  its  flashing  fountains,  the  wooded  island  once  a  barren  strip  of  sand  protesting 
against  the  surrounding  marshes  a-e  sights  to  dream  of,  not  to  tell.  (Those  who  wrought  these  miracles  must 
have  been  very  near  to  God ;  such  genius,  such  patience  and  such  exquisite  taste  has  been  displayed,  and  in 
the  remotest  hamlet  of  the  United  States,  the  lesson  of  American  skill  they  teach,  must  be  felt  and  appreciated.) 
Northward  we  see  the  foreign  settlement  of  nineteen  beautiful  structures,  many  of  them  fronting  on  Lake 
Michigan,  and  all  of  them  gems  of  taste  and  architectural  skill,  while  still  farther  north  a  glorious  galaxy  of  forty 
State  Buildings  attest  the  deep  interest  taken  by  all  parts  of  the  country  in  this  great  Exposition.  These  are  not 
by  any  means  all  of  the  lovely  structures  before  us,  but  what  we  cannot  describe  in  a  preface,  our  book  will 
describe  for  us  in  a  fashion  sure  to  fascinate  all  who  read.  Surely  the  United  States  has  measured  up  to  the 
full  stature  of  the  requirements  of  the  world's  host,  and  Chicago  has  been  a  worthy  handmaid  in  the  great  plan. 
Now  as  to  the  Fair.  Who  can  describe  the  wonderful  exhibits  therein  contained  ?  The 
Corliss  engine  which  created  such  wonder  at  the  Centennial  Exposition  in  1876  was  of  only  ^000  horse  power, 
while  the  targe  engine  in  Machinery  Hall  is  of  14,000  horse  power,  with  supplementary  engines,  bringing  the 
total  up  to  24,000  horse  power,  while  the  boilers  are  over  600  feet  long.  This  is  one  of  the  initial  facts  of  the 
Fair.  All  else  is  in  proportion.  Germany  exhibits  a  marvellous  130  ton  Krupp  gun  representing  nearly  ^1,000,000  in 
value,  while  the  other  exhibits  of  the  Fatherland,  especially  in  the  line  of  electricity,  surpass  in  bulk  and  cleverness 
those  of  all  other  nations.  France  comes  to  us  with  her  Gobelin  Tapestries,  her  marvellous  porcelain  from  the 
world-famous  Sevres  manufactory ;  pictures  of  great  artistic  and  financial  value  and  a  bewildering  assortment  of 
other  manufactures,  dazzling,  ingenious  and  beautiful,  well  worthy  her  artistic  and  industrial  renown.  Even 
Greece  comes  to  us  with  delicate  fabrics  and  still  more  important  replicas  of  ancient  statuary,  and  the  wondrous 


lo  PREFACE. 

discovery  by  Schleimann  at  Mycenae.     In  fact,  the  nations  have  engaged  in  most  generous  rivalry,  and  the  result 
is  an  indescribable  treasure-trove  of  all  that  can  please  the  eye  or  redound  to  the  use  of  man. 
We  recall  Whittier's  lines  in  his  Centennial  Ode : 

"  Art  and  Nature  met  in  truce. 
And  Beauty  made  the  bride  of  use." 

Surely  this  is  true  of  the  marvellous  exhibitions  at  the  Fair. 

For  pure  pleasure  seasoned  with  instruction  we  turn  to  the  Midway  Plaisance ;  here  we  are 
confronted  with  a  medley  of  national  amusements,  and  stand  face  to  face  with  the  homelike  scenes  of 
foreign  life.  A  sliding  railroad  extends  along  the  south  of  the  Plaisance,  and  enables  us  to  view  at  leisure 
village  scenes  of  Dahomey,  Germany,  Austria,  the  Malay  Archipelago,  Egypt,  Holland,  Tunis,  Java  and  Japan ; 
while  even  the  Esquimaux  are  represented  by  a  collection  of  Igloos,  Kayacks,  Oomiacks  and  all  that  goes 
to  make  up  the  outdoor  and  indoor  outfit  of  the  typical  Innuit.  Morocco,  Pompeii  and  the  Sandwich  Islands 
greet  each  other  across  the  centuries,  while  China,  Tunis,  Algiers,  Egypt  and  Turkey  offer  spectacles  of  the 
forms  in  which  their  population  seek  employment.  Nor  is  the  Midway  Plaisance  destitute  of  mechanical 
wonders.  The  Ferris  Wheel  rises  like  a  great  animate  skeleton ;  a  captive  balloon  stimulates  dreams  of  aerial 
navigation,  while  a  natatorium  invites  to  the  cool  embraces  of  the  crystal  element.  The  Tower  of  Babel 
introduces  us  to  the  dewy  dayspring  of  the  world's  history,  while  modern  glass  factories  present  us  with 
crystallized  rainbows  and  other  translucent  and  opalescent  marvels  infinitely  fascinating.  A  trip  along  the 
Midway  Plaisance  is  a  liberal  education  in  itself.  One  shoulders  the  world  as  he  moves.  The  tongues  of 
uncounted  nations  ripple  forth  the  genial  speech  of  welcome;  all  is  gaiety,  life  and  beauty.  Removed  from 
the  humdrum  of  the  outer  wodd  we  are  whirled  along  in  a  maelstrom  of  inexpressible  delight,  until  we 
feel  as  though  we  had  eaten  of  the  fabled  lotus  and  drifted  into  paradise  while  we  slept.  No  one  seeing 
the  marvels  congregated   in   Jackson    Park   could   fail   to  cry,  "  Great   is  America   and  the  glory  thereof." 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Dedication  of  Exposition,  October  22,  1892, 19 

Opening  Day,  May  i,  1893, 21 

Court  of  Honor,  Looking  West, 23 

Statue  of  file  "Republic," 25 

Peristyle, 27 

Columbus  Quadriga, 29 

Columbian  Fountain, 31 

Administration  Building, .  33 

Looking  East  from  Administration  Building, 35 

"Industry,"  South  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  37 

Southwest  Corner  Manufactures  and   Liberal   Arts   Building,  39 

West  Entrance  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  .    .  41 

Manufactures   and    Liberal  Arts   Building,      43 

Elevator,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building,     ....  45 
Looking  South  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts 

Building, , 47 

Looking  Southwest  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal 

Arts  Building, 4g 

Looking  West-Southwest  from   Roof  of   Manufactures   and 

Libera!  Arts  Building, 51 

Looking  West  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts 

Building, 53 

Looking  Northwest  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal 

Arts  Building, .  55 

Search-Light,  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  57 

Fireworks,  No.  i 59 

Fireworks,  No.  2,      61 

Exhibits  in  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 

General  Interior  View 63 


United  States.  page 

Cotton  Goods, 65 

Woolen  Goods, 67 

Fire-Arms, 69 

Silverware, 71 

Watches, 73 

Umbrellas  and  Parasols, 75 

Austria. 

Pavilion -jj 

General    Interior, 79 

Bohemian  Glass 81 

Vases,  "  Liberty  "  and  "Progress," 83 

Denmark. 

Pavilion, 85 

General   Interior, 87 

France. 

Pavilion, 8g 

Section  of  Pavilion, 91 

Within  the  Pavilion, 93 

Bronzes, 95 

Drapery,      97 

Furniture, 99 

Silverware,      loi 

Sevres  Vases, 103 

Germany. 

Pavilion, 105 

Dress  Goods, 107 

Laces, 109 

Porcelain, iii 


II 


12 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Ceramics, 113 

Toys, 115 

Great  Britain. 

Exposition  Clock, 117 

Irish  Spinning-Wlieel, 119 

Royal  Worcester, 121 

Wall  Paper, 123 

India. 

Art  Work, 125 

Italy. 

Pavilion 127 

Norway. 

General    Interior, 129 

Art  Work,      131 

Russia. 

General    Interior ".    .    .    .  133 

Siam. 

Pavilion, 135 

Switzerland. 

Interior  of  Pavilion,      137 

Grand  Basin. 

Colonnade  from  the  Grand   Basin, 139 

Looking  North  from   Colonnade, 141 

"  Plenty,"  North  Front  Agricultural  Building,    ....  143 
Bridge    and    Administration    Building  from   Agricultural 

Building, 145 

Agricultural  Building, 147 

North  Front  Agricultural  Building, 149 

"Four  Nations,"  Agricultural  Building, 151 

"Horses,"  Agricultural  Building 153 


Exhibits  in  Agricultural  Building.  p^^^ 

General  Interior, 155 

Colorado, 157 

Minnesota, 159 

New  Jersey, 161 

Ohio, 163 

Pennsylvania, 165 

Wisconsin 167 

Wyoming, 169 

Canada,    Ontario, 171 

Canada,  Northwest  Territories, 173 

Cape  of  Good  Hope, 175 

Cuba, 177 

Machinery  Hall, 179 

East  Entrance  Machinery  Hall, 181 

North  Entrance  Machinery  Hall, 183 

Allis  Engine,  Machinery  Hall, 185 

Switch-Board,  Machinery  Hall, 187 

Exhibits  in  Machinery  Hall. 
United   States. 

General  View 189 

Cotton   Machines, 191 

Wood-working    Machines, 193 

Germany. 

Marine  Engine,      195 

Great  Britain. 

Compound  Gas  Engine, 197 

Triple  Engine, 199 

Transportation  Building, 201 

Golden  Door,  Transportation  Building, 203 


CONTENTS. 


13 


Exhibits  in  Transportation  Building.  pagi; 

General  Interior  View, 205 

France. 

Railway  Wheels, 207 

Italy. 

Sicilian    Cart, 209 

Mines  and  Mining  Building, 211 

Exhibits  in  Mines  and  Mining  Building. 

General   Interior, 213 

Idaho, 215 

Washington, ■. 217 

Wyoming, 219 

Canada, 221 

Electricity  Building, 223 

Exhibits  in  Electricity  Building. 

General  Interior, 225 

United  States. 

Exhibit  No.  i, 227 

Exhibit  No.  2, 229 

France, 231 

Germany,        233 

Great  Britain. 

General  View, 235 

Combined  Engine  and  Dynamo, 237 

Wooded  Island. 

Looking  South  trom  Wooded  Island, 239 

Boone  and  Crocket  Club, 241 

Ho-o-den  Palace, 243 

Japanese  Tea-Garden, 245 

Horticultural  Building, 247 


PAGE 

East  Entrance  Horticultural  Building, 249 

Exhibits  in  Horticultural  Building. 

California, 251 

Florida, , 253 

Idaho, 255 

Illinois, 257 

Missouri,      259 

New  York,      261 

Washington, 263 

Canada, 265 

Germany, 267 

Portugal,      269 

"Puck"    Building, 271 

White  Star  Building  and  Woman's  Building, 273 

Interior  View  White  Star  Building, 275 

59th  Street  Entrance, 277 

Woman's  Building, ;  279 

Exhibits  in  Woman's  Building. 

Cincinnati  Room, 281 

Kentucky  Room, 283 

New  York  Room, 285 

Germany, 287 

Siam, 289 

Fisheries  Building, 291 

South  Portal,  Fisheries  Building, 293 

Exhibits  in  Fisheries  Building. 

United  States, 295 

New  South  Wales, 297 

Art  Building 299 

United  States  Government  Building, 301 


14 


CONTENTS. 


Exhibits  in  United  States  Government  Building.  page 

Interior  Department, 303 

Treasury  Department, 305 

Smithsonian  Institute, 307 

Convent  of  La  Rabida 309 

Krupp  Building, 311 

Krupp  Gun, 313 

Siam  Exhibit — Forestry  Building 315 

Quebec  Exhibit — Forestry  Building,      317 

Anthropological. 

Cliff-Dwellers, 319 

Ruins  of  Uxmal, 321 

Movable  Sidewalk, 323 

Terminal  Railway  Building, 325 

Choral  Hall, 327 

On  the  Beach, 329 

Battle-Ship  "Illinois," 331 

Looking  South  along  the  Beach 333 

Marine  Cafe,     335 

Esquimau  Village. 

Group  in  Esquimau  Village, 337 

Esquimau  Hut, 339 

Viking  Ship, 341 

Spanish  Caravels. 

Santa  Maria, 343 

Nina, 345 

Pinta, 347 

State  Buildings. 

Arkansas, 340 

California 351 

Interior  View 353 


PAGE 

Reception-Room 355 

Raisins, 357 

Oranges, 359 

Mining  Exhibit, 361 

Colorado, 363 

Connecticut, 365 

Delaware, 367 

Florida, 369 

Idaho, 371 

Interior   View, 373 

Illinois, 375 

Reception-Room, 377 

Agricultural    Exhibit, 379 

Indiana, 381 

Iowa, 383 

Kansas, 385 

Kentucky, 387 

Louisiana, 389 

Maine, 391 

Maryland, .  393 

Massachusetts, 395 

Michigan, 397 

Minnesota, 399 

Missouri, 401 

Montana, 403 

Nebraska, 405 

New  Hampshire, 407 

New  Jersey, 409 

New  York, 411 

North  Dakota, .413 


CONTENTS. 


15 


PAGE 

Ohio, 415 

Pennsylvania, 417 

Reception-Room,    .    '. 419 

Liberty  Bell, 421 

Rhode  Island 423 

South  Dakota, 425 

New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Oklahoma, 427 

Texas, 429 

Utah,    ...     . 431 

Vermont, 433 

Virginia, , 435 

Washington, 437 

Interior  View, 439 

Timber, 441 

West  Virginia, 443 

Wisconsin, 445 

Foreign  Buildings. 

Brazil, 447 

Coffee  Garden,      449 

Canada, 451 

Ceylon, 453 

Colombia, 455 

Costa  Rica,  .   .    .    .  - 457 

France, 459 

Germany, 461 

Interior    View, 463 

Great    Britain, 465 

Guatemala, 467 

Hayti, 469 

India, 471 


PAGE 

New  South  Wales, 473 

Interior   View, 475 

Norway, 477 

Spain, 479 

Sweden, 481 

Turkey, 483 

Venezuela, 485 

Midway  Plaisance. 

Irish  Industrial  Village, .    .  487 

In  the  Irish  Village, 4S9 

Hagenbeck's  Animal  Show, 491 

Javanese  Village 493 

Entrance  to  German  Village, 495 

Within  the  German  Village, 497 

Egyptian  Obelisk, 499 

Interior  of  Turl<ish  Mosque, 501 

Ferris  Wheel, 503 

Looking  East  from  Ferris  Wheel, 505 

Street  in   Cairo, 507 

Egyptian  Wedding, 509 

Group  of  Soudanese, 511 

Dancers,  Egyptian  Theatre, 513 

Algerian  Theatre,       515 

Algerian  and  Tunisian  Village, 517 

In  the  Austrian  Village, 519 

Chinese  Theatre, 521 

Alaskan  Indians, 523 

Captive  Balloon, 525 

Illinois  Militia, 527 

Princess  Eulalie, 529 


'"f/li 


«l    □ 


or 


Ground    Plan    of   the    World's    Fair. 


DEDICATION    OF    EXPOSITION,  OCTOBER    22,   1892. 

Never  in  the  history  of  the  world  has  a  sight  more  thrilling  been  presented  to  the  gaze  and  understanding 
of  man  than  that  of  the  Dedication  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  October  20,  21,  and  22,  1892.  Great 
crowds  flocked  toward  the  Exposition  grounds,  making  a  continuous  stream  of  humanity  that  surged  in  one 
great  sentient,  unbroken  wave,  only  to  divide  around  the  magnificent  structures  that  proudly  lifted  their 
ivory  proportions  skyward.  A  dream  city  was  before  them.  The  marvels  of  the  Arabian  Nights  seemed 
removed  from  the  realm  of  fiction  and  brought  within  the  scope  of  sober  reality.  The  impression  then  made 
on  the  minds  of  the  people  can  never  fade.  The  first  day  was  devoted  to  a  parade  of  the  United  States 
troops  at  Washington  Park  and  to  the  inaugural  reception  in  the  Auditorium,  at  which  Vice-President  Morton 
was  the  guest  of  honor  in  President  Harrison's  place,  whom  recent  bereavement  prevented  from  attending. 
Members  of  the  Cabinet,  the  Supreme  Court,  the  Diplomatic  Corps,  and  the  Governors  of  the  States  were 
present.  The  second  day  was  celebrated  by  a  great  civic  parade,  80,000  men  in  line,  and  a  reception  to  the 
military.  The  last  day  was  the  grand  climax.  Representatives  of  every  civilized  nation  on  the  globe,  many 
in  the  brilliant  costumes  of  their  native  country,  citizens  from  all  the  States  of  the  Union,  and  even  Indians 
from  the  plains,  were  present  to  behold  the  dedication  of  the  great  buildings  of  the  Fair,  and  with  astonished 
eyes  to  view  the  highest  realization  of  development  yet  given  to  man,  and  that  by  a  nation  that  had  only  118 
terraces  of  the  great  mountain  of  national  progress.  One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  persons  gathered  in  the 
vast  hall  of  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building.  We  cannot  describe  the  exercises  here,  but  when  at  the 
close  the  mighty  mulfitude  united  in  singing  "America,"  when  that  marvellous  volume  of  sound  ascended  from  a 
grateful  people  to  a  listening  God,  tears  glistened  in  thousands  of  eyes,  and  myriad  hearts  were  full  to  bursfing 
v/ith  the  great  strain  of  sustained  enthusiasm.  The  evening  was  devoted  to  merry-making.  Chicago  put  on  her 
most  brilliant  appearance;  almost  every  street  was  illuminated,  and  there  was  a  magnificent  display  of  fire-works, 
which  would  have  delighted  the  populafion  of    a  Chinese  city,   those  master-hands  at  pyrotechnics. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Dedication  of  Exposition,  October  22,  1892. 


OPENING    DAY,   MAY   i,    1893. 

The  opening  day  of  the  World's  Columbian   Exposition  was  ushered  in   by  lowering  skies,  yet  a  vast 

multitude  assembled  early  to  witness  the  ceremony.     At  high  noon  President  Cleveland,  attended  by  his  Cabinet, 

appeared  upon  the  grand  stand  erected  in  front  of  the  great  Administration    Building  and   looked   out  upon   the 

ocean  of  surging  faces  upturned  in  eager  expectation.      A  shout  of  genuine   welcome  greeted  him  and  the  other 

notables,  including  the  Duke  DeVeragua  who  accompanied  him.     After  the  band  had  played  the  new  Columbian 

march,  Rev.   Mr.    Milburn,  the  blind   Chaplain   of  the   House  of   Representatives,  stepped  forward  and  offered  a 

thrilling  prayer  of  gratitude  and   thanksgiving.     Miss   Jessie   Conthoul  then   read  the  Columbian  Ode  by   W.  A. 

Criffer.     In  a  few  strong,  sensible  words,  m   which   all   connected   with  the  enterprise  received  a  due  share  of 

praise,    Director-General  Davis  then  presented  the  Buildings  to  the  President  of  the  United  States.     Mr.  Cleveland 

was  then  presented  to  the  multitude,  and  in  a  clear,  resonant  voice  made  a  short  address,  part   of  which   is  as 

follows:   "Let  us  hold  fast  to  the  meaning  that  underlies  this  ceremony,  and   let  us  not  lose  the  impressiveness 

of  this  moment.     As  by  a  touch  the  machinery  that  gives  life  to  this  vast  Exhibition  is  now  set   in   motion,  so 

at  the  same  instant,  let  our  hopes  and  aspirations  awaken  forces  which  in   all   time   to   come  shall  influence  the 

welfare,  the  dignity,  and  the  freedom  of  mankind."     As  the  last  word  fell  from  his  lips,  he  moved  forward  and 

laid  his  finger  on  the  electric  key  that  started  the  great  engine  in  Machinery  Hall  and  thus  called  the  Exposition 

into  life.    The  veil  fell  from  the  golden   statue  of  the    Republic,  fountains   sent  diamond  jets   high   into  the  air, 

cannon   thundered,  myriads   of  gorgeous  flags  fluttered  out  upon  the  breeze,  and  with  a  mighty  shout  the  great 

multitude  caught  the  jubilee   spirit.     For  full   ten    minutes   the  people  cheered,  and   then   a  clear-voiced  singer 

stepped  forward   and   began   to   sing   "America."    Thousands  caught  up  the  refrain,  and  thus  happily  closed  the 

opening  ceremony  for  the  morning.     Returning  from   the  scene  every  voice  was  lifted  in  praise  of  tine  marvels 

accomplished.     Each  seemed  to  have  a  personal  share  in   the  honor,  and  many  a  cheek  was   mantled   with   an 

exultant  flush  of  pride,  which  was  not  only  pardonable,  but  natural. 

20 


Copyrighted  bij  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Opening  Day,  May  i,  1893. 


COURT    OF    HONOR,    LOOKING    WEST. 

From  this  elevation  the  first  object  that  meets  our  view  is  the  gilded  statue  of  the  "Republic"  by  Daniel 
French,  rising  out  of  the  waters  of  the  Grand  Basin.  Slightly  toward  the  south  the  Agricultural  Building  looms 
up,  crowned  by  Gaudet's  statue  of  Diana.  This  figure  once  surmounted  the  tall  tower  of  Madison  Square 
Garden,  New  York,  but  it  is  seen  to  much  better  advantage  here,  as  it  is  not  so  high  up.  The  four  pavilions 
of  the  same  structure  bear  Martini's  remarkable  groups  of  the  "  Four  Nations"  four  times  repeated.  The  time 
allotted  to  the  sculptor  was  so  short  that  he  could  not  make  four  distinct  models,  so  he  made  all  four  figures 
from  one  living  model,  only  making  the  heads  different,  and  slightly  changing  the  draperies.  The  central 
pediments  have  also  characterisfic  groups  by  the  same  sculptor;  close  by,  appears  Machinery  Hall,  lying  a  little 
to  the  southwest,  the  tall  towers  of  its  entrance  showing  white  against  the  sky,  its  colonnades  reminding  one 
of  many  of  the  buildings  in  old  Seville,  in  Spain.  There  are  more  than  seventeen  figures  of  Victory  on  the 
towers,  reproductions  in  copper  by  Wm.  H.  Mullin,  and  others  on  the  pinnacles  modeled  by  M.  A.  Waagen  and 
Robert  Kraus.  On  the  pedestals  there  are  ten  figures  of  Science,  and  six  of  Invention,  by  the  same  sculptors. 
At  the  v/estern  end  of  the  Basin  we  nofice  the  Golden  Dome  of  the  Administration  Building,  and  in  front  of  it 
the  Columbian  Fountain,  and  the  electric  fountains  on  the  two  sides.  Here  the  Basin  spreads  off  into  two  arms, 
the  North  and  South  canals,  which  give  the  sheet  of  water  the  appearance  of  the  plan  of  a  church  with  nave 
and  transepts.  Northward  from  the  Administration  Building,  that  devoted  to  Mines  and  Mining  comes  into  view, 
and  close  by  the  many-towered  Electricity  Building  greets  us  with  its  curving  arcades.  The  Manufactures  and 
Liberal  Arts  Building,  the  largest  in  the  world,  as  it  is  called,  fills  in  a  large  part  of  the  picture  before  us.  The 
staff  of  which  it  is  built  is  treated  to  represent  marble,  and  the  exterior  is  lavishly  ornamented  v/ith  symbolical 
figures.  Not  only  are  all  the  States  of  the  Union  represented  here,  but  a  great  many  foreign  nations  have 
wonderful  exhibits.  Even  far  Siam  has  a  pavilion  built  by  native  workmen,  and  designed  by  a  native  artist. 
The  facade  is  covered  with  gold-leaf.     The  pavilion  is  twenty-six  feet  square. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Cuiumbiuii  Exfjosition. 


Court  of  Honor,  Looking  West. 


STATUE    OF    THE    "REPUBLIC. 

At  the  end  of  the  Grand  Basin,  opposite  the  Columbian  Fountain,  proudly  rises  the  statue  of  the 
"Republic,"  by  Daniel  French,  wlio  won  the  medal  in  last  year's  Paris  Salon  for  his  splendid  work,  "Death  and 
the  Sculptor,"  a  very  rare  instance  of  such  an  honor  being  granted  an  American  sculptor  for  a  purely  American 
work.  Sheer  out  of  tlie  water,  a  statue  of  the  "  Republic "  rises  to  a  height  of  sixty-tfve  feet.  It  is  a  majestic 
figure  of  a  woman  so  admirably  proportioned  that  the  mere  size  counts  for  little  in  tine  observer's  mind.  A 
laurel  wreath  crowns  her  stately  head  which  tlie  costly  diadem  of  a  sovereign  C(3uld  not  so  perfectly  grace. 
Her  face  is  full  of  power  and  repose.  Not  such  repose  as  one  sees  in  the  awful  visage  of  the  Sphynx,  its 
calm  eyes  looking  out  upon  the  Libyan  sands,  but  the  repose  of  certain  force  inherent  in  the  nature  of  the 
god-like  woman.  No  nobler  idea  could  be  conceived  of  the  conscious  yet  gracious  power  of  the  great  nation 
whose  majesty  the  statue  so  well  represents.  The  drapery  is  excellent,  heavy  yet  gracefully,  it  falls  to  the  feet  in 
beautiful  folds.  The  treatment  of  drapery  is  the  hardest  part  of  a  sculptor's  task,  but  Mr.  French  has  succeeded 
in  robing  his  "  Republic "  most  fittingly.  One  of  her  strong  and  beautiful  hands  liolds  the  flag  furled  around 
its  staff,  not  flaunted  in  rivalry  with  the  other  nations.  The  top  of  the  staff  is  adorned  with  the  Liberty  cap. 
The  other  hand  holds  the  globe  of  dominion  surmounted  by  an  eagle  with  (_)utspread  \\'ings,  the  emblem  of 
America.  We  can  never  look  upon  the  eagle  withtjut  thinking  of  that  great  debate  in  Congress  long  ago  when 
the  question  of  a  national  ensign  arose.  Franklin  wished  it  to  be  a  rattlesnake,  giving  as  his  reason  that  it 
always  warns  before  it  strikes.  Some  other  person  wished  it  to  be  a  turkey,  because  it  is  a  native  American 
bird,  but  after  a  debate  of  days  the  eagle  was  adopted,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  it  was  already  the  insignia  of 
several  other  nations.  So  we  have  the  eagle  on  our  statue  ;  rising  there,  massive,  calm,  serene,  out  of  the  clear 
blue  water,  it  speaks  a  various  language  to  all  that  gaze  upon  it.  Even  Greece,  with  her  beautiful  violet  sky  and 
exquisite  color  tone,  could  not  furnish  better  surrounding  for  such  a  statue  than  the  present  site  affords.  With 
the  lovely  arch  of  the  peristyle,  crowned  with  the  quadriga  in  the  background,  it  is  a  sight  for  the  gods. 


statue  of  the  "  Republic." 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Expoiition, 


PERISTYLE. 

The  Peristyle  is  one  of  the  crowning  beauties  of  the  Exposition;  it  connects  Music  Hall  with  the  Casino, 
and  lends  an  artistic  finish  to  the  Grand  Basin,  and  the  wonderful  buildings  around  it.  It  gives  one  some  idea 
of  the  beautiful  architecture  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  and  while  the  American  genius  is  said  to  be  purely 
practical,  it  proves  that  the  esthetic  sense  is  by  no  means  dormant.  The  magnitude  of  the  work  may  be  fully 
appreciated  by  viewing  it  from  the  lake;  it  is  ^oo  feet  long,  and  i^o  feet  high;  yet,  despite  its  vastness,  its 
classic  beauty  is  incontestable.  The  long  rows  of  gleaming  white  pillars  broken  only  by  the  Quadriga-crowned 
arch,  in  front  of  which  the  golden  statue  of  Liberty,  rising  like  a  guardian  goddess,  forms  a  sight  never  to  be 
forgotten  ;  so  perfect  is  the  workmanship,  and  so  harmonious  the  setting,  that  it  seems  as  though  the  Exposition 
was  made  for  it,  and  not  tliat  it  was  made  for  the  Exposition.  The  blue  of  sky  and  water  sets  off  its  marble 
whiteness.  In  the  pellucid  floor  of  the  Grand  Basin  it  duplicates  itself,  and  each  pillar  seems  to  tremble  with 
joy  at  the  contemplation  of  its  own  reflection ;  viewed  in  any  light,  it  fascinates  the  gaze.  The  clouds  that 
drift  above  it  cast  soft  shadows  on  its  noble  front,  and  make  even  more  pronounced  its  beautiful  outline  and 
grand  proportions.  Along  the  top  there  is  a  wide  promenade,  bordered  by  eighty-five  statues  of  heroic  size, 
which  stand  like  sentinels  looking  out  over  the  worid's  most  wonderful  creation.  How  sweet  it  is  to  think  that 
great  things  and  great  thoughts  cannot  die ;  that  out  of  the  raw  young  life  of  the  prairies  sliould  spring  this  lovely 
bit  of  Grecian  genius!  The  triumphal  arcli  in  the  centre  of  the  Peristyle  rises  twenty  feet  above  the  promenade; 
its  sides  are  ornamented  with  allegorical  figures  in  relief,  and  it  narrows  at  the  top  to  form  a  pedestal  fifty  feet 
square,  upon  which  the  Columbus  Quadriga  is  placed.  Standing  beside  the  Administration  Building  and  looking 
eastward,  the  three  greatest  outdoor  ornaments  of  tlie  Exposition  meet  our  view,  the  MacMonnaie  ountain,  the 
Statue  of  the  Republic,  and  the  Columbus  Quadriga.  The  Peristyle  has  forty-eight  pillars,  representing  the  States 
and  Territories  of  the  Union.  The  figures  over  the  columns  are  fourteen  feet  high,  and  the  length  of  this  lovely 
Grecian  Colonnade  is  243  feet.    We  never  say  good-bye  to  Greece  and  Rome. 

26 


Peristyle. 


Cu/jyrlghtea  uy  ma   ^Vorla's  Columbian  ExfjosUian. 


COLUMBUS    QUADRIGA. 

The  peristyle  with  its  lofty,  graceful,  statue-crowned  columns,  is  in  itself  beautiful,  but  its  crowning  glory 
is  the  arch  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Grand  Basin,  which  in  its  turn  is  made  more  beautiful  by  the  group 
known  as  the  Columbus  Quadriga,  the  joint  work  of  Messrs.  French  and  Potter,  the  figures  being  by  the 
former  and  the  horses  by  the  latter.  In  the  chariot,  which  is  of  classic  mould,  Columbus  stands  looking  out  into 
the  far  distance.  His  face  bears  traces  of  anxiety  curbed  by  indomitable  will.  There  is  withal  a  certain 
dreaminess  in  the  face,  well-befitting  the  man  who  had  pondered  so  long  in  solitude  the  great  projects  he 
afterwards  developed.  One  hand  rests  upon  the  hilt  of  his  sword  and  the  other  lightly  on  liis  hip.  The 
drapery  is  well  chosen,  the  outer  mantle  flowing  easily  as  though  through  the  speed  of  the  horses.  The  front 
of  the  chariot  comes  up  to  his  knee,  which  reveals  the  splendid  proportions  of  the  figure.  The  Duke  de 
Veragua  must  have  gazed  with  keen  pleasure  on  this  splendid  representation  of  his  great  ancestor.  Four  noble 
war-horses  are  harnessed  to  the  chariot.  Every  point  of  the  finest  blood  is  admirably  brought  out  by  Mr. 
Potter.  Massive  as  they  are,  the  small  Ineads  and  ears  betoken  the  Andalusian  blood,  which  is  hardly  removed 
from  the  best  Arab  stock.  None  of  the  horses  on  the  Exposition  grounds  have  the  splendid  fire  and  force  of 
these.  They  are  led  by  beautiful  female  grooms,  who  look  fully  as  spirited  as  the  animals  they  restrain.  They 
may  be  said  to  be  perfect  models  of  Grecian  beauty,  quite  different  from  the  "Republic,"  which  has  more  of  fne 
Roman  caste  of  beauty.  Their  beautifully  moulded  arms  show  to  great  advantage  in  the  pose  they  assume,  which 
throws  out  their  finely  modelled  busts.  The  draperies  are  all  that  could  be  desired.  Leaving  the  arms  free, 
they  flow  gracefully  around  the  charming  figures.  The  standard-bearers  are  on  either  side  on  noble  horses  richly 
caparisoned,  v^/hich  curvet  as  if  proud  of  their  riders.  The  banners  are  wreathed  with  garlands  as  though 
carried  in  triumph.  There  is  an  air  of  nobility  about  the  whole  group.  It  is  very  curious  to  note  the  differ- 
ence in  the  faces  of  the  figures  of  the  Quadriga  compared  with  the  more  severe  countenance  of  the  "Republic." 
As  joint  workers  Messrs.  French  and  Potter  have  been  a  great  success. 

28 


Columbus  Quadriga. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


COLUMBIAN    FOUNTAIN. 

The  most  important  groups  of  sculpture  on  the  Exposition  grounds  are  gathered  round  the  Grand  Basin. 
Many  of  them  are  very  ambitious  and  some  of  them  are  excellent.  The  MacMonnies  Fountain,  called  generally  the 
Columbian  Fountain,  is  the  finest  of  all.  It  stands  in  front  of  the  Administration  Building,  which  makes  an  excellent 
back-ground  for  it.  Though  the  fountain  is  imposing  in  itself,  close  examination  will  reveal  the  most  delicate 
and  subtle  handling.  It  is  like  a  large  piece  of  exquisite  jeweiry.  The  idea  of  the  work  is  as  "felicitous  as  its 
execution.  High  on  a  oarge  of  state,  Columbia  sits  enthroned.  The  barge  is  rowed  by  eight  young  goddesses 
who  typify  the  arts  and  sciences.  They  seem  instinct  with  life.  Surely  not  mortal  blood  but  the  ichor  of  the 
gods  must  animate  those  lissome,  glowing  limbs.  Gracefully  they  bend  to  their  work,  each  head  turned  in  a 
natural  position,  and  showing  a  face  full  of  delicate  charm.  They  handle  the  long  oars  with  the  ease  of 
practised  rowers,  and  one  looks  to  see  the  barge  glide  over  the  crystal  waters  like  a  thing  of  life  and  beauty. 
Old  Father  Time  is  at  the  helm.  His  long  beard  sweeps  like  foam  across  his  muscular  breast.  As  he  leans 
backward,  bearing  on  the  tiller,  the  splendid  muscles  of  his  arms  and  limbs  are  revealed.  There  is  no  sign 
of  decrepitude  here,  but  an  aspect  of  sustained  vigor  that  seems  to  defy  the  ravages  of  eras  and  aeons.  A 
winged  trumpeter  stands  at  the  prow  with  one  foot  advanced  to  the  extreme  point  of  the  barge.  She  seems 
impatient  to  follow  the  sound  of  her  trumpet,  and  to  leap  upon  the  golden  shore  of  some  fair  land.  High  up 
in  the  centre,  on  a  chair  of  state,  Columbia  sits,  calm,  massive,  complacent,  not  lolling  idly  as  Cleopatra  when 
she  sailed  up  Cydnus  to  meet  Antony,  but  erect,  queenly,  as  though  oblivious  to  all  beneath  her.  Mighty 
tritons  upon  massive  steeds  rise  from  the  water  as  though  to  pay  homage  to  the  glorious  galley  and  its  god- 
like crew.  The  men  and  steeds  are  full  of  the  very  passion  of  life;  the  mere  sight  of  them  makes  the  blood 
tingle  in  the  veins.  The  MacMonnies  Fountain  is  an  inspiration ;  it  is  one  of  those  perfect  things  that  hold  their 
place  in  the  mind,  and  exercise  a  gentle  tyranny  over  it.  We  feel  like  judging  all  other  objects  in  sculpture  by 
this  perfect  standard,  and  almost  envy  the  sculptor  his  success. 

30 


r   . 


yiw»B^j>WiaLMywimn 


inil!!!!!llll 

I 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Columbian  Fountain. 


ADMINISTRATION    BUILDING. 

The  Administration  Building  is  the  pride  and  glory  of  the  Fair.  It  lifts  its  golden  dome  radiantly  above 
the  other  buildings  in  the  Court  of  Honor,  and  may  be  seen  from  almost  every  part  of  the  Exposition  Grounds. 
Its  cost  was  ^43^,000,  a  greater  sum  if  we  take  size  into  account  than  was  expended  on  any  other  building  in  the 
Fair.  It  overlooks  the  grand  basin  which  stretches  between  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts,  and  the  Agricultural 
Buildings,  and  thence  under  the  penstyle  to  the  Lake.  Richard  M.  Hunt  of  New  York,  President  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Architecture,  planned  and  designed  the  building.  It  covers  an  area  of  2^0  feet  square  and  is  built  in 
the  form  of  four  pavilions,  each  eighty-four  feet  square  and  connected  by  a  magnificent  central  dome,  120  feet 
wide  and  260  feet  high,  and  surrounded  with  a  balustrade  at  the  abutting  angles.  The  second  story  is  also  sixty- 
five  feet  high  and  is  ornamented  with  Ionic  pillars,  while  forty  feet  above  is  the  octagonal  base  on  which  the 
great  dome  rests.  There  are  four  great  entrances,  fifty  feet  long,  and  fifty  feet  high,  very  deeply  recessed, 
forming  monstrous  niches  for  groups  of  allegorical  statuary.  As  you  pass  the  grand  entrance  and  look  up  into 
the  central  dome  you  observe  that  the  lower  story  consists  of  eight  arches,  surmounted  with  a  wide  band  of 
frieze,  in  the  panels  of  which  figures  stand  out  in  bold  relief.  The  frieze  is  twenty-seven  feet  wide.  Between 
each  pair  of  entrances  is  a  loggia  fifty  feet  wide  connecting  the  partition  with  the  rotunda,  while  in  the  centre 
of  the  interior  dome  which  rises  200  feet  above  the  floor,  is  an  opening  fifty  feet  in  diameter,  which  lets  in  a 
flood  of  light  from  the  dome  overhead.  We  might  also  state  that  the  building  is  partially  lighted  by  huge 
screens  set  in  over  the  great  entrance  doors.  In  the  panels,  between  the  grand  arches,  the  names  of  all  the 
nations  and  states  participating  in  any  manner  whatever  in  the  great  Exposition,  are  inserted  in  letters  of  gold. 
Round  the  dome,  at  the  top  of  the  arches,  a  band  of  white  moulding  extends,  its  cuts  and  crevices  worked  in 
gold.  On  the  moulding  eight  panels  rest,  each  with  a  gilt  slate  supported  by  two  winged  female  figures.  On  each 
slate  some  great  discovery  is  recorded,  as  the  mariner's  compass,  printing,  the  law  of  gravitation,  gunpowder,  the 
explanation  of  the  theory  of  the  solar  system  by  Copernicus,  the  steam  engine,  vaccination,  and  the  electric  telegraph. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Coium'sian  Exposition. 


Administration    Building. 


LOOKING    EAST    FROM    ADMINISTRATION    BUILDING. 

From  the  balcony  of  the  Administration  Building  we  obtain  a  splendid  view  of  the  Columbian  Fountain 
just  beneath  us,  and  the  silvery  waters  of  the  Grand  Basin  spread  out  like  a  web  of  glistening  tissue.  To  the 
left  is  one  of  the  electric  fountains,  now  quiet,  but  only  waiting  for  the  shades  of  night  to  fall,  to  flash  and 
gleam  with  radiant  splendor.  A  little  beyond  we  see  a  white  arched  bridge  spanning  the  lagoon,  massive  in 
appearance  as  one  of  those  bridges  built  over  the  Seine  in  Paris  by  the  great  Napoleon.  The  Manufactures  and 
Liberal  Arts  Building  next  appears,  that  great  treasure-house  of  the  nations,  which  tells  so  much  of  the  progress 
of  humanity.  At  the  end  of  the  Grand  Basin  the  attractive  peristyle  is  seen  formed  of  beautiful  pillars  in 
Grecian  style.  It  is  ^oo  feet  long  and  i^o  feet  high.  It  connects  Music  Hall  with  the  Casino.  These  are  situated 
at  the  two  extreme  points  of  the  Grand  Basin.  Viewed  from  any  point  it  is  beautiful,  but  to  be  seen  to 
advantage  no  position  is  better  than  that  we  now  occupy.  In  tlie  centre  of  the  peristyle  there  is  a  great  arch 
surmounted  by  the  Columbus  Quadriga  by  D.  G.  French  of  Boston,  who  is  also  the  sculptor  of  the  splendid 
statue  of  the  "  Republic"  seen  in  the  foreground  of  the  arcli.  Tlie  peristyle  is  a  practical  base  for  a  multitude 
of  statues  which  gleam  brightly  before  us.  At  the  extreme  right  of  the  peristyle  is  the  Music  Hall,  246  feet 
long,  140  feet  wide,  and  three  stories  high.  It  has  an  auditorium  with  a  seating  capacity  of  2500,  and  the  stage 
accommodates  3^00.  High-class  music  is  here  dispersed.  From  our  present  elevation  the  colossal  groups  in 
front  of  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building  look  small  and  insignificant.  Far  to  the  east,  the  flashing 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan  spread  out  like  a  diamond  sea.  It  is  a  scene  over  whicli  the  gods  might  linger,  and 
dream  that  heaven  had  descended  to  earth,  and  that  once  again  man  walked  sinless  in  Eden.  Well  may  an 
American  be  proud  of  the  genius  of  his  countrymen,  which  has  called  this  wondrous  creation  from  the 
trembling  swamp.  In  any  atmosphere  and  any  weather  the  scene  is  inexpressibly  lovely.  When  the  mists  of 
morning  curtain  the  buildings  they  have  a  far-away  appearance  and  every  detail  is  softened,  and  when  the  sun 
rises,  gradually  the  mist  falls  lower  and  lower  like  filmy  garments  cast  off  from  the  gleaming  limbs  of  goddesses. 

34 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Looking  East  from  Administration  Building. 


"INDUSTRY,"  SOUTH   OF  MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

South  of  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building  and  fronting  the  grand  basin,  stands  the  colossal 
statue  of  labor,  one  of  the  most  noticeable  of  the'  many  on  the  grounds.  The  group  consists  of  a  sturdy  son 
of  toil,  one  hand  clasping  the  long  handle  of  an  old-fashioned  Celtic  spade,  the  other  resting  on  the  collar  of  a 
gigantic  horse,  against  which  he  leans.  The  sculptor  has  been  careful  not  to  idealize  his  subject  too  highly. 
The  impression  the  group  leaves  upon  the  mind  is  that  of  splendid  reserved  power.  The  horse  is  of  the 
sturdy  Flanders  breed,  noted  for  endurance.  Every  muscle  is  clearly  brought  out.  The  massive  hoofs  rest  upon 
the  pedestal  as  though  conscious  of  the  immense  weight  of  the  animal  they  support.  The  head  shows  a  slight 
m.ixture  of  blood  somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  horses  seen  in  the  French  Provinces.  The  harness  is  of 
the  simple  kind  used  by  the  ploughmen,  and  the  idea  of  a  plough-horse  is  carried  out  by  the  skillful  bobbing 
of  the  tail.  The  man  leaning  against  tlie  horse  is  a  splendid  specimen  of  the  agricultural  laborer,  long-limbed  and 
stalwart;  his  bare  arms  show  the  corded  muscles  of  practised  strength,  and  his  long,  powerful  limbs  seem 
well  fitted  to  carry  him  over  the  rich  furrows  of  the  well-ploughed  field.  But  it  is  the  face  that  holds  one's 
attention.  This  is  no  stolid  boor,  no  slave  of  some  callow  lordling  or  country  squire,  but  a  man  every  inch  of 
him,  and  an  intelligent  man  at  that.  Full  of  independence,  his  eye  looks  out  from  beneath  his  broad-brimmed 
hat  as  though  challenging  equality  with  the  countless  thousands  who  come  to  gaze  on  him.  Such  a  look 
must  have  been  in  the  eyes  of  those  men  whom  Wat  Tyler  led  eighty  thousand  strong  to  the  capture  of 
London  when  Richard  the  Second  was  king.     As  they  moved  along  they  sang  the  quaint  doggerel : 

"When  Adam  delved  and  Eve  span 
Where  was  then  the  gentleman?" 

They  could  all  understand  that  it  had  in  it  the  germs  of  modern  socialism,  the  death-knell  of  the  classes,  the 
morning  song  of  the  masses.  Pnnce  Albert,  Queen  Victoria's  royal  spouse,  wrote  truly  in  one  of  his  p-oems 
now  little  known, 

'TIs  of  tl'.e  peasants,  hardy  stock,  the  race  of  giants  are. 
36 


Copyrighled  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Industry,"  South  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building, 


SOUTHWEST  CORNER  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

As  we  cross  the  bridge  over  the  lagoon  between  the  Administration  and  tlie  Electricity  Buildings,  we  see 

first   a  very  handsome   rostral    column,  surmounted  by  a  tlgure  of  Neptune  holding  a  trident.     Four  huge  Polar 

bears,  two  on  each  side,  and  wonderfully  faithful  to  life,  ornament  the  bridge,  and  a   rostral    column   of   similar 

design  to  that   already  mentioned,  stands   immediately  in   front  of  the  southwest   corner  of    Manufactures   and 

Liberal  Arts  Building.     The  exterior  of  this  entrance  is  comparatively  plain,  consisting  of  two  huge  outer  arches 

which  reach  nearly  to  the  roof  of  the  building,  with  four  smaller  arches  on  the  inside,  opening  into  the  structure.    The 

arches  support  a  dome  richly  painted,  and  forming  practically  a  beautiful    pavilion.     A  delicate   tracery    of  toned 

silver  divides  the  sides  of  the  dome  into  squares,  the  ground  color  of  which  is  blue.    The   centre   is   also   blue 

to  represent  the  sky,  and  is  dotted  with  silver  stars.     Two  semicircular  mural  paintings   are    above   the   carved 

frieze  of  the  inner  arches.    They  represent  the  arts  of  War  and  Peace.     War  is  illustrated   by  a  hunting  scene; 

the  central  ilgure  is  mounted  on  a  spirited  white  horse;  two  noble  hounds  are  held  in  by  a  leash,  on  which  they 

strain  as  though  anxious  to  be  free,  while  a  muscular  attendant  holds  them  back.     Tlie  trophy  of   the  chase  is 

the  body  of  a  noble  stag,  strung  from  a  pole  resting  on  the  shoulders  of  two  stalwart  men,  while  other  figures 

bearing   arms   complete   the   scene.     The   arts    of    Peace  are  illustrated  by  tliirteen  figures ;    Poetry,  history,  art, 

sculpture,  medicine  and  geometry,  all   doing  homage  to  a  goddess   seated   on   a   throne.    The   colors   are   very 

bright,  and  the  pictures  form  an  extremely  effective  clecoration.     The  outside  pillars  of  this  pavilion  are  perfectly 

plain,  while  those  which  support  the  inner  arches  are  flecked  with  gold  at  the  capitals.     The  view  to  be  gained 

from  this  point  is  very  charming;  westward  a  vision  of  beauty,  the  many  towered  Electricity  Building,  looms  up; 

to  the  south  the  Agricultural  Building  in  its  wealth  of  sculpture  gleams  across  the  lagoon.     The  entrances  to  this 

immense  building  are  all  very  beautiful,  and  the  greatest  height  of  the  exterior  arches  is  probably  ninety-seven 

feet.    The  Corinthian  style   of  architecture  prevails.    The  great  pavilion   entrances    at   the   four   corners  of  the 

main  building  are  intended  to  harmonize  with  the  great  portals. 

-.8 


Copyrighted  bij  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Southwest  Corner  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


WEST    ENTRANCE    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL  ARTS    BUILDING. 

The    west    entrance    to   the    Manufactures    and    Liberal    Arts    Building    bears    a    strong,   even   a   striking, 

resemblance    to  the    entrance  to    Hyde   Park,    London.     It   is  approached  by    a  bridge   over  the  lagoon   which 

connects  it  with  the  Electricity  Building.     This  bridge  is  ornamented  by  single  statues  of  wild  animals  by  Kemeys 

and    Proctor,  the   latter  the  sculptor   of  the  splendid  horses  in  the  Columbian  Quadriga.     Under  the  bridge,  the 

waters  of  tlie  lagoon  move  sleepily  as  though  in  no  hurry  to  leave  their  lovely  surroundings,  and  gondolas  glide 

beneath  the  arches  filled  with  happy  sightseers.     The  portal  consists  of  three  arches,  a  large  central  one  and  two 

smaller  ones  at  the  sides.     Four   Corinthian   columns   ornament  the  facade,  and  each  is  crowned  with  an  eagle 

with  outspread  wings.     We  speak  so  often  of   Corinthian  pillars  or  columns  that  it  would  not  be  amiss  here   to 

relate  the   legend   from  which   this  style  of  architecture   takes  its  name.     Vitruvius  tells  us  that  the  philosopher 

Callimachus   once  paid  a  visit  to  the  grave   of  a  Corinthian  virgin  to  whom  he  had  been  very  much  attached. 

A  large  basket   of  llowers   had  been   placed   upon  it,  and   the  philosopher  left  the  place,   his  sorrow  in    some 

measure   assuaged.     A  second  visit,  however,  sliowed   him  that  the  basket  had  been  overturned  by  the    winds, 

and  that  vines  and  flowers  were  growing  around  it.     The  effect  was  so  beautiful  that  Callimachus  adopted  it  as 

an  ornament  for  the  capitals  of  the  pillars  then  in  vogue.     Thus,  according  to  tradition,  a  mere  accident  gave  to 

the  world  one  of  the  most  beautiful  architectural  decorations  with  wliich  we  are  acquainted.     There  is  no   other 

reason   for  calling  these  columns  Corinthian   than   this   legend  affords.     They  are   really  more   akin   to   tlie  Ionic 

order.     From  this  entrance  the  vast  facade  of  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building  runs  parallel  with  the 

lagoon.     It  presents  a  great  contrast  to  the  Electricity  Building  just  across  the  bridge,  which  curves  outward  and 

presents   numerous  towers   upon   its  summit.     This   building  forms  one  of  the  best  points  from  wliich  to  view 

the  grounds,  as  there  is  a  walk  thirty  feet  wide  around  the  roof.     The  huge  glass  dome  lets  a  flood  of  light  into 

the  structure,  which  enables  the  visitor  to  view  the  multitudinous  exhibits  with  ease,  and  bathe  his  eyes  in  the 

gorgeous  opulence  of  color  that  distinguishes  the  pavilions  of  the  various  nations  and  states. 

40 


^^S' 


Hirrii  rri! -rii  11  ilii  111 'ill  ■ij  f  I 
^WlJili,mf!_fjfl 


/^■\    /^h. 


mmm   Bfll 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

West  Entrance  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

This  Building  is  the  grandest  and  most  impressive  on  the  grounds.     It  is  not  so  stately  and  gorgeous 

as    some    others,   but    for    grandeur  of    design,   boldness    of    construction,   faultless    proportions    and   amazing 

extent  it   must  class  as  a  wonder  of    the   world.      It   covers   an   area  of    1687   by    787   feet,   and  in   its   main 

portions  it  is  200  feet  high.      It  is  more  than  a  tliird  of  a  mile   long,  a  sixth  of  a  mile  wide  and   covers  thirty 

acres  of  ground.    The  central  court  is  12^7  by  387  feet.     The  roof  which  towers  above  is  supported  by  gigantic 

steel  trusses  210  feet  high  and  spanning  the  entire  width.      A  nave  107  feet  high,  having  a  gable  roof  114  feet 

high,  runs  round  this  court.    The  whole  building  is  a  revelation   of  immensity.     It  would  be  difficult  to  describe 

the  style  of  architecture,  for  it  is  a  melange  of  the  best  in  all.      It  stands   like  a  great  white   mountain    on  the 

lake  shore  and   may  be  seen  at  a  great  distance.     The   facades   contain   two-storied  arched  bays,  tliirty-five  on 

each  side  and  twenty-two  at  each  end.      There  are  pavilions  at  each  corner  and  in  the  centre  of    each  facade. 

An  immense  dome  crowns  tlie  whole.      The  roof  is  tinted  a  pale  sea-green.      On  entering,  one  is  astonished  at 

the  great  flood  of   light  let  in  from  the  dome.      From  it  five   immense  chandeliers,  containing   numerous  electric 

arc  lights  are  suspended,  which  turn  night  into  the  semblance  of  day.     The  building  is  traversed  from  north  to 

south  by  a  great  aisle  fifty  feet  wide  intersected  midway  by  another  running  east  and  west.     From  these  jut  off 

avenues  twenty-five  and  fifteen  feet,  giving  easy  access  to  every  part  of  the  building.      Where  the  two   great 

aisles   intersect  in  the  centre,  the   clock  tower  rises  13^   feet  above  the  floor.      It  looks  as  though  carved  from 

alabaster.      It  is  arched  on  all  sides  to  permit  the   passage  of  the   multitude.      It  has  a  clock  dial  on  each  side 

and  a  chime  of  nine  bells;  the  largest,  which  strikes  the  hour,  weighs  3700  pounds.     The  whole  chime  weighs 

7000  pounds.      All  the  great   nations  of  the  earth  are   represented   in  this  building  by  a  variety  of  exhibits  too 

bewildering  for  detailed  description.      Enough  to  say  that  the  many-colored  pavilions,  some  of    them  fashioned 

exquisitely,  the  treasure-trove  of    rare  and   delicate   fabrics,   the   marvelous    display  of    ceramics  and    glittering 

glass,   make  a  scene  worthy  of    the  fabled   realms  of    fairy-land. 

42 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Manufactures    and    Liberal    Arts    Building. 


ELEVATOR,  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

Close  by  the  Japanese  Exhibit  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  we  find  one  of  those  wonders 
of  human  inoenuity,  which  in  this  age  of  wonders  might  be  passed  without  the  attention  it  deserves — the  Otis 
Elevator.  It  is  said  that  whoever  causes  two  blades  of  grass  to  grow  where  but  one  grew  before  is  a  benefactor 
to  the  human  race ;  and  whoever  can  lift  us  nearer  heaven,  wlnether  by  morality  or  machinery,  certainly  deserves 
well  of  his  kind.  It  should  be  remembered  that  the  building  in  which  this  elevator  is  placed  is  the  largest  in  the 
world,  that  it  covers  with  its  floors  an  area  of  forty-four  acres,  and  that  it  contains  such  a  bewildering  profusion 
of  human  handiwork  as  man  never  before  saw.  So  great  is  the  mass  of  material  that  it  would  take  months 
to  view  the  various  exhibits  intelligently.  Multitudes  pass  through  the  building  daily,  and  so  great  is  the 
attraction  on  the  lower  floor,  that  few  would  ever  go  into  the  galleries  were  it  not  for  the  Otis  Elevator. 
There  are  thirty  great  staircases  which  give  access  to  one  gallery  fifty  feet  wide,  and  to  eighty-six  of  smaller 
dimensions,  projecting  from  this.  The  staircases  are  twelve  feet  wide,  and  the  view  to  be  obtained  from  the 
galleries  is  of  surpassing  interest,  yet  few  care  for  this,  desiring  only  to  gain  a  viev/  of  the  vast  panorama  of 
Jackson  Park,  its  beautiful  buildings  and  silvery  ribbons  of  gleaming  water,  alive  with  gondolas  and  electric 
launches.  To  reach  the  roof  of  tliis  great  building,  we  must  use  the  Electric  Elevator,  which  ascends  220  feet  in 
one  minute  of  time,  yet  the  motion  is  so  easy  that  no  one  could  possibly  be  inconvenienced  by  the  speed. 
There  are  four  cars  in  the  shaft,  each  capable  of  containing  fifteen  persons,  so  that  sixty  people  may  ascend  at 
once  to  viev/  the  charming  scene.  The  terraces  upon  the  roof  afford  ample  accommodation  for  a  large  number 
of  people.  One  can  easily  get  a  comfortable  seat,  and  from  this  glorious  vantage-point  view  the  wondrous  scene 
below.  We  can  see  far  out  on  the  lake,  and  the  southern  portion  of  the  city  of  Chicago  lies  unveiled  before  us. 
There  can  be  no  stranger  sensation  than  this.  Beneath  us  a  gathered  world  displays  its  myriad  wares.  All  that 
genius  and  skill  could  accomplish  since  the  world  began,  are  here.  Around  us  rise  such  marvels  of  architecture 
as  the  world  never  before  sav/,  with  the  quivering  lake  making  a  silvery  frame  for  the  entire  picture. 

44 


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LOOKING  SOUTH  FROM  ROOF  OF  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

Standing  on  the  roof  of  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building  and  looking  south,  we  get  a  very  beautiful 
view  of  the  Fair  Grounds.  Immediately  below  us  is  a  silvery  sheet  of  water  in  which  numerous  wliite  buildings 
and  glistening  statues  are  delicately  miraged,  and  the  towering  statue  of  the  "  Republic "  seems  to  bathe  in  its 
cool  embraces.  This  is  the  Grand  Basin.  Over  it  electric  launches  and  gondolas  glide  smoothly.  At  night  the 
white  walls  surroundirig  the  basin  are  lighted  with  innumerable  electric  lights,  producing  the  effect  of  myriad 
stars  pinioned  to  the  earth.  To  the  left  looms  up  the  Casino,  which  is  in  reality  a  magnificent  restaurant  situated 
at  the  south  end  of  the  peristyle.  The  roof  is  thronged  with  statues  which  from  our  elevation  look'  like  white- 
robed  spectators  of  the  scene,  immediately  back  of  the  Casino,  we  see  the  reproduction  of  the  Mediaeval 
Convent  of  La  Rabida,  filled  with  relics  of  Columbus,  and  other  objects  of  ancient  Spanish  history.  South  of  the 
Convent  appears  the  building  erected  for  the  accommodation  of  the  great  ip-ton  Krupp  gun,  sent  here  by  Herr 
Krupp  of  Essen,  at  the  request  of  the  German  Emperor;  the  building  also  contains  manj/  other  pieces  of  heavy 
German  ordnance.  Farther  south  we  see  the  Leather  Building,  and  behind  it  tlie  structure  devoted  to  Forestry, 
Directly  in  the  rear  of  the  latter  is  the  Electric  Power  House,  where  the  electricity  is  generated  for  illuminating  the 
grounds.  The  Intramural  Railway  separates  this  group  of  buildings  from  the  dairy  and  the  Anthropological 
Building.  Directly  before  us  loom  up  the  beautiful  proportions  of  the  Agricultural  Building,  surmounted  by  its 
graceful  dome  and  Martini  groups  of  statuary,  the  "  Four  Nations "  for  the  four  corner  pavilions  ;  also  groups 
of  a  Man  with  Horses,  a  Maiden  leading  Cattle,  Abundance,  and  The  Triumph  of  Ceres.  To  the  right  of  the 
Agricultural  Building  we  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  Colonnade,  which  is  the  entrance  to  the  Stock  Pavilion.  Hidden 
by  the  Agricultural  Building  is  the  South  Pond,  on  the  banks  of  which  stands  an  interesting  cluster  of  windmills 
embracing  the  most  ancient  and  modern  varieties.  Far  southward  to  the  right,  the  great  prairies  stretch  in  an 
unbroken  level,  and  to  the  left  Lake  Michigan  spreads  her  quivering  waters,  gleaming  and  sparkling  in  sun  and 
shadow,  curving  about  the  Park  like  the  blade  of  a  great  silver  scimitar. 

46 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Looking  South  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


LOOKING    SOUTHWEST    FROM    ROOF    OF    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

Is  it  a  dream  or  are  we  cheated  by  some  wonderful  mirage  such  as  sometimes  Inaunts  the  gaze  of  mar- 
iners far  out  to  sea?  We  rub  our  eyes,  but  the  scene  is  still  there.  Golden  and  crystal  domes,  towers,  spires, 
belfries,  minarets,  mighty  buildings  massive  as  mountains  yet  delicate  as  goldsmith's  finest  work,  peopled  by  a 
multitude  of  statues  of  men  and  animals,  gods  and  goddesses.  How  has  this  wonder  risen  from  the  barren 
praihe  and  the  swamp  ?    We  think  of  the  lines : 

■'What  is  it,  fasiiioned  wondrously  that,  twin-born  witli  tjie  brain, 
Marks  man  from  every  meaner  thing  that  bounds  across  the  plain, 
Or  gambols  in  the  mighty  deep,  or  sports  in  summer  air  ? 

*  -;:-  :rc  *  ;1:  :;:  :^ 

It  is  the  hand,  the  human  hand,  interpreter  of  will." 

What  marvels  the  will's  interpreter  has  wrought  here  !  Looking  before  us  our  attention  is  attracted  by  the 
Golden  Dome  of  the  Administration  Building  which  stands  in  the  centre  of  the  Court  of  Honor.  We  are 
instantly  carried  in  thought  to  Paris,  where  under  the  Golden  Dome  of  the  Hotel  des  Invalides  calmly  reposes 
the  bust  of  the  great  Napoleon,  whose  restless  spirit  so  long  dominated  Europe.  In  front  of  it,  like  an  ivory 
galley  floating  on  the  waters,  the  Columbian  Fountain  appears.  It  is  rimmed  by  gushing  circles  of  silvery 
water,  forming  miniature  cascades  as  it  plashes  down  the  terraced  basin.  Around  it  the  steeds  of  Neptune  rear 
their  snorting  crests.  On  both  sides  electric  fountains  may  be  seen  which  at  night  burst  out  into  myriad  jets 
of  jewelled  water,  shot  through  with  all  the  colors  of  the  rainbow,  now  green  as  any  emerald,  now  red  as  the 
burning  heart  of  the  ruby,  then  a  delicate  sapphire,  changing  to  the  liquid  yellow  of  the  topaz,  and  again 
glistening  like  molten  silver  to  change,  as  with  the  touch  of  a  magician,  into  the  varied  hues  of  the  diamond. 
Beyond  this  to  the  left,  the  vast  Machinery  Hail  engages  our  attention;  its  magnificent  northern  portal  crowned 
witli  winged  victories  might  hold  us  entranced  for  hours.  But  we  cannot  linger.  Our  eyes  follow  the  long 
line  of  pillars  that  surround  the  building,  as  though  to  hold  firmly  within  their  barriers  the  treasures  of  human 
intelligence  that  it  enshrines.  It  is  the  abode  of  giants,  whom  pigmy  man  has  called  from  the  realm  of  mind 
into  the  realm  of  matter,  to  ai'd  him  in  the  stubborn  task  of  transforming  the  world. 

48 


i?L. 


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ii  HI'-  iiirniimM-iMf^'"^"-^— ■■^■j'-.---''-- 


CofjyrtghteU  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Looking  Southwest  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


LOOKING    WEST   SOUTHWEST    FROM    ROOF    OF   MANUFACTURES   AND    LIBERAL   ARTS    BUILDING. 

Naturally  our  eyes  first  fall  upon  the  Golden  Dome  of  the  Administration  Building,  hut  they  must  not 
rest  there.  The  great  Electricity  Building  is  before  us,  its  numerous  towers  rising  above  the  corner  pavilions 
and  tlie  entrances.  Forty  years  ago  such  a  building  would  not  have  been  necessary.  Then  tine  telegraph  was 
still  young,  a  giant  at  play,  hardly  yet  harnessed  to  the  chariot  of  progress.  The  electric  pulse  did  not  yet  beat 
beneath  the  broad  bosom  of  the  Atlantic,  and  men  would  have  laughed  at  the  idea  that  the  time  would  ever 
come  when  the  submarine  cable  would  divide  the  world  thrice,  and  leave  something  over  for  a  good  start  on 
the  fourth.  Then  cities  were  lighted  with  oil-lamps,  or  gas  of  hardly  greater  brilliancy,  and  men  never  dreamed 
that  streets,  cliurches,  theatres,  offices,  hotels,  and  private  houses  would  be  brilliantly  lighted  by  touching 
a  button.  A  man  would  have  been  called  crazy  who  asserted  that  human  speech  could  be  carried  looo 
miles  on  a  wire,  and  messages  in  plain  tones  delivered  hundreds  of  miles.  That  old  world  seems  very  far 
away  now.  How  bewildered  our  grandfathers  would  be  if  they  could  rise  from  their  graves  and  see  how 
business  is  now  done;  how  cars  run  without  horses,  turning  as  by  magic  and  stopping  instantly  as  at 
word  of  command ;  how  rooms  are  kept  cool  by  electric  fans,  and  servants  called  by  electric  bells ;  how 
diseases  are  cured  by  electricity,  and  how  it  is  made  to  do  the  will  of  man  in  thousands  of  ways !  Our  .poor 
ancestors  would  wish  to  retire  hastily  from  a  world  that  has  gone  so  far  beyond  them.  Edison,  whom  we 
reverence  as  the  modern  wizard,  would  not  receive  from  them  the  golden  medal  of  well-earned  fame,  but  ratlier 
the  chill  dungeon,  or  even  the  fate  of  the  martyr.  All  these  thoughts  surge  into  our  minds  as  we  gaze  on  the 
wonderful  building  before  us.  What  mysteries  it  contains,  what  wonders  are  yet  in  store  for  us  !  Once  the 
lives  of  men  were  flat  and  tame  as  the  prairies  we  see  in  the  distance,  now  through  this  great  agent,  as  this 
building  has  sprung  up  from  the  level  plain,  our  hopes  for  humanity  are  constantly  up-springing,  for  we  feel 
that  God  would  never  have  given  us  this  great  power  in  charge  if  He  did  not  love  His  people.  The 
promenade  on  which  we  stand  forms  a  splendid  vantage  point  for  extended  observation. 

50 


mJ', 


f^^Lt^'f^''^*^'":  '-^^ 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Looking  West  Southwest  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Libera!  Arts  Building. 


LOOKING    WEST    FROM    ROOF    OF    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

Like  a  magnificent  Tuii<isli  rug,  ricli  witli  varied  dyes,  flung  down  upon  a  crystal  floor,  tlie  Wooded 
Island  appears,  as  we  look  westward  over  the  parapet  on  the  roof  of  the  Manufactures  Building.  This 
island  belongs  to  the  Horticultural  Department.  A  profusion  of  flowers  of  every  shade  and  hue  gems  the 
sod ;  groves  of  trees  and  masses  of  shrubbery  lend  further  charm  by  the  dark  green  of  their  foliage. 
Winding  walks  curve  among  the  parterres  of  glowing  flowers,  and  here  and  there  rustic  summer-houses,  over 
which  delicate  vines  train  their  dainty  tendrils,  invite  to  rest  and  quietude.  At  the  southern  end,  the  Davy 
Crockett  cabin  may  be  seen.  The  whole  is  surrounded  by  the  lagoon.  Probably  the  most  interesting  point  on 
the  island  is  the  rose  garden,  where  the  queen  of  flowers  may  be  seen  in  all  the  regality  of  her  splendid  cliarm. 
To  the  extreme  left,  in  great  contrast  to  the  other  buildings,  may  be  seen  a  portion  of  the  Transportation 
Building,  v^hich  glows  with  many  colors,  and  to  the  right  is  Choral  Hall,  devoted  entirely  to  music.  The 
interior  resembles  an  ancient  Greek  tlieatre,  and  will  seat  about  2^00  persons.  Tlie  long,  low  structure  beyond 
the  island  is  Horticultural  Hall  with  its  crystal  dome  which  shines  like  polished  silver.  The  southern  pavilion  of 
Horticultural  Hall  is  principally  devoted  to  wine  exhibits  of  every  country;  the  northern  pavilion,  to  flower 
seeds  of  every  kind,  while  the  main  building  contains  exhibits  of  the  flora  and  fauna  of  almost  every  clime. 
Not  less  interesting,  though  not  contained  within  the  limits  of  Jackson  Park,  is  the  city  that  has  been  called 
into  being  by  the  great  Fair.  Though  some  of  the  buildings  are  mere  shells  erected  for  the  exigencies  of  the 
occasion,  the  large  majority  are  built  substantially  and  evidently  intended  to  remain.  No  one  looking  at  this  city 
can  doubt  the  great  interest  taken  by  Chicago  in  the  Exposition,  nor  her  faith  in  its  success.  To  the  extreme 
right  we  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  Midway  Plaisance,  which  has  been  not  inaptly  called  a  great  kindergarten  for 
grown-up  people,  and  where  the  many  side-shows  of  the  Exposition  may  be  seen,  some  of  them  of  more 
than  common  excellence,  and  all  of  them  of  refreshing  interest  as  well  as  instructive  to  the  curious  who  take 
delight    in    strange  people  and  their  odd  manners  and   customs. 

52 


, -  ^   *>^    "  _"'i,iii5i-.«Mi'^; 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Looking  West  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


LOOKING  NORTHWEST  FROM  ROOF  OF  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

Below  us  we  see  tlie  northern  end  of  the  Wooded  Island  surrounded  by  the  lagoon.  On  the  island 
directly  opposite  the  Agricultural  Building  stands  the  Ho-o-den  Palace  for  which  the  Japanese  government 
appropriated  the  sum  of  lioo.ooo.  It  consists  of  three  edifices;  one  near  the  water  is  three  stories  high  and 
is  a  reproduction  of  a  monastery,  Kurkakuja  the  Ho-o-do,  dating  back  to  lo^^,  and  in  the  form  of  the  fabled 
Phoenix,  or  its  Japanese  equivalent.  The  whole  is  surrounded  by  a  Japanese  landscape  garden.  Japan  has 
presented  the  buildings  to  Chicago,  and  will  maintain  a  museum  in  them.  Before  us,  on  our  right,  we  see 
a  portion  of  the  Government  Building,  a  beautiful  edifice,  filled  with  the  exhibits  of  the  United  States 
government,  and  beyond  is  a  portion  of  the  beautiful  Fisheries  Building,  with  its  roof  of  glazed  Spanish  tiles 
and  graceful  architectural  hues.  In  the  rear  the  Turkish  Building  looms  up.  It  is  built  entirely  of  wood,  and 
its  exterior  panels  are  masterpieces  of  the  wood-carver's  art.  A  portion  of  the  Art  Building  next  attracts  our 
attention.  It  is  an  architectural  poem,  a  piece  of  frozen  music.  It  contains  the  greatest  paintings  of  modern 
artists.  Emperors  and  kings  have  contributed  to  its  treasures  from  their  private  collections,  and  men  of 
genius  of  all  lands  have  aided  to  people  it  with  statues  and  embellish  it  with  almost  priceless  bronzes.  The 
name  of  no  great  civilized  nation  is  absent  from  its  roll  of  exhibitors.  In  the  centre  of  the  picture  we  see  the 
Illinois  Building,  a  reproduction  of  the  State-house,  the  largest  of  all  the  edihces  erected  by  the  States.  Farther 
to  the  left  we  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  roof  of  California's  unique  State  Building,  and  to  the  extreme  left  of 
the  picture  stands  the  Woman's  Building,  that  great  triumph  of  the  energy,  ingenuity,  and  tlie  inexhaustible 
resources  of  American  womanhood.  Northward  lies  Chicago,  wreatlned  in  murky  clouds  of  smoke,  a  city 
of  labor  and  of  passionate  unrest,  yet  lying  so  near  to  this  other  city  of  pleasure,  a  city  of  stern  fact  beside 
a  city  of  dreams,  a  city  of  grim  buildings  beside  this  vision  of  pure  whiteness.  It  seems  odd  indeed  that 
Chicago,  the  motlier  of  western  energy  and  impulse,  should  ever  have  given  birth  to  this  pale  child  of 
pleasure,   cradled   in  Jackson    Park,   by  the  gleaming  Lake. 

54 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Looking  Northwest  from  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


SEARCH-LIGHT,   ROOF   OF   MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

It  is  night  in  Jacl<son  Parl<.    The  multitudes  concentering  upon  the  Square  of  Honor,  appear  more  dense 

than  in  the  day-time.     Every  available  seat  is  taken,  and  the  steps  leading   down   to   the  gondola   and   electric 

launch  piers  are  black  with  an  expectant  mass  of  human  beings.     Suddenly   innumerable   lights  flasli    out.    The 

crest   of    the   Administration    Buildiiig   is    wreathed   in   fiery  jewels;    the   other   edifices  glow  in  their  turn  with 

luminous  splendor,  and  the  waters  of  the  Grand  Basin  are   fringed   with   an   embroidery   of   stars.     In   rainbow 

tongues,  the  electric  fountains  tell  their  wondrous  story.     Can  this  be  water  they  are  casting  skyward,  the  same 

calm  water  rippling  in  the  basin  and  the  lagoons,  or  is  it  some  magic  liquid  brought  from  a  fairer,  brighter  world 

than  ours?     In  this  strange  light  the  statues  of  men  and  animals   look  like  ghosts,  unwittingly   drav/n   down  to 

view  a  weird   and  wondrous   scene,  and  in  the  grand  portal  of  the  Electricity  Building,  the  upturned  face  of  the 

Franklin  statue  seems  to  smile  back  thanks  to  God  for  this  marvel,  that  he   had   but    dimly  discerned  when  he 

first  called  the  lightning  from  the  clouds.     Calmly  the  moon  looks  down  upon  it  all,  a   pallid,  impassive    queen, 

refusing  to  be  dethroned,  stately,  cold,  lonely,  yet  grand    in   her  loneliness,  true   ruler   of   the   dusky  prairies  of 

the  sky.    We  hold  our  breath  in  wonder  at  it  all.     It  is  too  great  a  mystery  to  grasp.     We  take  our  hats  from 

our  heads,  and  only  the  cool  benediction  of  the  night  breeze  upon  our  brows   tells  us  that  we  are  still  denizens 

of  this  mundane  sphere.     What  a  quiet  crowd  it  is!     The    little,  the   mean,  and   the   vulgar   cannot   exist   here. 

Reverence  is  in  every  heart,  and  awe  curtains  every  mind.     But  what  is  this?     Swift  as  an   angel's  wing,  rapid 

as  thought,  a  brighter  light  than   all  flashes   over   the   heads   of   the   multitude;    with    one   comprehensive    tlery 

glance  it  takes  in  the  whole  strange  scene.     Is  this  a  child  of  the  human  brain,  or  is  it  the  eye  of  God  flashing 

its  lightnings  from  horizon  to  horizon?     Far  out  on  tine  lake  that  light  is  seen,  startling  the  denizens  of  the  waters, 

bringing  out  the  tracery  of  the  ships  with  startling  vividness,  and   dimming   the    electric   splendors   that   wreath 

the  buildings.     It  is  the  great  Search-light  upon  the  roof  of  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building.     These 

lights  are  used  by  war-ships  to  enable  them  to  discover  the  approach  of  a  foe,  and  to  avoid  torpedoes. 

56 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition^ 

Search=Light,  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FIREWORKS,  No.  i. 

Again  it  is  niglit  in  Jackson  Par]< — clear,  glorious  night:  her  broad  front  jeweled  with  a  myriad  stars;  for 
some  reason  the  sky  seems  higher  than  in  the  day-time.  As  one  might  look  into  the  depths  of  ocean  and 
scan  its  beryl-hued  recesses,  so  the  sight  seems  to  plumb  the  immeasurable  depths  of  trackless  air;  but  we 
cannot  dream  now,  for  we  tlnd  ourselves  in  the  midst  of  a  sea  of  panting,  pushing  humanity,  all  hurrying 
toward  tlie  Court  of  Honor  to  view  the  wondrous  display  of  fireworks  whicli  is  about  to  begin.  The  play  of 
the  electric  fountain  is  an  exhibition  in  itself.  The  water  looks  ghostlike,  shadowy,  filing;  suddenly  its  white 
heart  glows  with  the  blood  of  the  ruby;  deeper,  deeper  it  burns,  sending  out  quivering  arteries  of  red,  till  it 
seems  as  though  the  heart  of  Mother  Earth  had  burst  with  joy  and  tlung  up  geysers  of  gore,  with  one  great 
throb.  Now  it  changes  to  emerald,  fringed  v/ith  all  the  shades  of  green  that  earth  affords,  from  the  deep  hue 
of  an  Irish  meadow,  to  the  pale  green  of  the  delicate  leaves  of  the  birch  tree  in  early  spring.  A  moment,  and 
the  sprays  have  changed  to  purple,  royal  Tyrian  purple,  such  as  robed  emperors — this  slowly  fading,  fading  till 
the  lisping  drops  were  suffused  with  dainty  rose  color,  such  as  that  with  which  God  paints  the  blushing  cheek 
of  beauty.  What  are  all  the  beauties  of  silk  and  velvet  to  this?  Millions  could  not  buy  a  robe  so  changeable, 
so  wondrous  in  its  beauty;  jewels  pale  before  these  marvels  of  color.  But  now  the  fireworks  have  begun. 
Hissing  rockets  leap  skyward  as  though  glad  to  be  released,  and  falling,  shower  down  a  prodigal  benison  of 
varicolored  stars.  Shapes,  beautiful  and  grotesque,  float  in  upper  air,  bright  for  a  moment,  then  lost  in  the 
night;  crowns,  such  as  would  dazzle  sovereigns;  chariots  drawn  by  steeds  of  fire,  dashing  like  Phaeton 
through  the  heavens,  only  to  be  dissolved  into  stars;  wreaths  of  flaming  gems,  garlands  of  flowers  that  look 
like  wreathed  sunbeams,  all  flash  and  disappear  before  our  bewildered  eyes.  We  have  excluded  the  Chinese 
from  this  country,  but  to-night  we  cannot  fail  to  bless  China  as  the  birthland  of  fireworks.  These  are  almost 
too  beautiful  to  be  real.  It  seems  as  though  we  were  deceived  by  some  trick  of  the  senses.  The  air  is  all 
alive  with  artistic  fire  that  seems  to  take  on  every  shape  imagination  can  conceive,  or  genius  compass. 

58 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Fireworks,  No.  i. 


FIREWORKS,  No.  2. 

What  a  crowd !  The  Court  of  Honor  is  black  with  a  world  in  silhouette.  Every  seat  is  filled,  even  the 
bridges  are  blocked  with  a  dense  multitude,  and  like  rows  of  gigantic  ravens  many  of  the  more  adventurous 
are  perched  on  the  balustrades.  Some  even  climb  the  columns  and  cling  like  sailors  to  a  mast,  while  others 
stand  on  tiptoe,  as  though  loatli  to  loss  the  smallest  spark  in  the  spectacle.  Every  face  is  upturned ;  every  neck 
IS  stretched  to  the  utmost  limit  of  tension ;  every  eye  is  expectant.  Never  before  was  such  a  banquet  spread  for 
eyes  of  man  to  feed  upon.  At  last  all  is  over ;  for  a  moment  there  is  a  hush,  then  a  mighty  sigh  of  gratihcation 
escapes  from  one  hundred  thousand  breasts,  and  at  last  the  babble  of  speech  bursts  out,  sounding  like  long- 
wreathed  breakers  on  a  rocky  shore;  slowly  the  crowd  melts  away,  dissolving  from  its  outer  edges  like  a  snow- 
wreath  on  a  hill  wlien  the  spring  sun  is  bright  and  warm.  None  seem  weary,  or  weariness  is  forgotten.  In 
great  black  streams,  the  multitude  passes  round  the  Court  of  Honor.  In  the  day-time,  when  the  sun  is  liigh  and 
warm,  the  white  buildings  make  the  view  rather  trying  for  the  eyes ;  but  nov/  all  is  changed ;  in  the  electric 
light  all  the  graceful  details  of  the  buildings  are  brouglit  out  with  tender  emphasis.  We  are  a  motley  crew, 
surely,  who  wander  through  this  Elysium ;  the  sturdy  cowboy  jostles  the  Russian  nobleman  ;  the  sallow  Turk 
shoulders  the  fair-haired  Swede  ;  the  lithe  American  damsel  walks  side  by  side  with  the  burly  English  soldier, 
and  the  soft-treading  son  of  Japan  finds  himself  pushed  by  the  impatient  Westerner.  The  French  have  often 
been  called  the  most  polite  nation  in  the  world,  but  France  must  surrender  the  palm  to  America.  There  is  no 
quarreling  here,  no  loud  talking,  no  profanity  nor  rowdiness;  all  is  peace,  good-v/ill  and  kindliness.  No  multitude 
on  earth  could  be  assembled  elsewhere  with  so  little  friction  as  here.  We  turn  homeward.  Some  hurry  to  the 
Elevated  Railroad,  others  to  the  various  exits  nearest  their  homes.  For  a  short  time  our  lives  have  been  bound 
together  by  one  great  interest,  by  one  grand  experience ;  now  we  fall  apart  again ;  each  becomes  an  atom  in  the 
great   world   of   life.      When   shall   we   meet   again  ?      Truly,  as  the  Hindoo  proverb  says,  "  Like  driftwood  on 

a  river,  we  meet,  we  greet,  we  sever."     We  pass  out  into  the  darkness. 

60 


Copyrighted  by  the   Woria's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Fireworks,  No.  2, 


GENERAL    INTERIOR    VIEW    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

We  take  our  stand   beside  the  Swiss   exhibit  on   the  second  floor   or  gallery.     Before  us  is  a  glistening 

display  of  finely  cut  glassware,  elaborate  wood-carving  for  which  the  nation   is   famous,    clocks,  watches,   and 

other   interesting   objects.    Across   the  Columbian   aisle  the   exhibit   of    Norway   next   attracts    our  attention.     It 

consists  of    elegantly  carved    furniture,  carved   metal-work,  plate,   jewelry  and   other  objects  worth   looking  at. 

Following  Norv/ay  on  the  same  side  of  the  aisle  is  the  Russian  display,  opposite  which  is  Denmark.     Canada  is 

next  reached   with   her  dyes,   stationery,   upholstery,   ceramics,   stained  glass,   carvings,  woolen  goods,   clothing, 

trimmings,  umbrellas,  cooking  apparatus,  etc.    This  is  bounded  by  the  exhibit  of  Great  Britain,  containing  silks, 

fabrics,   cotton   goods,  woolen  goods,   materials   of  war,   ceramics,  mosaics,  trunks  and   clothing.     Over  the  aisle 

from   Canada,   little   Belgium   holds   her  place  and   displays  mosaics,  lamps,  monuments,  jewelry,  laces  and   tine 

carvings.     The  allotment  of   France  runs  conterminous.     France   has   built   a  beautiful  pavilion  for  her  exhibits, 

divided    into    numerous  rooms;   furniture  from    Beauvais,   tapestry  from   the  great   Gobelin   works,   china   from 

Sevres,  wearing  apparel,   laces,   sable  cloaks,   are   all   displayed   in  separate  rooms.    They  are  all  in  the  style  of 

Louis  XIV-XVI.     Splendid  bronzes,  portieres  and  lovely  fabrics  from  Lyons,  also  form  part  of  the  display.     The 

United  States  follows  France,  and   across   the  aisle  the  German  pavilion  looms  up.     She  has  the  largest  exhibit 

in  the  building  of  upholstery,  ceramics,  gold  and  silverware,  jewelry,  mosaics,  horology,  silks,  furs,  fibres,  laces 

and   many   other   articles.     Next  we   see   the   Austrian   collection    which   is  very  rich.     At   the   entrance   of  the 

pavilion  there  are  two  great  pillars  surmounted  by  the  Austrian  eagles.     In  the  centre  is  a  huge  vase  which  was 

loaned  by  the  Emperor   Francis  Joseph.     The  glass  factories   of   Bohemia   make  a  rich   display,  a  single  set  of 

six  pieces  being  valued  at  $8000.      Beautiful  porcelain  in  blue  and  gold,  leather  book-binding  and  upholstery  are 

also  shown.     Next  Japan   reveals  her  wealth   of    silks  and  lacquer-ware,  with   many  odd  and   costly   objects, 

while  below  us   Italy  and  Spain   are  seen.    The  pavilion  of  the  latter   is  a  copy  of  the   Interior  of  the   Great 

Mosque  of  Cordova,  one  of  those  wonderful  buildings  erected  by  the  Moorish  princess  of  Granada. 

62 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


General  Interior  View  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


UNITED   STATES— COTTON   GOODS,    MANUFACTURES   AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

Few  persons,  looking  at  this  case,  will  realize  how  much  labor  it  has  required  to  bring  to  such  perfection 

the  material  which  it  contains.    The  great  plantations   of    the   Soutli   have   furnished   a   large   proportion   of   the 

staple.     Myriads  of  colored  men  have  wrought  under  the   hot   sun   to   gather   the   crop,  which    financiers   have 

purchased  in  large  consignments.     Mighty  mills,  working  day  and  night,  have  produced  the  web  to   be   worked 

over  into  multitudinous  forms.     Each  web  of  cotton  represents  so  much  manual  labor,  perhaps  more   than   any 

other  material.    The  exhibits  of  the  cotton  group  in  the  Fair  are   installed   in   Section  O,  Block   \,  centre   of  the 

Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building.     The  United   States   has   sixty-five   exhibitors   in   this   group,   and    their 

display  consists  of  yarns  and  woven  goods  of   cotton,  linen  and  other  vegetable  fibres ;    the  vast  variety  of   the 

display  is  amazing.     Here  we  find  the  finest  fancy  shirtings,  embracing  many  shades  of  color,  and  some  curious 

patterns;  zephyrs  light  as  air,  yards  of  which  might  be  easily  drawn  through  a  wedding  ring,  and  fine  as  India 

muslin,  may  also  be  seen,  with  ginghams  dainty  enough  to  suit  the  most  fastidious  taste,  and  fine  as  the  finest 

silk.    There  is  one  very  pretty  exhibit  from    Philadelphia   consisting    of   marooning   and   silver  gray,   and   fancy 

prints,  alpaca  finish,  and  also  Canton  and  Brandenburg  cloths  in  great  variety.     Some  of  the  satines  are  exquisite. 

It  seems  strange  that  cotton  should'  be  brought  to  look  so   much   like   silk   that   a   person   of   the   most   limited 

income,  clad  in  this  material,  would  be  fit  for  presentation   at   the   court   of   a   sovereign.     We  can  also  see  the 

finest  chambrays,  with  curtains  perfectly  exquisite  in  their  daintiness,  decorated  with  coin  and  fancy  spots.     One 

exhibit   is   specially   interesting  to   the    lover   of   the   bath ;    there  are  Turkish  towels,  bleached  and  unbleached, 

flesh  mittens,  to   give   the   skin    a   healthy   glow,  bath   blankets    and    rugs,  with    robes  of  every  color  for  men, 

women  and  children,  forming  only  a  small  part  of  the  tempting   display.     This    exhibit   is    rich    in    other   things 

than  material  for  clothing    and  the  bath;    upholstery,  very  pretty  and  artistic,  fringes  and  braids  in  great   variety 

form  a  part,  while  fine  white  goods  and  sheetings  abound.     The  prettiest  part  of  the  collection,   however,  is  the 

cotton  lace  exhibit,  and  the  beautiful  curtains  which  would  do  credit  even  to  France. 

64 


UNITED  STATES— WOOLEN  GOODS,  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

Most  of  the  woolen  goods  in  the  United  States  Exhibit  are  installed  in  Section  P,  Block  I,  of  this  build- 
ing. One  hundred  and  five  great  firms  are  represented,  and  their  display  shows  what  a  wonderful  branch  of 
industry  the  woolen  business  has  become.  Our  first  thought  is  where  did  all  the  sheep  come  from,  whose 
wool  has  been  used  in  making  all  this  material  ?  An  Australian  shepherd  would  be  proud  could  he  see  the 
many  uses  to  which  the  fleeces  of  his  timid  charges  have  been  put.  The  blankets  here  displayed  are  beauti- 
fully soft  and  fine  :  they  seem  almost  to  dimple  at  the  touch  of  the  finger.  Some  of  the  carriage  robes  are  of 
Ohental  gorgeousness,  and  the  many  afghans  lend  bright  spots  of  color  to  the  scene.  One  of  the  new  notions 
in  this  exhibit  is  ventilated  quilts,  made  in  such  a  manner  that  the  air  can  easily  pass  through,  and  the  hearts 
of  mothers  would  be  delighted  witli  the  cosy  little  crib  blankets  displayed.  Flannels  in  plain  colors,  and  in 
fancy  stnpes,  are  in  great  profusion,  and,  with  cassimeres  and  kerseys,  fill  many  cases.  Here  are  goods  to  suit 
all  purposes ;  woolen  cloth,  such  as  is  worn  by  the  Columbian  Guards ;  fine  sky-blue,  for  officers  of  the 
United  States  Army,  and  material  for  making  the  uniforms  of  cadets  and  letter-carriers.  One  case  is  a  veritable 
rainbow  of  colors  ;  its  contents  consist  of  yarns  and  worsteds  of  every  description,  German  knitting  worsteds, 
Saxony,  Shetland  fioss,  and  Spanish  yarn,  are  only  a  few  among  the  many  we  might  enumerate.  Many  of  the 
exhibitors  show  with  pride  the  medals  their  goods  have  taken  at  other  Expositions,  and  all  seem  deeply  inter- 
ested in  the  quality  of  their  stock.  All  kinds  of  material  for  suitings  may  also  be  seen.  It  seems  but  a  short 
time  since  men  and  women,  generally,  wore  plain  homespun  and  linsey-woolsey,  but  here  the  eye  wanders  with 
surprise  over  roll  after  roll  of  amazingly  fine  and  beautiful  material.  One  firm  exhibits  felt  for  upholstery  and 
embroidery,  and  cabinet  cloth  made  in  one  hundred  and  fifty  shades.  This  cloth  is  specially  adapted  for  cov- 
ering tables,  desks  and  counters,  and  to  line  shoes  and  saddles.  Another  firm  displays  cadet  gray  and  sky-blue 
meltons  ;    and  still  another  has  hosiery,  underwear,  mittens,  flannels  and   upholstery.       Many   of    the   exhibitors 

show  their  goods  in  ready-made  clothing,  and  also  in  the  piece. 

66 


United  States- 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

-Woolen  Goods,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


UNITED    STATES— FIRE-ARMS,   MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

Group  113  in   the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building  contains  materials  of  war,  ammunition,  ordnance, 

and  the  apparatus  for  hunting  and  tlshmg.     Military  and  sporting  small  arms  are  also  found  here ;  the  exhibit  is  in 

Section  2,    Block    ^  :    there   are    fifteen   exhibitors   in   this   Department.      The  first   that  attracts  our  attention  is 

ammunition    for    light   artillery   and    machine-guns,  with   a   very  clever    model   of   a    battle-ship.      Another   case 

contains   shotguns  which  will  fire  six  shots  in  three  seconds.      It  is  claimed  that  6000  of  these  are  now  in  use. 

Hammerless  guns  are  among  the  curiosities  in  another  exhibit.     We  could  spend  a  long  time  before  the  celebrated 

Remington   ritles,  2,000,000  of  which  are  now  in  use.    They  stand   in  close   rivalry  with  the  Lee  magazine  rifle 

and    the  Spanish  standard  arm  of   South  America,  a  weapon  generally  in   use  among  the  Latin    Republics.     One 

case  contains  automatic  shell-extracting  revolvers,  as  beautifully  finished  as  gems,  and  so  shaped  that  they  might 

lie  lovingly  in  the  hand  of  a  child.     One  of  these  is  worth  $600.     Gold,  silver,  ivory,  pearl,  and  even  jewels,  serve 

in  their  decoration ;  in  fact,  many  of  them  are   perfect  works  of  art.     We  can    look  back  upon  the  time,  not  so 

very  long  ago,  when  the  Colt  navy  revolver  was  regarded  as  the  acme  of  superiority,  and  when  the  horse-pistol 

and    blunderbuss    were   the   weapons  of   gentlemen ;   when   the   old   queen's-arm    or   musket,  which   did   more 

execution  at  the  butt  than  at  the  muzzle,  was   the  weapon  of    sport,  and  the  powder-horn  and  shot-flask  were 

necessary  accessories.     Now  all  is  changed ;  the  killing  of  man  and  beast  is  rendered  easy,  and  so  far  as  beasts 

are  concerned,  respectable.    All  the  tools  necessary  for  the  repair  and  the  care  of  weapons  are  to  be  seen  in  this 

exhibit.     It  seems  strange  that  guns  should  require  so  many,  yet  here  they  are,  dainty  as  the  toilet  articles  of  a 

fashionable  lady.     Sporting,  hunting,  target  and  pastime  rifles  are  here  for  the  study  of  the  curious,  with  reloading 

tools  for  metallic  cartridges.     To  those  unacquainted  with  the  military  art,  and  unused  to  tire-arms,  a  very  curious 

study  will  be  the  variety  of  shapes  in  the  cartridges  used.     A  trained  eye  will  immediately  detect  the  difference, 

which  a  novice  would  not  notice.     Cartridges,  paper  and  brass,  shot,  shells,  wads,  primers  and  percussion-caps, 

with  everything  pertaining  to  fire-arms,  whether  for  war  or  for  sport,  are  here  ready  for  inspection. 

68 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  exposition. 


United  States — Fire=Arms,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


UNITED    STATES— SILVERWARE.  MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

This  exliibit  may  be  found  in  Section  N,  Blocl<  i,  and  is  enslirined  in  a  very  beautiful  pavilion,  the 
entrance  to  which  is  like  the  portal  of  a  Grecian  temple.  It  is  crov/ned  with  a  high  dome,  and  the  building 
proper  is  surrounded  with  bays,  except  where  broken  by  the  entrances.  Within,  is  a  pyramid  eight  feet 
high,  ranged  around  which  there  are  eight  hundred  pieces  of  electroplated  ware,  very  beautiful  indeed.  The 
pride  and  glory  of  the  collection  is  the  exhibit  our  picture  illustrates.  It  needs  no  description,  as  its  beauty 
speaks  eloquently  for  itself.  That  hard  metal  should  so  yield  to  art  as  to  enable  man  to  produce  a  work  so 
remarkably  true  to  life,  is  marvelous.  The  plunging  horse  frightened  by  the  puma,  the  great  cat  crouching  in 
snarling  terror,  the  stern-faced  Indian  driving  the  savage  spear  straight  home  with  unerring  force,  form  a  picture 
on  which  the  eye  rests  with  pleasure.  The  two  side-pieces  are  gems  of  beauty,  and  help  to  lend  artistic 
association  to  the  central  group.  The  other  articles  in  this  exhibit  also  deserve  attention ;  the  art  of  every  land 
has  been  called  upon  to  serve  in  the  decoration  of  many  of  the  spoons;  Assyrian,  Etruscan,  Egyptian,  Grecian, 
Roman,  and  many  other  designs  are  embossed  on  them.  There  are  also  souvenir  spoons  of  most  of  the  great 
cities  and  noted  scenes  of  the  world,  and  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  is  not  omitted.  Some  are  engraved 
in  patterns  which  resemble  satin,  and  others  display  mosaics  in  flowers  and  leaves.  Sugar  spoons  and  tongs, 
butter  knives,  soup  ladles,  and  complete  fish  sets  are  also  shown,  and  some  novelties  in  ice  cream  and 
oyster  forks  attract  great  attention.  There  is  also  a  very  pretty  set  of  grape  and  flower  shears,  the  handles  of 
which  are  beautifully  ornamented.  The  display  of  punch-ladles,  crumb-trays,  and  carving-knives  and  forks,  is 
unique ;  to  mention  all  the  articles  in  the  exhibit  would  be  impossible.  In  this  section,  gold-  as  well  as  silver- 
ware is  shown,  and  one  exhibitor  makes  a  grand  display  of  clocks,  watches,  precious  stones,  cut  and  uncut, 
with  ornaments  in  bronze,  ivory  and  enamel.  There  are  twenty  exhibitors  in  this  section,  and  their  display 
speaks  very  highly  for  the  ingenuity  of  the  American   workman.      The   silver-plating  is  so   durable   that  it  will 

last  without  need  of  repair  for  more  than  twenty-five  years. 

70 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 

United  States — Silverware,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


UNITED    STATES— WATCHES,   MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

There  are  fifteen  exhibitors  in  this  section ;  the  display  which  is  installed  in  Section  O,  Block  i,  is  very 
interesting.  The  pavilion  in  our  picture  is  the  largest,  and  it  contains  the  finest  exhibit.  Here  are  watches  of 
every  size  and  style,  splendid  specimens  for  presentations,  and  dainty  little  fairies  of  watches  for  fastidious  ladies. 
In  one  case,  we  see  the  different  parts  of  a  watcin,  or  rather  of  many  watches,  and  wonder  at  the  number  of 
wheels  and  springs  in  some  of  the  smaller  timepieces.  Cases  in  profusion  invite  our  attention,  engraved, 
enamelled,  and  even  painted,  some  with  portraits  set  into  the  metal.  Gazing  on  these  artistic  gems,  we  recall 
the  old  watches  carried  by  our  grandfathers — heavy,  cumbrous,  ugly  and  uncertain.  The  first  watches  were 
made  early  in  the  sixteenth  century,  so  that  here  we  can  see  the  progress  made  in  three  hundred  years.  The 
Romans  did  not  think  of  carrying  timepieces  with  them,  but  water-  and  sand-clocks  were  common  in  their 
houses.  Alfred  the  Great,  King  of  England,  invented  a  clock  to  divide  the  day  into  three  parts ;  eight  hours  for 
rest,  eight  for  labor,  and  eight  for  pleasure.  In  ancient  Persia  a  very  remarkable  timepiece  was  used ;  it 
consisted  of  a  lantern  colored  in  stripes;  within  it,  a  taper  was  placed,  and  the  hours  v/ere  measured  in 
accordance  with  the  colors  shown  from  the  lantern.  Over  the  doors  of  the  cells  of  criminals  such  timepieces 
were  placed.  The  first  color  might  be  white,  the  second  blue,  the  third  yellow,  and  so  on,  but  the  last  was 
always  red,  and  when  the  taper  within  was  burned  down  to  this  color,  the  executioner  rushed  in,  and  dispatched 
the  victim.  Such  gloomy  reminiscences  are  out  of  place  here.  Bright-faced  girls  are  busy  at  their  work;  their 
deft  fingers  fly  as  they  fit  part  after  part  of  the  watches  into  their  places.  The  machinery  whirrs  in  cheerful 
tunefulness,  and  those  who  pass  may  see  unveiled  before  them  the  whole  process  of  watch-making.  This 
section  is  always  crowded  ;  from  morning  till  night  the  multitudes  surge  around  it,  and  with  eager  eyes  gloat 
over  its  gleaming  treasures.  The  best  feature  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  is,  that  one  may  see,  not 
alone  the  finished  articles,  but  also  the  work  of  manufacture ;  and  the  way  in  which  such  work  is  scanned  by  the 
young  men  and  boys  attending  the  Fair,  gives  great  promise  of  a  future  race  of  skilled  American  mechanics. 

72 


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United  States— Watches,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


UNITED    STATES— UMBRELLAS  AND   PARASOLS,  MANUFACTURES  AND   LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

As  we  enter  this  department,  we  think  of  John  Pym,  who,  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
carried  in  the  city  of  London  the  first  umbrella  ever  seen  in  England.  It  was  a  huge  affair,  and  an  object  of 
great  curiosity  to  the  multitude ;  but  Pym  was  by  no  means  the  first  to  use  the  umbrella.  In  Asia  it  had  long 
been  regarded  as  a  symbol  of  authority;  among  the  titles  of  the  Emperor  of  China,  and  the  Sovereigns  of 
Burmah  and  Siam,  is  that  of  "  Lord  of  the  Umbrella,"  and  sunshades  of  the  most  elaborate  description  are  held 
over  them  on  state  occasions.  The  etiquette  of  the  umbrella  is  very  well  understood  in  the  East.  It  marks 
rank  just  as  the  slipper  and  the  turban  of  the  Mohammedan,  and  in  the  bestowment  of  titles,  the  style  of 
umbrella  to  be  carried  is  often  stated  by  Eastern  sovereigns.  In  this  picture  we  see  one  of  the  best  umbrella 
and  parasol  exhibits  in  the  Exposition  ;  they  are  of  great  variety  and  many  of  them  of  surpassing  beauty.  A 
great  proportion  of  the  material  of  which  they  are  made  is  shaded  silk,  and  the  handles  are  of  ivory,  pearl, 
bone,  ebony,  and  numerous  scented  woods.  One  noticeable  feature  is  the  shape.  A  few  years  ago  the  umbrella 
and  parasol  when  opened  presented  a  comparatively  flat  circumference,  now  they  are  more  doming  and 
rounded,  thus  differing  greatly  from  the  umbrellas  of  the  Chinese  and  Japanese,  after  which  they  used  to  be 
patterned.  One  of  the  cases  in  our  picture  is  filled  with  open  parasols,  which  present  a  lovely  appearance.  The 
colors  are  brighter  than  of  old,  and  some  of  them  represent  small  fortunes  in  cost.  Every  color  of  silk  imagina- 
ble is  here,  and  often  toned  by  a  covering  of  filmy  lace  that  would  delight  the  heart  of  a  connoisseur. 
Valenciennes,  Honiton,  Oriental,  and  Belgian  thread  lace  are  largely  used,  while  the  handles  are  marvels  of 
artistic  skill.  Once  the  handles  of  parasols  were  short,  but  now  the  fashion  appears  to  be  as  long  as  possible. 
It  is  curious  that  among  the  many  fads  in  which  men  indulge,  that  no  one  has  made  a  collection  of  umbrella 
handles,  or  the  ornaments  with  which  the  handles  are  tipped.  Properly  collected,  they  would  make  a  most 
interesting  show,  and  these  upon  which  we  look  would  make  a  charming  addition  to  any  cabinet,  for  many  of 
them  are  most  artistically  carved  and,  if  set  on  small  pedestals,  would  make  admirable  statuettes. 

74 


AUSTRIA— PAVILION,  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

The  great  Austrian  Empire  has  no  special  building  in  the  Foreign  Group,  but  has  made  ample  amends  by 
the  splendor  of  her  pavilion  and  the  richness  of  her  exhibits  in  this  building.  The  main  portal  is  a  beautiful 
arch,  supported  by  pillars  and  caryatides.  The  panels  on  the  wings  are  ornamented  with  colored  shields. 
Entering,  we  seem  to  gaze  upon  a  bed  of  diamonds.  The  eyes  are  almost  blinded  by  the  many-colored  lights 
that  flash  and  sparkle  from  the  abundant  variety  of  Bohemian  glass  before  us.  Not  only  is  each  piece  exquisite 
in  itself,  but  the  whole  mass  is  entrancingly  beautiful.  There  is  a  magnificent  exhibit  of  china,  gold  and  silver 
medallions,  bronze  and  enameled  tiles,  from  Vienna.  Against  the  walls,  candelabra,  lamps  and  braziers  of  silver, 
iron  and  bronze,  are  grouped  in  great  profusion.  Some  of  the  handsomest  curtains  to  be  found  in  the  whole 
exhibition  are  here.  They  are  made  of  surah  silk,  richly  brocaded  in  floral  patterns.  The  ground  tone  of  one 
especially  fine  pair  is  a  delicate  slaty  gray,  others  are  brown.  One  particularly  attractive  pair  is  of  rich  green 
velvet.  In  the  porcelain  exhibit,  we  find  some  beautiful  vases  valued  at  ^2000.  The  Royal  Museum  of  Art  and 
Industry,  of  Vienna,  is  a  large  contributor.  Its  display  consists  of  cabinets  inlaid  with  mother-of-pearl,  cut  glass, 
gold  and  silver  jev/elry,  painting  on  metal,  with  copies  of  the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon,  and  other  ancient  Greek 
temples.  Looking  very  beautiful  in  their  satin  and  velvet  cases,  a  tempting  display  of  cleverly  carved  meerschaum 
pipes,  with  large  glowing  amber  mouth-pieces,  arrests  the  eye.  A  complete  line  of  shopping  bags,  porte-monnaies 
and  cigar-cases,  of  seal  and  antelope  skin,  attract  by  their  excellent  finish  and  apparent  soundness  of  manufac- 
ture. The  fans  are  simply  bewitching.  It  must  be  a  very  plain  face  indeed  that  would  not  look  beautiful 
behind  one  of  these  dreams  in  ivory,  lace  and  feathers.  Austria  makes  a  remarkable  showing  in  leather.  The 
walls  of  the  pavilion  are  hung  with  this  material,  finely  figured.  Many  exquisite  screens  in  morocco,  some  of 
them  belonging  to  the  Emperor,  are  shown.  Paintings  on  leather,  furniture,  splendidly  upholstered  in  the 
embossed  material,  picture-frames,  and  screens  with  photographs  set  into  them,  attest  the  ingenuity  of  the 
leather-workers  of  this  great  Empire.     There  are  also  some  mirrors  of  very  rare  workmanship. 

76 


AUSTRIA— GENERAL  INTERIOR,  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

Austria  has  nine  distinct  nations  witliin  her  borders,  and  this  exhibit  seems  compacted  of  the  genius 
of  them  all.  There  is  a  queer  mixture  of  tlie  mediisval  and  the  modern,  as  our  picture  well  shows.  In  the 
foreground,  two  lofty  pillars  support  the  arms,  and  are  crowned  by  the  eagles  of  Austro-Hungary,  and  between 
them  stretches  a  long  vista  of  glittering  glass  and  china,  with  numerous  other  exhibits.  The  pavilion  fronts  on 
Columbia  Avenue,  and  Inas  a  facade  sixty-tlve  feet  high,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  long.  There  is  one 
great  central  room,  flanked  by  smaller  ones,  each  tliirty  feet  deep  and  filled  with  exhibits.  Over  thirty  of  the 
best  wood-carvers  of  Austria  make  a  wonderful  and  unique  display  in  one  of  these  rooms.  The  furniture 
exhibit  of  Austria  is  not  so  elaborate  as  that  of  France,  but  it  appeals  to  working  people  with  limited  means. 
The  work  in  bamboo  and  bentwood  is  particularly  fine.  One  Vienna  firm  employs  eleven  thousand  men  and 
women  in  twenty-one  factories,  working  in  this  material.  In  porcelain,  Austria  excels.  There  is  a  fine  exhibit 
of  flowers  made  of  this  material,  the  leaves  of  colored  silk ;  tliese  are  very  true  to  nature,  and  the  mosaics  with 
Alpine  photographs  attract  a  great  deal  of  attention.  Terra  cotta,  faience  and  enameled  ware,  fill  one  compart- 
ment, and  are  well  worth  days  of  study.  Some  idea  of  the  greatness  of  this  exhibit  may  be  formed  from  the 
fact  that  two  hundred  and  three  firms  are  represented  in  this  pavilion  alone.  We  find  here  some  very  rich 
suits  of  armor  from  Vienna  and  Prague,  and  a  collection  of  antique  weapons,  some  of  which  have  been  a  long 
time  in  the  possession  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg.  The  armor  in  our  picture  forms  a  part  of  the  royal  exhibit. 
In  bronze  work,  the  Austrian  display  is  inferior  to  that  of  France,  but  in  the  domain  of  glass  and  wood-carving, 
she  has  no  rival.  Her  pavilion  is  always  filled  with  an  admiring  crowd,  and  expressions  of  delight  and  wonder 
may  be  heard  on  every  side.  One  is  constantly  tempted  to  violate  the  printed  injunction,  "Please  do  not  touch," 
for  the  fingers  itch  to  revel  among  the  charming  articles.  The  Emperor,  Franz  Josef,  has  not  spared  the 
treasures  of  his  palaces,  but  has  been  very  generous  in  sending  objects  of  interest  and  great  value.     Though  we 

are  republicans,  we  cannot  fail  to  bestow  a  meed  of  honor  upon  those  sovereigns  who  have  aided  the  Fair. 

78 


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Austria — General  Interior,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts   Building. 


AUSTRIA— BOHEMIAN    GLASS,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

The  picture  before  us  represents  the  exhibit  of  the  oldest  glass  factory  in  Bohemia,  that  paradise  of  the 
industry.  It  forms  a  parterre  of  radiance ;  when  the  sun  strikes  upon  it,  the  mass  glitters  like  a  thousand  rain- 
bows. There  are  vases  here  worth  more  than  $2000,  and  little  cups  that  one  can  purchase  for  five  cents;  yet 
as  far  as  the  untrained  eye  can  discern,  the  cups  are,  in  their  way,  as  beautiful  as  the  vases.  One  thousand 
men  are  employed  in  this  factory  alone,  and  tens  of  thousands  more  throughout  Bohemia.  The  art  is  taught  in 
special  schools  in  that  land,  and  every  care  is  taken  to  perfect  the  artists  in  their  profession,  which  requires  years 
of  study  to  master.  Some  of  these  vases,  and  most  of  the  cups,  have  smooth  surfaces,  and  it  is  to  them  we 
must  turn  for  a  study  of  color.  Gold,  or  amber,  and  red  in  many  shades,  are  the  prevailing  hues,  but,  when 
turned  to  the  light,  you  will  find  the  ground  color  shot  through  with  iridescent  sheen,  in  which  a  faint  satiny 
blue  prevails.  The  secret  of  this  color  method  has  never  been  fully  understood  by  other  nations.  America 
produces  some  lovely  glassware,  but  none  that  can  rival  this.  Some  of  the  cups  and  vases  are  like  the  purest 
crystal,  while  others  have  the  peculiar  steel-blue  tint  of  the  heart  of  an  iceberg.  One  great  vase  is  like  a  huge 
opal :  tongues  of  fire  gleam  and  flash  from  its  sides  as  the  sunlight  falls  upon  it,  and  you  look  to  see  it 
suddenly  shattered  by  the  flickering  flames  within.  Other  vases  look  like  the  leaves  of  a  water-lily,  faintly 
tipped  with  pink,  while  many  of  the  large  dishes  shine  like  baths  of  refined  gold.  Thus  far  we  have  spoken 
only  of  plain  surfaces,  but  the  great  marvel  of  the  exhibit  lies  in  the  work  in  enamel  and  mosaic,  done  on  the 
glass.  Some  of  the  pieces  look  as  though  encrusted  with  gems ;  rubies,  emeralds,  topazes,  sapphires,  onyx, 
opals,  all  are  imitated  in  the  ware,  and  each  seems  to  preserve  its  native  light.  Other  pieces  are  pictured  in 
wonderful  fashion ;  some  with  raised  medallions,  others  with  rural  scenes,  and  others  again  with  allegorical 
subjects.  It  seems  hard  to  believe  that  all  this  work  is  done  in  glass,  but  such  is  the  fact.  The  forms  are  as 
various  as  the  colors;    a  glance  at  the    picture    will    readily  prove   that.     Most  of  the  forms  are  graceful;    many 

following  the  antique,  and  some  of  modern  fashion  are  very  unique. 

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Austria — Bohemian  Glass,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts   Building. 


AUSTRIA— VASES,    "LIBERTY"    AND    "PROGRESS,"    MANUFACTURES   AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

The   two   vases  in  this   picture   form  a  unique   feature  in  the   Exposition.     Tliey   represent  "  Liberty"  and 

"Progress,"  and   were   designed   and   painted   by  the  chief   designer  of  the    Imperial    Court  Theatre,  in   Vienna. 

The  details  were  studied   with   tlie  greatest  care  from   materials  furnished   by  the   chief   museums   of   Art  and 

History  in    Europe,  so  that  the  artist  has  b^en   able  to  depict   exact   representations   of   the  faces,  costumes  and 

surroundings.     There  are  ten  scenes  on   the  Vases,  the  first  being  the  signing  of  "The  Declaration  of   American 

Independence."     In  it,  the  figure  of  George   Washington  is  made  specially  prominent;  all  the  faces  are  portraits; 

the  next   scene  is  "The   Discovery  of    Steam    Power;"  and  the  third,  "The  Abolition  of   Slavery."     In   this  we 

see  Abraham  Lincoln  and  his  Cabinet ;  each  figure  is  brought  out   clearly,  and  is  readily  recognizable ;  this  view 

is  seen   in   our  picture.     On   the   other  Vase  you  may   see  "The  Landing   of   Christopher    Columbus,  1492;"  it 

shows  the  discoverer  just  landing,  and   thanking  God   for  his   deliverance.    This  is  followed  by  "The  Discovery 

of    Electricity;"   in   this   painting,   the    figure    of   electricity  holds,  in  her  left  liand,  the   wire  of  telegraphy   and 

electric    lighting,   while  a   cupid,  standing   near,  is  listening  to   messages  of    love,  communicated    by    telephone. 

Another  picture,  called  "The  Magna  Charta,"  shows  the  meeting  between  King  John  and  his  barons  at  Runny- 

mede,  June  i^,  121^  ;  tlie  Sovereign  is  just  in  the  act  of  signing  the  great  charter.     "The  Invention  of  Gunpowder" 

is  also  shown  under  the  picture  of   Magna   Charta ;  it  represents  a  goddess  applying  a  torch  to  a  cannon,  while 

a  miniature  figure  of   War  is  ramming  the  powder   home.     "The  Taking  of  the  Bastile"  forms  the  next  subject, 

and,  in   the   picture,  the  strong  and  gloomy  prison  with  its  eight   towers  is  shown.     This  is  followed  by  "The 

Battle  of   Sempach,"  fought  in   1^86   by  the  Swiss  confederates  against  Austria.     In  this  battle  the  Swiss  gained 

their  liberty,  and  established   the   first    modern  Republic;  the  picture  represents  the   moment  when   Arnold  Von 

Winkelreid  cleared  a  way  for  his  countrymen  by  gathering  a  sheaf  of  Austrian  spears  into  his  own  breast.     The 

last  picture   illustrates  "  The  Invention  of   Printing."    Johann   Gutenberg's  portrait   is  seen  in  this  picture,  resting 

against  an  old  printing  press.     The  works  in  which  these  Vases  were  made  is  situated  in  Altrohiau,  Bohemia. 

82 


DENMARK— PAVILION,  A1ANU FACT U RES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  pavilions  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building  is  that  of  little  Denmark ; 
it  is  built  in  the  style  of  a  Court  House  of  ^oo  years  ago.  On  either  side  of  the  grand  entrance  is  a  clock- 
tower,  one  timepiece  recording  the  hour  in  Copenhagen,  the  other  in  Chicago.  The  arms  of  Denmark  are 
beneath  each  tower.  There  are  two  statues  in  front  of  the  pavilion  whicli  every  American  will  view  with  special 
pleasure — one  of  Thorwaldsen  and  the  other  of  Hans  Christian  Andersen.  The  Thorwaldsen  statue  has  been 
purchased  by  the  Danish  Society  of  New  York,  and  will  be  placed  in  Central  Park.  Entering  we  find  the  exhibit 
charming.  Immediately  in  front  of  us  there  is  a  model  in  silver  of  the  Royal  Castle  of  Rosenberg;  near  it  we  come 
upon  the  study  of  Hans  Christian  Andersen,  tilled  with  relics  of  that  admirable  man.  The  exhibit  is  arranged  to 
represent  as  nearly  as  possible  the  study  of  the  author.  On  the  open  desk  used  by  Andersen  in  his  lifetime 
we  see  several  pages  of  the  manuscript  of  his  work,  "  The  Story  of  my  Life."  Pictures,  books,  tables,  sofa,  screen, 
chairs,  in  fact  all  the  furniture  of  such  a  room  we  find  here,  simple  enough  in  good  faith,  but  full  of  interest  to 
the  student.  There  is  a  grand  display  of  articles  of  gold  and  silver  from  Copenhagen,  among  them  some  ancient 
wassail-bowls  and  drinking-horns,  one  beautifully  engraved,  valued  at  ^900.  Another  of  the  exhibits  is  a 
beautiful  mosaic  table,  a  copy  of  one  of  the  most  renowned  tables  in  the  world,  at  present  in  Knip  Castle.  It 
was  presented  to  King  Frederick  the  Fourth  by  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  in  1709;  it  is  said  that  four  of  the 
most  notable  lapidists  of  Italy  worked  on  this  table  for  thirty  years;  it  is  of  lapis  lazuli  and  fifteen  other  kinds 
of  rare  stones.  The  wood-carvings  and  specimens  of  engraving  on  glass  are  extremely  tine  ;  the  latter  was  done 
by  ladies  of  Copenhagen.  There  is  one  particularly  interesting  room  in  this  exhibit ;  it  represents  an  apartment 
in  an  ordinary  Danish  farm-house  of  i  ^o  years  ago.  All  the  articles  in  the  room  are  solid.  Beautiful  silver  tlligree- 
work  and  fine  specimens  of  porcelain  abound.  As  interesting  as  Hans  Christian  Andersen's  study  is  the  model 
of  the  Museum  of  Copenhagen,  surrounded  by  relics  of  the  great  sculptor  Thorwaldsen.  He  must  have  been  a 
great  smoker,  for  we  find  his  cigar-case,  several  pipes  and  an  ash-tray  among  the  exhibits. 

84 


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Denmark— Pavilion,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


DENMARK— GENERAL    INTERIOR,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL   ARTS    BUILDING. 

It  is  odd  to  see  how  the  great  and  the  small  nations  of  the  earth  shoulder  each  other  in  this  vast  building. 
Just  across  the  avenue  from  Denmark,  the  great  Empire  of  Russia  has  her  grand  exhibit,  while  Brazil  adjoins 
the  pavilion  of  this  little  Northern  land ;  yet,  small  as  she  is,  Denmark  has  made  a  worthy  display  of  her  arts 
and  industries.  On  the  walls  of  her  pavilion  hang  scenes  from  Denmark,  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  the  Danish 
possessions  in  the  West  Indies.  Here  we  see  some  magnificent  productions  of  the  goldsmith's  art.  One  great 
salver  of  gold  and  silver,  richly  chased  and  engraved,  is  worth  ^8000,  and  near  by  it  is  a  shield,  upon  which 
a  battle  scene  has  been  depicted,  which  is  worth  ^1^,000.  The  collection  of  old  drinking-horns,  some  of  them 
of  the  precious  metals,  is  very  curious.  They  are  thickly  engraved  with  legends  from  the  Scandinavian 
mythology ;  one  shows  Thor  drinking  from  a  skull,  and  others  depict  convivial  scenes  in  the  Valhalla  of  heroes. 
We  know  not  how  many  sea-kings  have  drunk  skaoul  from  these  horns,  as  some  of  them  are  very  ancient. 
There  is  also  a  considerable  collection  of  ancient  weapons,  bearing  the  marks  of  use;  but  these  are  not  the 
chief  features  of  the  exhibit ;  most  of  the  articles,  such  as  those  seen  in  our  picture,  are  related  to  the  useful 
side  of  life.  A  great  many  ladies  exhibit  here;  in  fact,  the  laces  and  wood-carving  may,  in  general,  be  said  to 
be  the  work  of  women,  and  very  neat  and  dainty  are  the  exhibits.  There  is  one  curious  feature  here,  that 
called  poker-work ;  pictures  have  been  burned  into  the  wood  with  a  poker,  and  tine  effect  is  very  pleasing. 
Three  young  ladies  of  Copenhagen  have  produced  this  work,  and  it  would  be  hard  to  say  which  deserves  most 
praise.  One  piece  is  a  table,  and  another  a  chair,  while  the  third  consists  of  panels;  the  effect  is  very  much 
like  etching.  One  exhibit  is  of  painted  glass  plates,  and  a  glass  ceiling  is  also  shown.  One  wanders  through 
this  pavilion  with  a  great  deal  of  pleasure.  It  may  not  be  so  grand  as  some  others,  but  there  is  a  great  interest 
in  peeping  into  Hans  Christian  Andersen's  study,  and  seeing  the  very  desk  upon  which  he  wrote  his  lovely 
child  stories,  and  also  in  viewing  the  simple  relics  of  the  great  Thorwaldsen,  which  tell  of  the  homely,  frugal 
nature  of  the  man,  and  teach  us  that  the  very  greatest  are  of  the  same  clay  as  ourselves. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbicn  Exposition. 


Denmark — General  Interior,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE— PAVILION,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL   ARTS    BUILDING. 

As  usual,  La  Belle  France  has  covered  herself  with  glory.  Her  Pavilion  is  next  to  that  of  Belgium.  It  is  of 
a  rich  cream  tint,  and  very  highly  ornamented  with  caryatides  and  other  carvings.  A  huge  statue  of  Art  sits 
royally  enthroned  at  the  main  entrance.  As  we  enter,  we  hnd  ourselves  in  a  dim  religious  light,  which  comes 
down  through  a  perforated  straw-colored  roof,  and  seems  cunningly  contrived  to  lend  greater  fascination  to  the 
marvels  of  delicate  color  in  the  various  exhibits.  The  many  rooms  of  the  Pavilion  are  arranged  after  the  gov- 
ernmental plan.  The  taste  of  the  exhibitors  may  be  seen  in  the  adjustment  of  their  wares,  but  it  is  quite  evident 
that  they  were  not  allowed  much  choice  as  to  position.  This  department  seems  specially  designed  to  delight 
the  heart  of  women.  Almost  at  the  entrance,  kid  gloves  of  every  conceivable  shade  may  be  seen.  It  would 
puzzle  an  artist,  or  what  is  more  to  the  purpose,  a  woman  of  fashion,  to  catalogue  the  colors;  and  then  the 
laces!  wonderful  filmy  products  from  Caen,  in  Normandy;  Old  Point,  Mechlin,  Honiton,  Valenciennes,  and  even 
some  of  those  wonderful  patterns,  the  art  of  making  which  was  lost  during  the  terrors  of  the  Revolution,  and 
even  as  early  as  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  are  on  view.  Marvels  of  exquisite  and  ingenious 
work  these  laces  are,  and  the  cases  contain  what  the  treasury  of  an  empress  could  not  purchase.  Some  of 
Worth's  most  splendid  costumes  are  also  on  exhibition,  sheeny,  glimmering  silk,  almost  atmospheric  in  its 
lightness,  rippling  about  the  models  like  sunsets  and  sunrises,  imprisoned  and  disciplined  as  by  the  touch  of 
a  magician.  Long  rows  of  corsets,  with  mysterious  laces  and  fastenings  that  only  a  woman  could  understand, 
appear  in  some  of  the  cases.  But  man  may  also  find  food  for  interest;  ties  of  glowing  satin,  buttons  of  every 
form  and  hue ;  baby-clothes  tliat  would  turn  little  ones  into  veritable  gods  and  goddesses ;  the  sumptuous 
uniform  of  the  Marshal  of  France,  with  its  opulence  of  gold  lace,  may  be  said  to  conclude  the  dress  exhibits; 
and  then  the  bewildering  wealth  of  porcelain  attracts  our  attention.  Huge  vases  of  Sevres,  with  every  kind  of 
delicate  ware  made  in  France;  bronzes  deftly-colored,  massive  silver  plate,  jewelry  nch  with  diamonds,  pearl  and 
coral.    The  pearl  necklaces  are  specially  beautiful  and  rivet  our  gaze,  as  do  also  the  bronzes  and  candelabra. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


France— Pavilion,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE— SECTION    OF  PAVILION,  MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

France  is  surely  the  land  of  genius.  Here  in  her  great  pavilion,  we  cannot  wonder  at  the  restless  intelli- 
gence that  produces  revolutions  and  political  convulsions.  A  nation  such  as  this  could  not  keep  still.  There  is 
system  and  order  everywlnere.  As  we  walk'  along  Columbia  Avenue,  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts 
Building,  we  get  little  peeps  of  fairyland,  of  which  this  is  one ;  magnificent  caryatides  sustain  the  facade  of  the 
structure,  and  smile  coyly  down  on  the  beholder.  Though  the  attitude  is  somewhat  awkward,  the  figures  are 
full  of  strength  and  grace.  The  hangings  are  of  rich  crimson  plush,  with  light  tassels  falling  on  either  side  of 
the  tablet  bearing  the  name  of  the  exhibitor.  The  contrast  of  color  between  the  white  figures  and  the  drapery, 
is  charming.  The  upper  frieze  is  eccentric  tracery,  heavily  gilded,  and  the  narrow  lower  frieze  is  of  the  nature 
of  mosaic.  The  slender,  graceful  pillars  are  intended  to  represent  porphyry,  and  they  harmonize  v/ell  with  the 
surroundings.  The  decoration  of  the  interior  is  peculiarly  chaste;  the  back  of  the  picture  shows  a  panel  of 
beautiful  tapestry,  into  wliich  is  worked  a  sylvan  scene;  the  figures  of  the  nymphs  stand  out,  as  though 
embossed,  so  exquisite  is  the  work.  All  the  furniture  of  a  drawing-room  is  here  shown  ;  many  of  the  chairs 
and  divans  are  upholstered  in  the  style  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  most  of  the  woodwork  is  thickly  overlaid  with  gold. 
Rare  artistic  skill  is  exhibited  in  the  shapes  of  the  various  pieces;  none  of  the  old-fashioned  straightness  is  seen; 
even  the  legs  of  the  cliairs  are  gently  curved,  and  the  eye  rests  with  pleasure  upon  all.  As  this  section  is,  so 
are  many  others;  even  the  rugs  upon  the  floors  are  rich  and  luxurious.  Palms  and  flowers  are  scattered  about, 
and  an  atmosphere  of  refinement  pervades  all.  The  plain  canvas  roof  lets  in  a  softened  light,  that  brings  out 
charmingly  the  coloring  of  the  upholstery  and  decorations.  Seen  from  this  wide,  noisy  avenue,  with  its  glitter- 
ing domes  and  bannered  towers,  finis  room  seems  a  cool  retreat  fit  for  a  sovereign  to  rest  in.  One  longs  to 
step  over  the  thick  silken  cord  that  bars  tine  way,  and  sit  down  in  one  of  those  enchanting  chairs,  if  only  for 
a  few  moments,  and  dream  of  kings  and  palaces,  and  the  pomp  and  luxury  of  power;    but  we  must  move   on 

our  way,  for  there  is  much  more  to  be  seen  in  the  great  pavilion  of  this  wonderful  nation. 

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France — Section  of  Pavilion,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE— WITHIN    THE    PAVILION,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

France  boasts  one  of  the  grandest  pavilions   in   the   Exposition.      Its  beautifully  arched  entrance  gives  a 

foretaste  of  the  treasures  it  contains.      Here  good  taste  reigns  supreme.     The  exhibits  are  in  several  rooms,  each 

beautifully  decorated.      Among  them,  the  Gobelin  room    invites   special    attention;  the  front    of   the   pavilion   in 

which  tliis   exhibit  is  displayed  is  paneled  with   tapestry  of  the  Gobelin    manufacture  and  of  the  most  exquisite 

workmanship ;  the  entrance  is  decorated  with  a  lovely  frieze  wrought  in    Paris.      The  walls    of   tliis    department 

are    hung    with    tapestry    loaned    by   the   government   of    France,  and    unrivaled,  perhaps,  on   earth.       Such  a 

feast    for  the   eyes   as   this    room    affords,  mortals   have   rarely   enjoyed.      The   other   pavilions   are   also    very 

beautiful,  and  each  is  filled  with  a  special  class  of  goods.       In  the  centre  of  the  great  pavilion  there  is  a  group 

of  statuary,  sent  by  the   government ;  it  represents    France   seated ;  the   figure    is    clad   in    armor,  except   that  a 

flowing  scarf  is  fastened  round    the  waist.      One    hand  is  raised,  as  if  to  attract    attention  to   the  tablet  held  in 

the   other,  on    which    is    engraved  "The   Rights    of   Man."       A  naked   sword  is  pressed  against  this  tablet;  the 

expression  of  the  face  is  that  of  calm    power.      A  diadem    composed  of   three   figures,  representing  "  Liberty," 

"  Equality "  and  "  Fraternity,"  rests  on  the  superb  head,  and  royally  crowns  the  work.      France  has  many  other 

noted  statues  here.      It  seems  as  though  her  artists   and   men    of   genius    had   put   their  whole   hearts  into  the 

matter.     The  seal  of  art  is  upon  everything ;  furniture   upholstered    in  the    finest  tapestries,  and    heavily   gilt  or 

wondrously  carved,  is  plentiful.      Turn    which    ever  way  you   will,  some  marvel  meets  the  eye.      In  one  room, 

pottery  in  every  imaginable  form  is  seen  ;  in  another,  splendid  porcelain  attests  the  genius  of  France  ;  in  another, 

glassware  glitters  like  a  bed  of  gems ;  and  in  others,  jewelry,  silverware,  silks  and   bronzes  make  a  sumptuous 

show.     This  pavilion  is  a  city  in  itself.     The  furniture  and   decorations  in  some  of  the  rooms  in  the  palaces  of 

Louis  XIV.  and    Louis  XV.  have   been    faithfully  copied,  and  give  us  some  idea  of   the    pomp    and    luxury   that 

surrounded  those  proud  sovereigns.     Yet  here,  all  about  us,  are  marvels  of  workmanship  and  taste,  born  of  the 

nineteenth  century,  that  even  these  kings  could  not  hope  to  possess. 

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France— Within  the  Pavilion,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE— BRONZES,    MANUFACTURES   AND    LIBERAL   ARTS    BUILDING. 

Among  the  many  magnificent  exhibits  in  the  Exposition,  this  which  our  picture  represents  is  pre-eminently 
beautitul.  It  would  require  a  large  hall  to  show  the  numerous  pieces  properly.  In  front  of  this  pavilion  stand 
two  gigantic  figures  in  gilt  bronze,  holding  great  garlands  of  lamps  on  their  uplifted  hands.  In  splendid  oxidized 
bronze,  we  see  Theseus  fighting  with  the  Centaur ;  the  action  is  magnificently  vigorous ;  this  work  was  done  by 
the  famous  Barye.  The  large  figure  in  the  foreground  of  our  picture  represents  Caesar  Augustus,  the  original  of 
which  was  discovered  at  Rome  in  i86^.  There  is  also  here  a  huge  bronze  ox,  as  nearly  perfect  as  genius  could 
make  it.  The  great  chandeliers  hang  down  like  large  branches  of  trees,  thick  with  crystal  fruit,  and  when 
lighted,  they  are  wondrously  beautiful.  So  much  for  the  larger  pieces.  This  exhibit  is  rich  in  smaller  articles  of 
great  value ;  one  is  a  jev/el  case  and  wedding-box  of  Limoges  workmanship ;  they  are  beautifully  enameled  and 
very  costly.  Enamels,  carved  ebony,  and  fine  gilt  bronzes,  all  in  hand-work,  abound,  and  one  group  is  particularly 
interesting  to  Americans ;  it  represents  George  Washington  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  seated  at  a  table  with  the 
national  flag  between  them ;  they  are  in  strange  company,  however,  for  close  beside  them  we  see  the  wild 
Bacchantes  dancing  and  clashing  their  cymbals  in  a  revelry  of  glee,  while  Mercuries  by  the  score  seem  hastening 
to  do  the  bidding  of  the  gods,  who  sit  or  stand  around  in  conclave.  And  so  many  gods  as  there  are  here ! 
it  would  seem  as  though  the  French  had  a  strong  love  for  heathendom,  as  represented  by  ancient  Greece. 
Venus  in  several  forms,  following  the  old  classic  models,  is  often  seen ;  Vulcan,  at  his  forge ;  Mars,  on  war  intent ; 
Apollo,  glorious  in  manly  beauty;  Phceton,  driving  the  chariot  of  the  sun;  all  are  here,  ruled  over  by  Jove  and 
Juno  as  of  yore.  It  is  Olympus  in  bronze.  Here  in  this  imperishable  form  the  gods  all  live  again  for  us. 
Pictures  will  fade  and  decay,  marble  v/ill  be  shattered  and  destroyed,  the  daintiest  wood-carving  be  chipped  and 
defaced,  but  bronze  will  live  while  the  race  lasts.  It  may  be  that  at  some  future  time,  when  the  nations  that 
now  rule  the  world  have  passed  away,  the  historians  of  the  coming  race  may  gather  the  scattered  threads  of  our 
history  from  bronzes  such  as  these,  and  weave  out  the  story  of  our  lives. 

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France — Bronzes,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE— DRAPERY,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL   ARTS    BUILDING. 

Though  this  exhibit  does  not  occupy  a  very  large  space,  it  is  full  of  interest.  The  factory  in  wliicli  these 
draperies  and  the  upholstery  of  this  furniture  were  made,  is  in  Belleville,  Paris.  The  material  is  called  Belleville 
Tapestry.  One  of  the  pieces  we  see  upon  the  wall  represents  music,  and  is  done  in  nine  colors.  It  is  glowing, 
fresh  and  beautiful.  No  painting  on  canvas  could  be  truer,  nor  of  finer  color  tone.  This  piece  is  after  David, 
the  great  French  painter  of  Revolutionary  fame.  Another,  an  admirable  landscape,  by  Laueret,  is  seen  to  the 
left  of  the  curtains  in  tliis  picture.  The  great  painter's  work  is  honored  in  this  reproduction ;  it  is  so  clear  and 
perfect  that  even  the  perspective  is  preserved,  and  the  foliage  of  the  trees  is  as  perfect  as  an  artist  could  desire. 
There  is  also  a  Watteau,  so  freshly  beautiful  that  one  is  tempted  to  feel  the  tapestry,  to  see  if  a  trick  has  not 
been  played,  and  we  are  looking  at  a  canvas  after  all.  Even  the  lovely  Gobelin  tapestries  do  not  greatly  surpass 
these  three  pieces.  The  curtains  which  are  before  us  are  of  Savonnerie  embroidery,  and  are  peculiarly  fine. 
Much  of  the  furniture  here  shown  is  covered  with  the  same  kind  of  embroidery.  There  are  also  Savonnerie 
pictures,  which  are  as  charming  as  they  are  curious.  One  subject  is  "  Oysters,"  after  Defais ;  a  "  Cock,"  after 
Cotin,  and  a  "  Vase,"  after  Delaporte.  The  original  of  this  picture  is  in  the  Louvre.  The  medals  we  see  between 
the  curtains  were  awarded  the  exhibitors  in  Paris,  Philadelphia  and  Vienna;  five  of  them  are  of  gold,  two  of 
silver,  and  three  of  bronze.  We  may  well  hope  that  another  will  be  added  from  this  Exposition.  Few  people 
think  of  the  real  value  that  a  single  one  of  these  rooms  contains,  and  the  expense  to  which  exhibitors  have 
gone  to  display  their  wares.  The  draperies  in  this  pavilion  are  wonderful  indeed.  Two  sets  of  curtains,  in 
particular,  attract  attention ;  they  are  of  heavy  velvet  plush,  one  pair  of  deep  blue,  the  other  mauve  color.  They 
are  hung  in  recesses  specially  made  for  the  purpose,  and  with  their  heavy  silken  cords  and  bullioned  tassels 
make  a  beautiful  show.  The  draperies  of  the  various  pavilions  in  this  section  are  equally  interesting.  They 
range  through  almost  every  shade  of  color,  from  bright  yellow  to  a  cool  sage  green,  and  are  arranged  with 
matchless  skill.     Some  hang  in  festoons  of  dainty  lace,  and  others  sweep  in  long  folds  to  the  floor. 

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France— Drapery,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE-FURNITURE,    MANUFACTURES   AND    LIBERAL   ARTS    BUILDING. 

This  picture  represents  one  of  the  handsomest  compartments  in  the  whole  Fair.  The  beautiful  Gobelin 
tapestries  reach  from  the  ceiling  to  the  floor,  and  represent  outdoor  scenes.  One  shows  a  picture  of  a  moun- 
tain side,  with  two  fair  ladies  carelessly  watching  a  traveler,  whose  well-laden  donkey  jogs  lazily  beside  him  ; 
another  is  a  love  scene,  in  which  little  Cupid  is  very  busy;  and  the  third,  a  sylvan  dance,  such  as  one  often 
sees  in  France;  but  it  is  the  furniture  upon  which  our  attention  is  specially  fixed.  The  room  represents  one  of 
the  salons  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  furniture,  as  nearly  as  possible,  corresponds  with  the  room  ;  it  is  a  dream 
of  beauty.  The  frames  of  the  furniture  are  hand-carved ;  flowers,  fruits,  vines,  and  great  bunches  of  grapes  have 
been  carefully  wrought  out  of  the  handsome  wood.  in  some  cases,  the  graver's  tools  have  wrought  historical 
scenes  and  battle-pieces  in  the  yielding  material.  The  cabinets  are  marvels  of  art,  paneled  witli  lovely  veined 
marbles,  malachite  and  gilded  ebony ;  some  of  tliem  have  numerous  small  doors  and  secret  drawers,  calculated 
to  confuse  the  uninitiated.  Some  of  the  pieces  of  furniture  are  modeled  on  the  pattern  of  that  in  the  Trianon, 
the  favorite  residence  of  Marie  Antoinette,  whither  she  resorted  for  relaxation  from  the  cares  of  the  Court,  and 
with  some  of  her  most  favored  maids  and  friends,  entered  into  the  quiet  joys  of  country  life.  How  sad  that 
such  an  ideal  existence  was  not  long  to  be  her  portion!  The  upholstery  of  this  furniture  is  also  of  Gobelin 
tapestry,  and  forms  a  real  picture  gallery  in  itself.  Some  of  the  pieces  have  a  historical  value,  and  all  are 
charming.  The  gold  of  the  frames  harmonizes  well  with  the  color  tone  of  the  tapestry,  and  the  rich,  dark 
carpet  makes  a  splendid  foil  for  it  all.  The  vases  scattered  about  are  of  Sevres,  the  clock  ormolu.  The  mirror 
seen  in  the  picture  is  shaped  like  a  Gallic  shield,  and  the  two  tall  wax  candles  on  either  side  remind  us  of  the 
days  before  gas  or  electricity  was  known,  and  when  even  sovereigns  went  to  bed  by  candle-light.  In  spite  of 
the  elegance  of  this  apartment,  there  is  every  evidence  of  comfort.  The  furniture  is  not  alone  for  show,  it  is 
thoroughly  usable.     The  v/ide   seats  invite  to  rest,  and   the   broad  divans  are  the  acme  of   comfort.     One  who 

looks  upon  such   sights  as  this,  must  feel  that  France  can  teach  us  some  lessons  worth  learning. 

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France — Furniture,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE— SILVERWARE,  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

In  her  silver  exhibit,  France  is  quite  as  remarkable  as  in  other  branches.  Her  artists  have  coaxed  the 
shining  metal  into  a  great  variety  of  forms  and  uses.  Our  picture  represents  only  one  display  of  several  in  this 
pavilion.  In  the  foreground  we  see  a  beautiful  piece,  such  as  is  used  in  France  for  suppers  a!  fresco,  or  on 
verandas.  The  lamps  are  of  solid  silver,  with  colored  globes,  through  which  the  light  shines  softly.  Between 
the  lamps  is  an  ornament  wliich,  for  artistic  workmanship,  cannot  be  surpassed.  It  consists  of  a  bowl  hlled  with 
silver  ferns,  which  look  as  though  bathed  in  moonlight,  and  flecked  with  silvery  dew ;  resting  on  the  bed  of 
ferns  is  an  exquisite  little  tea  set,  dainty  enough  for  goddesses  to  use  and  delight  in.  The  piece  to  the  right  of 
the  picture  is  much  the  same,  except  that  the  centre  represents  Ganymede  bearing  an  exquisitely  wrought  tray 
upon  his  shoulders.  The  centre  piece  consists  of  a  complete  tea  set,  delicately  wrought  and  of  beautiful  pattern. 
At  each  side  and  immediately  behind  this,  we  note  two  standing  lamps ;  their  shafts  resemble  the  trunks  of 
trees,  and  the  silvery  foliage  at  their  crests  is  crowned  with  flowers  of  crystal  that,  at  night,  glow  like  golden 
blossoms.  This  exhibit  also  contains  many  very  handsome  candelabra  in  solid  silver,  with  tea  and  dinner  sets 
in  profusion.  There  is  one  curious  fact  about  the  French  exhibit :  nearly  every  other  country  has  what  is  called 
a  national  art;  the  bronze  work  and  jewelry  of  Russia  are  distinctly  Muscovite;  the  art  works  of  Denmark, 
Holland,  Switzerland  and  Germany  may  be  known  at  a  glance,  but  French  art  has  no  limitations,  no  modes, 
no  conservatism ;  it  seems  always  reaching  out  after  the  nev/.  The  myriad  forms  of  nature,  flowers,  ferns, 
trees,  and  the  denizens  of  forest,  sea  and  sky,  all  seem  a  part  of  the  Frenchman's  intellectual  domain.  Olympus 
has  been  scaled,  and  the  gods  and  goddesses  summoned,  to  do  the  bidding  of  genius ;  the  daily  life  of  men 
and  women  has  been  carefully  scanned,  and  prisoned  in  this  shining  metal.  Standing  before  this  pavilion,  we 
seem  to  be  looking  into  an  ice  cave  in  which  the  Great  Artist  had  wrought,  with  sovereign  genius,  royal  marvels, 
and  when  the  sun  glints  in  vagrant  rays  upon  this  mass  of  treasure,  we  are  almost  afraid  it  will  melt  from  our 
view.     Gold  is  beautiful,  and  the  rich  toned  bronze  delights  the  eye,  but  gleaming  silver  is  the  true  metal  of  art. 

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France — Silverware,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


FRANCE— SEVRES  VASES,    MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

This  picture  introduces  us  to  one  of  the  finest  rooms  and  richest  exhibits  in  the  Exposition.  The  room 
is  high,  square  and  spacious,  and  roofed  in  witli  canvas.  Tine  two  portals,  by  which  it  is  entered,  are  grand  and 
massive,  and  are  hung  with  rich  draperies  artistically  arranged.  No  one  can  enter  this  room  without  blessing  the 
government  of  France,  which,  has  ransacked  its  palaces  to  favor  this  new  world  with  a  glimpse  of  old  world 
splendor.  The  walls  are  hung  with  gorgeous  tapestry,  portraying  the  revels  of  the  gods,  with  scenes  from 
French  history,  and  with  intricate  designs  and  patterns,  chaste  and  harmonious.  The  upper  walls  are  decorated 
with  a  lovely  allegorical  entablature,  the  figures  of  which  have  the  finish  of  tine  enamel  enriched  with  crimson, 
blue  and  gold.  We  stand  here  bathed  in  soft  delight;  though  we  know  that  multitudes  are  without,  yet  their 
clamor  reaches  us  only  in  softened  murmurs,  for  here  quiet  reigns,  and  we  feel  that  reverence  which  all  experi- 
ence in  the  presence  of  the  grand  and  the  beautiful ;  but  we  have  described  only  the  casket,  and  must  now 
turn  to  the  jewels  wliich  it  enshrines.  In  the  centre  of  the  great  room,  there  is  a  four-shelved  pyramid,  the 
shelves  extending  entirely  around  the  structure.  Upon  these  are  ranged  numerous  vases  of  the  beautiful  porce- 
lain of  Sevres,  the  finish  of  which  is  as  delicate  as  the  skin  of  a  well-bred  child,  and  the  coloring  so  lovely 
that,  though  we  know  the  surface  is  smooth,  we  seem  to  be  looking  into  wells  of  various  tints,  or  into  the 
very  hearts  of  jewels.  The  large  vase  which  crowns  the  pyramid  differs  from  all  the  others,  not  only  in  size, 
but  because  it  is  of  the  color  of  moonlight,  seeming  to  hold  the  rays  imprisoned  in  its  glossy  depths,  it  is 
flanked  by  two  other  graceful  vases,  colored  a  deep  Persian  blue,  making  an  exquisite  foil  for  the  central  gem  of 
the  collection.  Nearly  eighty  pieces  are  ranged  on  this  pyramid,  and  many  more  are  placed  at  points  of  vantage 
around  the  room.  Not  all  are  vases,  for  there  are  some  figures,  prominent  among  them,  a  very  life-like  bust  of 
Marie  Antoinette,  the  unfortunate  queen  of  Louis  XVI.  The  government  porcelain  factory,  at  Sevres,  was 
established  in  17^6,  and,  in  a  museum  connected  with  the  building,  specimens   of  the   ware   of   all   nations   and 

all  ages,  are  carefully  preserved  and  studied  by  the  artists  of  the  establishment. 

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France — Sevres  Vases,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


GERMANY— PAVILION,  MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

The  German  Pavilion  is  next  to  that  of  Austria,  on  the   main  aisle.      It  is  built  partly  of  a  material  made 

to  represent  marble,  and  partly  of  iron  open-work,  which  forms  a  higli  fence  around  it.     The  architecture  is  in 

the  style  of  the  sixteenth   century   Renaissance.     The  main   entrance  is  a  handsome  columned  arch,  surmounted 

by  the  arms  of  Germany.     The  ground  plan  represents  three   circles   touching   each    other.      The  huge  gates  of 

foliated  iron-work,  such  as  this  seen  in  our  picture,  are  the  only  specimens  of  the  kind  in  the  building.     All  the 

exhibits  of  Germany  are  housed  in  massive  pavilions;  it  is  truly  a  nation  of  iron.     In  the  centre  of  the  building, 

a  huge  column  rises  to  a  height  far  above  the  booths  in  which  the  exhibits  are  found.      Crowning  this,  though 

too  high  to  be  justly  appreciated,  is  the  statue  of   Germania,  sent  specially  by  the   German    Emperor  as  a  loan 

to  the  Exposition.       After  November,  it  will  be  placed  in  front  of  the    Parliament   House,  in  Berlin.      It  required 

four  days  to  get  it  into  its  present  position ;   there  are  several  hammered   metal  hgures  of  horses  of  heroic  size, 

and  one    excellent   piece    represents    four   beautiful    horses    attached  to  a  chariot,  in  which  a  driver    stands  and 

seems  to  urge  them  forward.     Germany  also  makes  a  great  display  of  furniture ;  some  of  it,  from  Karlsruhe,  is 

hand-carved,  and  the  natural   color  of  the   wood  is  preserved.      A  series  of  rooms   are   arranged  at  one   side  of 

the  pavilion,  showing  drawing-room,  dining-room  and  sitting-room  furnishing.     Some  of  these  rooms  are  copied 

after    apartments    in    tlie    Emperor's    palace    on    Unter-den-Linden,  Berlin.      Several    smaller    compartments    are 

devoted  to  wooden  clocks,  all    of   which    are    kept   going,  making  a  cheerful   ticking  as  we  move   among  them. 

Back  of  the   exhibit  of   the  city   of    Nuremberg,  there    is  a  large    canvas  on    which  the   market-place  is  painted 

very   skillfully.      The    Nuremberg    pavilion    is    of   hammered    iron,    colored    to    represent   bronze,  and   shrines  a 

remarkable  exhibit  of   iron-work.     Some    of  the   tapestry  used   in    upholstering   is   quite   novel,  and   the   booth 

containing    it,    presents   a    very  attractive  appearance.      The    material    is   of    kid's   hair,   and    no    matter    how 

warm  the  day,  furniture  covered   with  this  is  always  cool  ;     for  this   reason  it  is  called  "Alpine  Tapestry."      In 

one  room,  decorated  in  blue  and   gold,  hangs  the   portrait  of   William  II. 

104 


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GERMANY— DRESS    GOODS,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

No  better  method  for  exhibitinci;  dress   goods    could    be    chosen,  than    that   seen    in  the    pavilion    in   our 

picture ;  the  structure  is  of  dark  wood  with  gilt  bands  and  ornaments,  and  has  four  entrances.     There  are  eight 

display  windows  in  which  the  silks  hang;  they  are  very  tastefully  arranged,  and   the   colors  are   so   harmonized 

that,  though  several  pieces  hang  in  one  panel,  they  look    like  a    single    shaded    web.     The   upper    part    of   tlie 

pavilion  is  divided  into  eight  panels  also,  and  all  are  filled  with  shaded   silks,  whose   bright    colors   set   off   the 

dark  pavilion  to  great  advantage.     Elegant  brocades  and  imperial  velvets  are  also  to  be  seen  here,  and  cassimeres 

of  a  confusing  variety  of  colors  and  of  great   beauty.     In  the    German    exhibit,  we   miss   the   beautiful    dresses, 

and  the  wealth  of  silk  and  lace  with  which  France  delights  us,  but   we   are   compensated   by   seeing   a   greater 

variety  of  cloths  than  we  are  likely  soon  to  see  again.     Here  are  textures  of   woolen    and    worsted,  and    others 

of  silk  and  wool,  while  even  liorsehair  has  been  woven  into  a    very    beautiful    cloth.     Shawls  of    many   colors, 

and  in  great  variety  of  patterns,  make  a  very  attractive  appearance,  and  cloths  used  in    upholstery   are    plentiful. 

Germany  has  not  been  behind  other  countries  in  carpet-making;  we  note   Smyrna   rugs    made   in   some   of   her 

factories,  and  apparently  equal  to  the  productions  of  the  Smyrna  looms,  having  the  same  deep   nap   and  curious 

twist  in  the  web.     We  see  also  Moquettes,  in  delicate  rose  patterns  of  a  cream-colored  ground,  so  like  those  in 

the  French  section,  that  we  are  half  surprised  to  note  that  they   came    from    Berlin.     The    German    Wilton   and 

Axminster  are  equal  to  the  best.     The  German  may  be  slow,  but  he  is  certainly  sure,  and  puts  his   conscience 

into  all  his  work;  every  web  of  goods  here    is    on    honor,  there    is    no    appearance    of   shoddy.     The    German 

nation    has   been   disciplined    in    economy,    and    thus   their    dress   goods    must   be    durable   and    strong.      The 

German   traveling   plaids  are   among   the  finest   in   the    Fair,  not   so  bizarre   as    the    English,  but    quiet  in  color, 

and  strong  in  texture;    and  one  exhibit  of  mohair  and  wool  plush  has  not  an  equal  anywhere.     We  turn    away 

from  this  exhibit,  thinking  of  the  time  when  our  ancestors  wandered    through    Britain,  stained    with   woad,  and 

disdaining  garments,  while  now  all  this  ingenuity  waits  upon  our  necessities. 

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GERMANY— LACES,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

The  laces  are  set  in  cases  of  plush  and  ebony,  and  came  from  the  town  of  Plauen,  in  Saxony.  This  is 
the  chief  town  in  Germany  for  the  manufacture  of  white  goods  of  all  kinds.  The  manufacture  of  these  was 
introduced  by  the  Swiss  in  1970,  and  since  that  time  the  prosperity  of  the  place  has  gradually  grown.  Looking 
at  this  picture,  one  is  reminded  of  the  hardships  consequent  upon  its  production ;  many  women  toil  for  years 
on  a  single  piece,  with  the  characteristic  patience  of  the  Chinese  ivory-carver.  Bent  over  the  frames  or  pillows, 
they  soon  become  hollow-chested  and  round-shouldered,  and  yet  they  can  earn  only  a  miserable  pittance ;  most 
of  them  in  Belgium  and  in  Germany  receiving  only  from  twenty-tlve  to  thirty  cents  a  day.  The  wealthy  class, 
who  purchase  these  delicate  goods,  little  think  that  they  buy  human  lives  with  the  material.  Some  Old  Point 
lace  is  as  precious  as  diamonds,  and  many  of  the  patterns  have  been  lost  to  the  world,  or  at  least  the  secret  of 
their  production  lias  been  lost.  When  Louis  XIV.  published  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  which  banished  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  his  most  industrious  subjects,  some  took  with  them  the  secret  of  making  lace  in  intricate  and 
beautiful  patterns ;  the  hardships  they  encountered  in  their  new  homes  prevented  the  practice  of  their  art,  and 
much  was  forgotten.  The  lace  industry  suffered  much  also  from  the  French  Revolution  ;  so  savage  and  bar- 
barous were  the  massacres,  that  whole  families  were  exterminated,  and  with  some  of  these  the  secret  of  deli- 
cate lace-making  perished.  Old  pieces  of  these  forgotten  patterns  still  bring  a  large  amount  of  money,  and  are 
eagerly  sought  after  by  connoisseurs.  The  curtains  in  our  picture  are  of  thread  guipure,  and  are  very  handsome. 
There  are  also  oriental  laces,  and  some  of  fine  silk  thread.  There  are  also  in  this  exhibit  a  bed-cover  of  thread 
guipure,  and  one  of  thread  guipure  trimmed  with  congress  canvas,  also  curtains,  table-covers,  and  draperies  for 
chairs.  Some  of  the  fans  in  this  exhibit  are  of  lace  mounted  in  silver,  mother-of-pearl  and  ivory,  and  there  is 
one  grand  display  of  gold  and  silver  embroideries,  for  uniforms,  altar-cloths  and  ecclesiastical  vestments,  with 
epaulets,  and  all  the  trimmings  of  the  uniforms  of  generals,  marshals  and  naval  officers  of  high  rank.     One  firm 

exhibits  a  great  society  banner  of  rich  silk,  covered  with  embroidery.     It  is  a  wonderful  display. 

108 


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Germany — Laces,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


GERMANY— PORCELAIN,  MANUFACTURES  AND   LIBERAL  ARTS    BUILDING. 

This  exhibit  of  Royal  Saxon  Porcelain  is  well  worth  the  attention  of  the  curious.  The  great  vase  in  the 
foreground  is  a  real  work'  of  art;  the  delicately  enameled  pictures  on  it  appear  to  have  been  set  into  a  frame- 
work, instead  of  painted  on  the  material,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find,  in  so  small  a  space,  such  a  study  of  the 
many  forms  into  which  porcelain  can  be  made,  as  we  see  here ;  yet  the  practical  side  is  not  overshadowed  by 
the  ornamental.  There  is  a  dinner  set  of  i8o  pieces,  each  piece  having  a  different  picture  on  it,  and  each  picture 
perfect  of  its  kind.  The  effect  of  this  painting  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  old  works  in  oil  we  see  in  Italy, 
or  the  richly  stained  glass  in  cathedrals.  This  ware  was  the  favorite  porcelain  of  L(3uis  Philippe,  who  made  a 
great  collection  of  it.  It  seems  curious  that  the  origin  of  this  porcelain  was  due  to  accident.  In  1700,  a  young 
man,  much  given  to  the  study  of  alchemy,  fled  to  Dresden  to  escape  the  charge  of  practising  magical  arts. 
Augustus  II.,  the  Saxon  Elector,  employed  him  to  make  experiments  in  medical  chemistry,  and  ultimately  with 
pastes  and  clays  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ceramics.  He  worked  hard  for  his  royal  master,  who  kept  liim 
closely  confined  in  the  castle  of  Meissen,  that  his  discoveries  might  not  become  common  property.  For  nine 
years  he  labored  assiduously,  making  many  failures,  but  producing  better  stoneware  than  had  hitherto  been 
known.  In  1710,  he  began  to  see  the  way  out  of  his  difficulties ;  he  produced  a  paste  which,  however,  was 
too  gray  for  his  purpose ;  at  last  he  noticed  that  the  hair  powder  with  whicli  his  wig  was  dressed  was  heavier 
than  usual,  and  asked  where  it  came  from.  He  was  informed  that  it  was  a  fine  powdered  white  clay  from  Aue, 
near  Schneeberg,  in  Saxony.  He  immediately  sent  for  some  of  it,  and  found  that  with  it  he  could  produce  true 
porcelain,  like  that  of  China  and  Japan.  When  the  Elector  saw  this,  he  established  the  royal  factory  at  Meissen, 
five  miles  from  Dresden.  It  was  practically  a  prison,  surrounded  by  high  walls  and  carefully  guarded ;  none 
but  workmen  were  admitted,  and  these  were  sworn  to  secrecy  under  pain  of  imprisonment  for  life.  The  first 
work  done  was  in  imitation  of  the  ware  of  China  and  Japan;   but,  in  1721^,  the   production   of   miniatures   and 

flowers  was  begun,  and  thus  the  modern  character  of  Dresden  porcelain  was  established. 

no 


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Germany — Porcelain,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


GERMANY— CERAMICS,   MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

It  is  hard  to  realize  that  tliis  exliibit  is  only  .one  of  works  in  baked  clay,  for  it  is  very  beautiful.  Some 
of  the  figures  are  in  what  is  called  biscuit,  which  is  plain  baked  clay  without  gloss.  Others  are  what  is  called 
soft  pottery,  made  of  line  clay  covered  with  a  slight  vitreous  glaze;  most  of  the  old  Greek  pottery  is  of  this 
description.  Some  is  enameled,  or  of  clay  covered  with  a  vitreous  coating,  made  opaque  by  the  use  of  white 
oxide  of  tin ;  majolica  is  made  in  this  manner.  All  kinds  are  here,  majolica,  faience,  terra-cotta  and  ornamental 
stone-ware.  Some  of  the  vases  of  the  former  ware  have  the  appearance  of  satin,  and  are  very  finely  finished. 
This  ware  is  also  used  for  ornamenting  fireplaces,  and  makes  a  beautiful  figured  tile.  Many  of  the  old  Dutch 
and  German  fireplaces  were  thus  ornamented,  and  the  tiles  are  very  valuable.  There  is  also  a  great  deal  of 
terra-cotta  ware ;  the  use  of  this  material  is  very  ancient.  There  is  a  relief  in  the  Louvre  twelve  by  eighteen 
inches,  dating  from  the  fifth  century  B.  C.  Strictly  speaking,  all  articles  in  baked  clay  may  be  called  terra-cotta, 
but  the  meaning  is  usually  limited  to  articles  which  do  not  come  under  the  head  of  pottery,  such  as  statuettes 
and  busts;  it  was  customary  in  olden  times  to  place  a  number  of  terra-cotta  figures  near  tombs.  The  subjects 
usually  treated  of  were  incidents  in  the  life  of  tlie  deceased,  such  as  boxing,  wrestling,  the  chariot  race  and  so 
forth;  death  was  rarely  depicted;  thus  tlie  dumb  clay  was  made  to  speak  the  language  of  affection  and 
remembrance.  The  government  of  the  United  States  has  done  wisely  in  making  a  collection  of  Indian  potteiy, 
such  as  was  made  by  the  Zunis  and  Navajoes;  some  future  historian  may  find  in  it  valuable  data.  It  is  a 
pity  that  we  must  let  the  pottery  in  the  Exposition  go  from  us;  it  is  a  world  in  itself.  In  the  State  buildings 
of  Utah,  Arizona,  Oklahoma  and  New  Mexico,  there  is  a  great  deal  of  valuable  ware,  wliile  Guatemala,  Vene- 
zuela and  Costa  Rica  have  rich  collections.  Ancient  and  modern  pottery  abounds.  Nearly  every  race  and  age 
have  contributed  to  swell  the  treasure.  Etruscan  graves  have  been  ransacked,  and  Egypt,  Greece  and  Rome  have 
their  representation.  Some  of  the  tiny  clay  figures  in  the  Mexican  Exinibit  are  marvels  of  careful  workmanship, 
and  there  are  others  equally  good.     Every  phase  of  life  is  depicted  with  startling  truthfulness. 

112 


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GER MANY— TOYS,  MANUFACTURES   AND    LIBERAL  ARTS    BUILDING. 

There  is  on  the  Fair  Grounds  a  house  devoted  entirely  to  children,  but  the  real  Mecca  of  the  child's 
pilgrimage  is  to  the  Sonneberg  exhibit  of  toys,  in  the  German  Pavilion,  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts 
Building.  The  German,  above  all  things  else,  is  a  family  man,  and  devotes  the  best  of  his  life  to  the  good  of 
his  children.  It  is  not  then  wonderful  that  Germany  should  be  the  land  of  toys,  and  that  the  world  should  go 
to  her  for  those  fanciful  devices  which  amuse  and  often  instruct  children.  A  glance  at  our  picture  will  show  the 
wonderful  variety  of  toys  exhibited  by  a  single  firm.  Time  was  when  all  the  German  dolls  looked  alike;  they 
might  be  ever  so  tiny  and  so  large,  they  might  open  and  shut  their  eyes  at  the  pleasure  of  the  owner,  and 
even  wail  faintly  when  the  body  was  pressed  between  the  finger  and  thumb,  but  the  same  blonde,  complacent 
face,  the  same  blue  wondering  eyes,  the  same  flaxen  hair,  was  sure  to  be  in  evidence.  Now  all  is  changed. 
France,  with  her  piquant-faced  dolls,  used  to  lead  the  way;  to-day  Germany  treads  sharply  on  her  heels,  and 
the  spirituelle  brunette  in  every  form  and  style  holds  equal  empire  with  the  placid  blonde.  In  the  foreground 
of  our  picture  a  jaunty  horse  is  seen  attached  to  an  old-fashioned  coach,  in  which  is  a  Christmas  tree,  covered 
with  a  bewildering  profusion  of  toys,  dainty  and  grotesque.  The  Christmas  tree  is  dear  to  the  heart  of  the 
German  child.     Chnstmas  eve,  after  the  little  ones  have  knelt  at  the  mother's  knee  and  lisped  the  sweet  prayer — 

"  Christ  kindcheii,  komm, 
Mach  mich  fromm, 
Das  ich  zu  Dir  in  Himmei  Uonim" — 

there  is  little  sleep,  and  early  in  the  morning  they  are  awake  and  astir  to  see  what  the  good  Herr  Nicholas 
has  done  for  them.  In  this  picture  a  rash  young  lady  doll  strides  the  proud  steed  that  draws  the  Christmas 
tree.  Toys  of  every  description,  yachts,  steamboats,  dogs,  horses,  the  whole  fanciful  world  of  a  child  is  before 
us.  The  little  ones  stand  and  gaze,  and  even  grown-up  persons  turn  away  and  sigh  as  they  remember  the  rag- 
babies  and  clumsy  carts  of  their  youth,  and  compare  them  with  what  children  can  now  enjoy.     This  exhibit  will 

be  retained  by  the  childish  memory  long  after  more  important  features  of  the  Exposition  have  faded  away. 

114 


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Germany — Toys,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


GREAT    BRITAIN— EXPOSITION    CLOCK,  MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

This  stately  and  beautiful  clock  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  lovely  pavilion  of  the  gold-  and  silversmiths, 
in  the  department  of  Great  Britain  ;  it  is  the  finest  clock  in  the  Exposition.  The  modeling  is  rich  and  fascinating, 
and  covers  a  great  variety  of  subjects.  There  are  scenes  representing  international  sports,  such  as  cricket,  polo, 
base-ball,  la  crosse,  and  the  like;  the  figures  are  very  spirited  and  true  to  life.  Corn  and  cotton  plants  are  very 
effectively  arranged  on  the  panels.  The  figures  representing  games  revolve  every  hour.  Portraits  of  several  of 
our  presidents,  with  medallions  of  Queen  Victoria  and  Benjamin  Franklin,  form  part  of  the  decoration.  It  is 
surmounted  by  a  miniature  reproduction  of  Bartholdi's  statue  of  "  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World."  The  four 
handsome  dials  record  the  time  in  Paris,  London,  Chicago  and  Madrid,  and  its  sweetly  toned  chime  of  West- 
minster bells  plays  our  national  air,  "Yankee  Doodle,"  and  "God  Save  the  Queen."  The  clock  was  specially 
designed  for  the  Wodd's  Fair,. and  is  a  lovely  memonal  of  the  Exposition.  This  production  is  octagonal  in  form, 
and  is  made  of  the  finest  American  walnut  with  richly  gilt  ornamentation.  The  Columbian  shield,  which  we 
see  to  the  left  of  the  picture,  was  modeled  in  silver  taken  from  Mackay's  mine  in  Nevada.  Four  scenes  are 
depicted  on  it ;  the  first  represents  the  priest  blessing  the  mariners  when  they  started  on  their  voyage  of 
discovery ;  the  second  shows  Columbus  triumphantly  pointing  out  the  promised  land ;  the  third,  the  raising  of 
the  Spanish  flag  upon  the  shore;  and  the  fourth,  the  reception  of  the  great  Admiral  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella; 
every  detail  is  exquisitely  executed.  Three  handsome  gold  caskets  form  part  of  this  exhibit ;  one  is  modeled 
after  that  in  which  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London  was  presented  to  Mr.  Gladstone,  and  another  which 
served  for  the  same  ceremony  when  the  Emperor  of  Germany  visited  England.  The  Shakespeare  casket  is  a 
marvel  of  art ;  it  is  beautifully  damascened,  and  shows  hgures  of  Tragedy  and  Comedy  on  either  side  of  the 
poet's  portrait.  The  Waterloo  Cup  is  a  ravishing  vase,  surmounted  by  a  greyhound,  exquisitely  modeled.  This 
pavilion  is  indeed  an   Aladdin's  Cave  of  treasures.     There  is  nothing  in  the  whole  Exposition  to  equal  the  work 

in  gold  and  silver  seen  here.     We  are  delighted  with  the  taste  and  skill  displayed  by  the  artists  of  Old  England. 

ii6 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Great  Britain— Exposition  Clock,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


GREAT    BRITAIN— IRISH    SPINNING-WHEEL,  MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

This  picture  represents  one  of  the  most  unique  objects  in  the   Fair;  it  is  the   handiwork  of  the  exhibitor, 

a  very  intelligent  Irishman  from  Belfast.     His  father  also  made  spinning-wheels,  and  the  work  of  both  father  and 

son  is  said  to  be  the   best  in    Ireland.      This   particular   wheel    has    been    presented   to   the    Princess    May,  who 

recently  married   George,  Duke   of    York,  the   eldest   son   of   the   Prince    of    Wales.     The    fair   young    bride  has 

accepted  the  gift,  and  has  sent  the  ingenious  donor  a  very  graceful  note  of  thanks.     A  wheel  like  this  has  also 

been  presented  to   Queen   Victoria,   and  in  the  picture  Her  Majesty  may  be  seen  busily  engaged  in  spinning ;    it 

is  said    that   she  is  an  adept  in  the  art.      Mrs.  Gladstone   is   also   possessed   of   one,   presented   to   her   by  this 

exhibitor,  and   the  gift  was   pleasantly  acknowledged   by  her,  and  also  by   her  excellent   husband.      It  may  be 

interesting  to  know  that  one  was  also  sent  to  Mrs.  Grant,  the  wife  of  our  great  general,  and  was  for  a  time  an 

ornament  of  one  of  the  rooms  in  the  White  House.     This  wheel  is  made  of  native  Irish  walnut,  which  is  very 

hard  and  dark,  and  takes  a  beautiful  polish.      The  spindle  is  made   from,  the   iron  of  an  Irish  pike,  used  in  the 

rebellion  of  1798,  and   the  treadle  is  in  the  form  of  a  harp.      It  is  curious  that  a  portion  of  a  weapon  used   by 

rebels  against  their    sovereign,  should    hnd  its   way  into  a  royal  home,   but   our  ingenious    Irishman   must   have 

remembered  the  text  of  Scripture  which  tells  of  the  time  when  "swords  shall   be  beaten  into   plowshares,  and 

spears  into  pruning-hooks."      A   pike   could   not   be  turned  into  better   use  than  this,  nor  could   any  gift  show 

more  plainly  the  friendly  feeling  growing  up   between    Ireland   and    England.      We  must  not  imagine  this  wheel 

beautiful  only  as  a  mere  toy  or  household  ornament;  it  is  formed  for  work,  and  is  entered  against  all  the  other 

wheels  in  the  Fair,  to  spin  for  a  purse  of  one  thousand  dollars.     Curiously  enough,  this  exhibitor  has  only  this 

single  piece  in  the  Fair ;  a  plain  workman's  exhibit.     We  hope  the  royal  lady,  when  she  receives  it,  will  like  it 

all  the  better  for  having  taken  this   trip  across  the  water  and  for  being   christened    in    the   World's    Columbian 

Exposition.    Though   spinning  by  hand  is  regarded  as  a  lost  art,  we  shall   never  lose   interest  in   the   old   time 

spinning-wheels,  which  remind  us  of  the  early  industry  of  our  maternal  ancestors. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Great  Britain — Irisli  Spinning=Wheel,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


GREAT    BRITAIN— ROYAL    WORCESTER,    MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

The  exhibits  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  will  be  found  in  a  splendid  pavilion  in  this  building.  The 
structure  would  better  be  described  as  a  series  of  booths  and  stores,  many  of  them  very  tastefully  constructed 
and  hung  with  beautiful  tapestries  and  silken  draperies.  The  entrance  is  in  the  form  of  a  tower,  decorated  with 
flags  and  blazoned  with  the  arms  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  is  very  difficult  to  know  where  to  begin  a 
description  of  this  wonderful  exhibit.  First,  then,  let  us  glance  at  the  display  of  Royal  Worcester.  Many  pieces 
of  this  beautiful  ware  belong  to  Queen  Victoria,  notably  a  superb  vase,  bearing  date  1798,  and  valued  at  }^6ooo. 
The  ware  is  arranged  on  shelves  and  tables,  and  its  value  may  be  judged  by  the  prices  marked  on  some  of 
the  plates,  which  range  from  ^64  to  ^iio.  Looking  at  the  delicate  ivory  ground  tone  of  this  v/are,  with  the 
rich  golden  traceries  and  raised  medallions  of  its  ornamentation,  one  would  hardly  judge  of  the  queer  material 
of  which  it  is  made.  They  are  china  clay  and  china  stone  from  Cornwall,  feldspar  from  Sweden,  fireclay  from 
Stourbridge  and  Brosely,  together  with  flint  and  calcined  bones.  The  industry  was  introduced  into  Worcester 
by  a  physician,  in  17^1.  Other  pottery  here  is  deserving  of  notice.  There  are  two  fine  vases  in  Doulton  ware, 
called  after  "Columbus"  and  "Diana."  The  first  shows  a  figure  of  the  great  Admiral  gazing  on  the  land  he 
had  just  discovered ;  on  it  also  are  two  beautiful  pictures  of  cupids,  one  awake  and  the  other  asleep,  by  a 
renowned  painter.  The  Diana  vase  represents  the  goddess  of  the  chase  resting  on  the  summit,  surrounded  by 
appropriate  symbols.  There  are  other  fine  vases  and  portrait  plaques  in  this  collection.  There  are  a  great  many 
interesting  relics  in  cases,  among  them  the  crown  won  by  the  Duke  of  Sussex  at  the  coronation  of  Queen 
Victoria.  There  are  also  punch-bowls  in  gold  and  silver.  In  the  Celtic  exhibit  we  see  the  harp  of  Brian  Boru 
who  ruled  Ireland  in  the  early  part  of  the  eleventh  century.  Surrounding  this  harp  are  golden  mitres,  reliqua- 
ries, crosiers,  torques  and  bracelets.  The  English  exhibit  is  especially  rich  in  ornate  table  furniture,  the  hand- 
some china  being  only  a  small  part  of  the  display.      Many  of  the  pieces  of   Wedgwood  seen  here   were  once 

the  property  of  royalty;  the  ruling  House  of  England  has  shown  rare  kindness  in  permitting  their  use. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition 

Great  Britain — Royal  Worcester,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


GREAT   BRITAIN— WALL   PAPER,    MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

This  pretty  little  booth  stands  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  department  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  only  ten  by 
eighteen  feet,  but  small  as  it  is,  it  contains  twenty  different  styles  of  wall  paper.  Rooms  decorated  with  these 
papers  would  certainly  look  cliarming.  One  style,  made  in  Chelsea,  England,  is  embossed  gold  on  light-toned 
olive,  with  a  lovely  frieze  of  China  roses,  netted  in  an  exquisite  tracery  of  vines.  Another  style  is  what  is 
known  as  Greek  pattern;  the  figures  are  raised  in  gold  and  white,  and  a  frieze  of  briar  roses  goes  with  it;  the 
roses  look  as  though  they  were  embossed  on  velvet.  We  turn  next  to  a  paper  of  larger  pattern;  great  palm 
leaves  in  Roman  gold,  spread  over  a  blue  ground,  and  looking  like  precious  metal,  so  heavy  is  the  gilding.  The 
frieze  is  almost  startling,  as  it  represents  giant  poppies,  such  as  fleck  with  flaming  red  the  wheat-fields  of 
England.  Passing  through  the  door  in  the  centre,  we  find  ourselves  in  another  compartment  of  like  dimensions; 
our  eyes  are  first  attracted  by  the  Haddon  frieze,  a  deep-toned  velvety  paper,  that  would  look  very  effective  in 
a  great  hall  or  banquet-room.  The  Elizabethan  dado.  Louvre  tilling,  has  an  antique  look  and  resembles  old 
embroidery  on  a  ground  of  blue.  Another  specimen  of  the  Elizabethan  dado  is  faii^itly  frosted,  and,  when  on  a 
wall,  would  look  as  though  tiny  drops  of  dew  had  been  sprinkled  over  it.  The  Trianon  ceiling,  Haddon  filling, 
is  made  to  represent  tlie  decorations  in  the  palace  of  tlie  Trianon.  It  is  of  spiral  pattern,  with  red  and  yellow 
flowers  intermingled.  The  combination  is  rather  daring,  but  as  it  is  intended  for  ceiling,  much  would  depend 
upon  the  color  tone  of  the  wall.  The  last  specimen  we  see  is  somewhat  better;  it  is  the  Elizabethan  ceiling. 
Toko  filling.  Otiner  varieties  are  about  us,  but  they  are  so  much  like  the  patterns  we  see  every  day,  as  to  need 
no  description.  Tliis  Exposition  affords  excellent  material  for  the  study  of  wall  decoration,  not  only  in  paper 
and  tapestries,  but  by  visiting  the  pavilions  of  the  different  nations;  each  has  its  own  method  of  ornamentation. 
Some,  like  that  of  Austria,  are  hung  with  embossed  leatner;  others  are  draped  with  cloth,  in  tasteful  designs; 
they  should  not  be  overlooked  in  the  study  of  the  Fait,  for  our  own  manufacturers  may  receive  many  new 
and  valuable  suggestions,  through  a  comparison  of  ideas  with  other  exhibitors. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Great  Britain — Wall  Paper,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


INDIA— ART  WORK,  MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL   ARTS   BUILDING. 

This  beautiful   booth   is   of  carved  black  wood  from    Bombay.     The   facade   shows   the   artistic   skill   of 

those  who  accomplished  the  work.     A  strong  smell  of  sandal-wood,  so  common  to  oriental  structures,  greets  us 

as  we  enter;  it  is  from  several    cabinets  made  of  that  wood,  one  of  them   from    Mysore,  a   marvel  of    intricate 

carving.     Many  pieces   of   black-wood  furniture  are  here ;  in  color  it  resembles  ebony,  being  only  a  shade  or  so 

lighter,  and  it  is  said  to  be  as  hard  and  durable  as  teak.     Tables,  chairs  and  cabinets  are  carved  with   grotesque 

devices.     Elephants,  camels,  horses,  gods,  goddesses,  men,  women,  birds  and  fishes,  all  seem  to  have  come  alike 

to  the  artists.    The  work  is  all  done  by  hand,  and  is  as  smooth  as  marble  to  the  touch.    There  is  here  also  a  very 

fine  screen  of  teak-wood,  elaborately  carved ;  it  required   several   years  to  finish  the  details.     On    some   of   the 

tables  we  observe  many  small  articles   in  silver ;  these  were  made  in  Cashmere  and  Cutch,  where  the  cleverest 

silversmiths  and  metal-workers  in    India  are  found.     The  objects   are  very  various,  representing  statuettes,  small 

baskets,  pagodas,  temples,  pins  and  other  toilet  articles.     The  silver  has  the  appearance  of  age ;  it  looks  so  dark 

that   at  first  glance  we  are  misled  into  the  opinion   that  it   is   oxidized.     The   Chinese    treatment   and   character 

prevail  in  the  ivory,  which  is  of  very  fine  texture.     We  note  some  lovely  scarfs  for  tables,  worked  in  gold  and 

silver  thread,   on   silk   and  velvet,  and  also  some  rugs  such   as  the   upper   class  Hindoos    love  to  possess.     The 

table-covers  in  subdued  colors  are  also  very  beautiful.     An  interesting  part  of  the  collection  is  several  ivory  inlaid 

portraits,  and  a  curious  kind  of  embroidery  called  beetle-wing,  which  looks  as  though  made  of  iridescent  flakes. 

The  display  of  brass-ware  is  profuse  and  very  curious.    Trays  of  hammered  brass  or  of  the  plain  metal  abound. 

Here   are   baskets  looking  as  though   woven   of    willow,   censors,   gongs,   bells,   shields,  boxes,  and   even  table 

furniture,  all   of    brass  from    Benares,  the   Holy  City  of    India.     Some    of   this  brass    is    plain,  other    pieces    are 

enameled   in    different  colors ;    the   result   is  wonderfully   charming.     The  art  is  said    to    be  a  secret  among  the 

people  of'  Benares ;  none  of  the  European  nations  have  as  yet  discovered  how  it  is  accomplished.     We  turn  from 

this  little  corner  of  the  Orient,  feeling  that  we  have  learned  much  of  our  Aryan  brethren. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


India — Art  Work,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


ITALY— PAVILION,  MANUFACTURES    AND    LIBERAL    ARTS    BUILDING. 

One  who  enters  Italy's  pavilion,  stands  in  the  midst  of  an  embarrassment  of  riches.    There  are  two  things 

which  Italy  particularly  needed — namely,  light  and  room.     Much  of  the  beauty  of  the   exhibit   is   lost  from  need 

of  the  former,  and  the  crowded  condition  of   the   various   sections    easily   proves   the   lack   of   the   latter.     The 

outside  of  the  pavilion  is  an  art  gallery  in  itself ;  beautiful  statues  in  Parian  marble  and  massive  figures  in  bronze 

are   intermingled    with   daisies,   pictures   and   terra-cotta   hgurettes   in   bewildering   profusion.     There   is   a   huge 

bronze  lion  at  the  main  entrance.     Passing  this  ferocious-looking  beast,  we  come    to   a   wonderful    collection   of 

mosaics,  tables,  boxes,  mantels  and  iewelry  of  every  variety,  impossible  to  describe.     The   Neapolitan    exhibit   is 

full  of  interest.    There  is  one  case  of  exquisite  Etruscan  jewelry,  encrusted  with  beautiful  gems.     The  display  of 

silver  filigree  is  also  very  fine.      Looking  at  the  numerous  examples  of  pale  pink  and  red  coral  ornaments   from 

Naples,  one  finds  it  very  hard  to  obey  the  tenth  commandment.     It  is  doubtful  that  America  has  ever  before  seen 

such  a  wonderful  treasure-trove   of   this   delicate   pink   and   red    material.    The   ingenuity    of   the    Italian   artists 

seems  to  have  been  taxed  to  the  utmost  to  produce  these  wonderful  designs.    The  Venetian  exhibit    is   rich   in 

colored  glass,  tortoise-shells,  statues,  inlaid   wood,  furniture,  rich   brocades   and    draperies;    and    Milan    is   in    no 

sense  inferior;  her  furniture  is  some  of  the  finest  in    Italy,  and  many  of   the   cabinets   she   exhibits   are  perfect 

gems  of  art.     It  would  be  about  as  easy  to  publish  the   directory   of   a    large   city  as   to   name   the   statues   in 

bronze,  marble  and  wood  scattered  everywhere.     There  are  many  beautiful  pictures  and  a  profusion  of  brocades, 

carpetings,  tapestries  and  rich  velvet  hangings,  while  there  are   also    several    compartments   filled   with   furniture 

from  the  Royal  Palace,  some    of   it   of    the   time   of   Louis  XIV.     In  her  display  of  laces,  Italy  is  not  far  behind 

France,  and,  in  fact,  it  is  clear  that  the  Italian  lace  finds  a  ready  sale  in  the  French  capital,  as  one  of  the  booths 

is  fitted  up  to  represent  a  Paris  branch  of  a  great  Roman  tlrm.     Mirrors  from  Venice,  richly  decorated  china  from 

Florence,  musical  instruments,  and  statuary  from  all  over    the   kingdom,  confuse  the  senses   and   impress    upon 

the  dullest  mind  the  marvelously  artistic  progress  and  the  great  industrial  wealth  of  sunny  Italy. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Italy— Pavilion,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


NORWAY— GENERAL  INTERIOR,  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

The  Land  of  the  Midnight  Sun  has  a  plain  pavilion  of  Norway  pine  fronting  the  central  aisle  in  the  great 

building   devoted   to   Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts.     Our  eyes  are  first  attracted  by  a  profusion  of  rugs  worked 

in   silk  and    worsted   by  the  women  of   Christiania.     The  colors  are  admirable   imitations  of  the   Smyrna    and 

Turkestan   rugs   familiar  to  the  lovers   of  art.     In   the  centre   of   the   pavilion  a  monument  consisting  of  seven 

different   kinds   of   native   marble   looms   up.     The  work  is  of  exquisite  finish,   the   beauty  of  the   stone  fully 

compensating  for  the  absence   of   redundant   ornamentation.     Cases  of  dainty  lacquered  jewelry,  with   beautiful 

mosaics,  next  attract  the  attention.     There  are  drinking-cups,  mirrors,  brooches,  bracelets,  necklaces  and  a  variety 

of  other  charming  articles,  some  of  them  eminently  grotesque,  but  all   possessed  of  pronounced  beauty.     Some 

wonderful  embroidery  is  also   on   exhibition;   sets  of  doilies,   more  beautifully  wrought  than   those  which  the 

Princess  May  so  lately  received  as  a  wedding  gift,  tell  of  the  industry  and  taste  of  the  ladies  of  the  North-land. 

Wood-carving,  which  engages  the  attention   of  the  deft   Norseman   in  the  long  winter  nights,  is  to  be  seen   on 

every  hand,  but  the  really  interesting  part  of  the  exhibit  and  that  most  thoroughly  Norse,  is  to  be  found  at  the 

sides  and  upon  a  raised  platform  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  pavilion.    There  may  be  seen   a  splendid   display  of 

hunters'  weapons,  spears,  knives,  snow-shoes,  with  numerous  trophies  of  the  chase,  such  as  the  heads  of  deer 

and  elk,  and  the  skins  of  many  animals.    The  snow-shoes  are  particularly  interesting,  some  of  them  being  over 

twelve  feet   long.    A  graceful   stuffed   reindeer,  fully  harnessed   and   attached  to  a  sleigh,  shows  the   method   of 

winter  transportation.     Sleighs  and   other  vehicles   commonly   used   are  also   on   the  platform,  with   figures  of 

Norwegians  in  the  national  costume;    in  the  centre  and  at  the  back  of  the  platform  there  is  a  reproduction  of  a 

Norwegian   house;   a  gray-haired   old   man   sits   on   the  steps;   beside  him  a  blushing  pair,  evidently  bride  and 

groom,  are  standing  with  a  conscious  look  upon  their  faces,  and  a  Norwegian  dandy  stands  on  the  extreme  left 

of  them.    Another  interesting  exhibit  is  a  gun  capable  of  firing  five  cartridges  in  quick  succession.     It  has  been 

adopted  with  a  slight  change  by  the   United  States — our  gun  being  able  to  fiie  seven  shots  instead  of  five. 

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Norway — General  Interior,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building, 


NORWAY— ART  WORK,  MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

The  pavilion  of  Norway  is  across  the  avenue,  opposite  that   of   Sv/itzerland.     Its  panels  are  adorned  with 

pictures  of  the  scenery  of  the  country  and,  judging  by  them,  it  must  be  grand  and  picturesque,  in  some  respects 

surpassing  even  Switzerland.     This  picture  is  a  good  portrayal  of  the  nature  of  her  exhibits  ;   there  is  scarcely  a 

more  interesting  collection  in  the  building.    The   lovely  rugs  here  seen    are   hand-made   by  Norwegian  women; 

they  are  colored  to  represent  Turkish   carpets,  and   the   arrangement   of  their  display  is  admirable.     These  ladies 

have  also  made  chair-covers,  and  wall-hangings  of  the  same  material.      Both  here  and  in  the  Denmark  display, 

it  is  surprising  to  note  the  number  of  women  exhibitors  ;   the  fair  sex  in  Scandinavia  must  be  very  industrious. 

This   beautiful    cabinet    in    the    foreground    is    of    rich,  dark  wood ;   the  carving  is  very  bold  and  grotesque,  the 

drinking-horn  in  the  centre  being  especially  well  executed.     All  the  Norwegian  wood-carving  is  of  the  same  bold 

character;   the  strokes  are  strong  and  nervous;   the  artists   seem   to    have    little    disposition    for  elaboration,  and 

seem    to    draw  on    their   imagination    for  an    infinite  number  of  grotesque  ideas.     There  are  a  large  number  of 

carved  beer  tankards,  boxes  and  pins,  and  all  would  be  readily  known  as  Norwegian.     To  the  left  of  the  picture, 

we  see  a  large  map  of  Norway,  which  covers   the   entire  wall.     That    long   strip  of   rugged   land   has   been    the 

nursing  mother  of  a  brave  and  gallant  race.     As  one  looks  around  him  here,  he  is  struck  with  the  genuineness 

of  the  material  about  him ;   everything  is  for  use,  instead  of  show.     One  entire  side  is  devoted  to  the  exhibition 

of  every   imaginable   variety   of   tourists'  articles,  such  as  guns,  fishing-rods,  snow-shoes,  leather  garments,  and 

the  vehicles  used  throughout  the  country  for  transportation.     Some  of  the  silverware  in  this  exhibit  is  very  old, 

and  furnishes  us  with  good  examples  of  the   skill  of   the   ancient   smiths.    There   are   also   several   exhibits   of 

national   costumes,  the  bright  colors  of  which  are  very  attractive,  and,  as  there  are  many  life-size  figures  in  the 

pavilion,  clad  in  the  garb  of  the  different  parts  of  the  country,  a  good  opportunity  is  afforded  for  studying  them. 

Norway   is   neither  very  large   nor   very   rich ;    but,  when  we   leave   this   pavilion,  passing   right   by  the   corner 

shown  in  our  picture,  we  feel  that  we  have  been  into  the  home  of  a  clean,  bright,  intelligent  and  sturdy  people. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Norway — Art  Work,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


RUSSIA— GENERAL  INTERIOR,  MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

The  Russian  Pavilion  adjoins  tliat  of  Norway,     it  is  of   darl<   pine   elaborately    carved.     Over  tlie    central 

entrance  the  arms  of  Russia,  done  in  gold  and  colors,  glow  richly   from   a   green   and   blue   shield.     There   are 

several  stained  windows  in  the  Pavilion  which  cast  a  rich  light  on  the  exhibits.     As  we  enter  the  eastern  portal, 

the   religious   bent   of    the  Russian    mind   is   made   apparent   to   us.      A   picture    of   the   patriarch    Pliilaret,  with 

hands  uplifted  as  if  in  blessing,  greets  us  to  the  right.     On  the  left-hand  side  is  an   ikon    or    Russian    religious 

picture,  and  a  crucihx  upon  which  the  image  of  the  suffering  Saviour  is  extended.     The  Russian   exhibit   is   rich 

in  figures  and  ornaments  of  chased  silver,   the   action   of  some   of  the  mounted    figures  being   particularly   hne. 

A  large  collection  of  enameled  gold  jewelry  from  Moscow  is  well  worth  the  careful  study  of  the  antiquarian,  for 

much  of  it  is  truly  unique,  and  some  of  it  shows  great  age.     Siberian  and  Persian  stones,  such  as  malachite,  beryl, 

chrysolite    and    various    kinds    of   agate,    dressed    and    undressed,    are    also    on    exhibition.      There    is    a    large 

assortment  of  work  in  jewelled    mosaic,  and  some  in   gold  and  silver  richly  encrusted  with  turquois  and  pearls. 

The  turquois  seem  to  play  a  very   prominent   part   in   the    Russian   exhibit ;     belts,  suspenders,  girdles,  bracelets 

and  necklaces  are  all  decorated  with  this  beautiful  stone.     Blue  seems  to  prevail  over  all  the  other  colors  in  the 

ornamentation    of  jewelry.     There  is   also    some    splendid    furniture  from  St.  Petersburg — tables,  chairs,  cabinets 

and  sofas.     The  work  is  all  done  by  hand.     One  table  and  chair  alone  cost  ^1,300,000,  while  some  of  the  cabinets 

are  exquisite;  but  when  we  come  to  the  display  of  furs,  words  fail  us.     They  are  simply  indescribable.     A  Ion 

rov/  of  bears,  some  of  them  holding  small  animals  before  them,  form  an  odd  barrier  to  the  exhibit.     There  are 

sables  from  Kamtchatka  worth  $6,300,000,  and  beavers  worth  $2,^00,000.  Skins  of  polar  bears,  silver  foxes,  ermines, 

tigers,   brown   bears,   and  a   large  number  of  animals   are   used  in  upholstering,  furnishing,  covering  foot-stools, 

etc.    There  is  also  a  beautiful    model  of  a  memorial  chapel  to  be  erected  to  the  memory  of  the  Czar  Alexander 

H,  who  was  killed  by  the  Nihilists.     A  multitude  of  bronzes,  all  typical  of  active,  passionate  life,  fitly  represent 

the  taste  of  the  world's  most  aggressive  nation  in  the  practical  use  of  its  valuable  possessions. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Russia — General  Interior,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


SIAM— PAVILION,  MANUFACTURES   AND    LIBERAL  ARTS   BUILDING. 

Near  Spain's  great  arched  pavilion,  Siam  has  a  tiny  pagoda-like  structure,  distinctively  national.  It 
stands  upon  a  platform  and  looks  more  like  a  large  toy  than  a  building  erected  for  the  display  of  a  country's 
arts  and  manufactures.  The  dark  wood  of  which  it  is  constructed  is  heavily  gilded  in  strange  patterns,  and 
the  pillars  of  the  entrances  are  wreathed  in  golden  vines  with  dragons  and  griffins.  Colossal  tusks  of  elephants, 
some  of  them  worth  ;^2ooo,  are  placed  in  pairs  around  the  building.  Rare  old  cabine-ts,  inlaid  with  mother- 
of-pearl,  may  be  seen  before  we  ascend  the  platform.  There  are  many  of  these  the  property  of  the  Siamese 
royal  family,  which  took  almost  a  lifetime  to  make,  and  are  inlaid  with  small  pieces  of  highly  polished  carved 
wood.  Entering  the  pagoda,  we  see  a  number  of  strange  musical  instruments,  which  do  not  impress  us  with 
the  skill  of  the  Siamese  in  the  divine  art.  They  consist  mostly  of  drums,  gongs,  tom-toms,  and  other  noisy 
instruments ;  the  carving  on  some  is  very  wonderful.  The  pictures  on  the  walls  are  made  of  shells,  and 
represent  religious  and  mythological  subjects.  The  display  of  beautifully  colored  shells  is  very  fine.  Ivory 
plays  a  prominent  part  in  this  exhibit ;  whole  cases  are  filled  with  carvings  of  elephants,  birds,  animals  and 
drinking-horns.  We  are  especially  interested  in  a  row  of  models  showing  the  construction  of  the  houses  in 
Bangkok,  the  Siamese  capital,  and  also  a  house  such  as  the  boatmen  of  the  Me-Kong  River  live  in.  The  people 
of  this  country  are  very  fond  of  the  water;  roads  being  almost  unknown,  river-travel  is  very  common,  and  a 
great  number  of  people,  as  in  China,  live  altogether  in  boats,  some  of  which  are  elaborately  decorated.  Works 
in  copper  and  brass  are  abundant  here,  and  one  may  view  the  curious  domestic  utensils  of  a  nation  that  is 
very  little  known.  Near  these,  household  gods,  idols  with  most  complacent  faces,  seeming  to  be  perfectly 
convinced  of  their  divinity,  look  sleepily  down  upon  the  curious  throngs  of  irreverent  strangers,  who  offer  them 
no  worship.  The  mats  of  Siam  are  quite  as  fine  as  those  of  Japan,  and  are  used  either  for  the  floors,  for  beds 
or  for  tapestries.  Some  fabrics,  rich  with  barbaric  gold  and  gems,  have  been  sent  by  the  Queen,  and  her 
subjects  have  contributed  specimens  of  the  cloth  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  garments  of  the  rich  and  poor. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Siam— Pavilion,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


SWITZERLAND— INTERIOR    OF    PAVILION,    MANUFACTURES  AND    LIBERAL   ARTS   BUILDING. 

The  Swiss  pavilion  is  exceedingly  pretty,  being  of  dark  wood  enlivened  with  bands  of  gold,  and  draped 
with  heavy  crimson  plush,  ornamented  with  golden  ferns.  The  arms  of  the  Swiss  Cantons  are  over  the  main 
entrance.  On  every  side  you  turn,  you  are  confronted  with  clocks,  watches  and  musical  boxes.  The  variety  of 
watches  is  marvelous ;  some  of  them  are  of  plain  gold,  while  others  are  enameled  in  various  colors  and  studded 
with  precious  stones.  Some  are  sufficiently  tiny  to  be  set  into  a  ring  or  a  scarf-pin,  while  others  are  equal  in 
size  to  the  old-fasliioned  turnip,  carried  by  our  grandfathers.  The  clocks  are  miracles  of  clever  wood-carving, 
representing  chalets  and  tents ;  the  dials  of  some  are  supported  by  grotesque  griffins  and  animals.  A  perpetual 
concert  is  going  on  in  the  Swiss  department :  rows  on  rows  of  musical  boxes  are  continually  called  upon  to 
repeat  their  melodious  repertoire  to  admiring  audiences.  The  industries  of  Switzerland  are  as  varied  as  its 
landscape.  In  the  manufacture  of  scientific  instruments,  she  stands  well  forward  among  the  nations ;  her  files 
and  tools  of  all  kinds  are  excellent  and  are  honestly  fashioned.  The  painstaking  work  of  her  artists  is  evident  in 
the  furniture  display;  one  beautiful  sideboard,  richly  carved,  is  valued  at  ^4000:  it  must  be  remembered  that  it 
is  entirely  of  wood,  and  the  real  value  lies  in  the  artistic  work.  Some  lace  curtains  made  by  hand,  and  v/orth 
^^00  a  pair,  occupy  another  case;  and  near  by  there  is  a  quantity  of  hne  needlework  wrought  by  the  deft 
fingers  of  Swiss  ladies.  The  Lapidists  of  Switzerland  are  accounted  excellent;  the  specimens  of  cut  stones  here 
support  their  reputation,  and  their  jewelry,  especially  in  the  matter  of  hligree,  is  unquestionably  artistic ;  but  it  is 
when  we  come  into  the  section  devoted  to  wood-carvings  that  our  power  of  description  fails.  There  is  one 
large  picture  carved  in  wood,  of  the  "  Last  Supper,"  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci.  Houses,  animals,  furniture,  canes, 
almost  everything  that  enters  into  ordinary  use  is  here  illustrated.  The  great  bear  of  Berne,  with  arms  out- 
stretched as  if  to  administer  a  drastic  hug,  does  duty  as  an  umbrella-stand.  The  walls,  which  are  covered  with 
red  plush,  are  ornamented  with  pictures  of  Swiss  scenery,  while  the  arms  of  the  Cantons  are  suspended  above 

them.     This  picture  shows  the  musical  boxes  in  the  exhibit ;  the  Swiss  are  famed  for  making  the  best  in  Europe. 

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Co;jyn'yhtf:ci  by  the   Worla's  Columbion  Exposition. 


Switzerland — Interior  of  Pavilion,  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building. 


THE   COLONNADE    FROM  THE   GKAND    bAbllN. 

Standing  beside  the  Grand  Basin  on  the  bridge  spanning  the  South  Canal,  we  gain  a  most  excellent  viev/ 
of  the  Colonnade,  which  with  the  Agricultural  Building  and  Machinery  Hall  forms  three  sides  of  a  hollow  square, 
with  a  bridge  making  the  fourth.  The  Canal  is  in  the  centre  and  reflects  like  a  mirror  the  statuary  and  the  beau- 
tiful buildings  on  either  side.  There  is  hardly  a  prettier  bit  of  scenery  on  the  grounds  than  this;  all  that  art  could 
do  to  make  it  beautiful  has  been  accomplished.  The  borders  of  the  Canal  are  ornamented  with  gigantic  figures 
of  elk  and  buffalo,  with  two  splendid  groups,  one  representing  a  woman  leading  bulls  with  wreathed  horns, 
and  the  other  a  handsome  pair  of  horses,  one  with  cart  harness,  and  the  other  with  carriage  harness  upon  it. 
A  stalwart  son  of  toil  stands  beside  each  horse.  Immediately  in  front  of  us,  facing  the  central  arch  of  the 
Colonnade,  a  reproduction  of  Cleopatra's  Needle  towers  to  a  great  height;  four  lions  couchant  are  on  the 
sub-base;  while  above  them,  on  the  four  corners  of  the  sub-base,  four  eagles  with  outspread  wings  rest  on 
cannon-balls.  An  inscription  in  different  languages  offers  fraternal  greeting  to  the  people  of  various  nationalities 
who  attend  the  Fair.  Directly  beyond  the  Needle,  uniting  the  Agricultural  and  the  Machinery  Buildings,  is  the 
Colonnade.  The  arch  in  the  centre  is  extremely  handsome  and  forms  the  grand  entrance  to  the  offices  of  the 
Intramural  Railway.  There  are  groups  of  statuary  on  each  side  of  the  facade  of  the  arch;  one  represents  Victory 
standing  in  a  chariot  holding  a  wreathed  spear,  and  the  other  a  yoke  of  oxen  with  a  boy  leading  them.  The 
Colonnade  extends  from  the  central  arch  on  either  side;  its  pillars  rest  on  sub-arches,  of  which  tliere  are  five  on 
either  side,  in  front  of  the  main  arch  there  are  two  magnificent  panthers,  and  at  each  side  of  the  Colonnade 
is  a  square  building;  one  with  tinted  or  wreathed  columns,  called  Assembly  Hall,  and  the  other  a  Station  of  the 
Intramural  Railway.  On  either  side  of  the  Colonnade  there  is  a  row  of  arches  unsurmounted  with  pillars,  but 
having  a  low  balustrade  on  top,  which  completes  the  connection  with  the  two  large  buildings  already  mentioned. 
The  whole  forms  a  very  tasteful  piece  of  architecture,  and  makes  a  beautiful  background  for  the  Canal  and  the 

many  statues  that  adorn  its  borders.     The  live-stock  pavilion  is  immediately  in  the  rear. 

n8 


^ 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


The   Colonnade  from   the  Grand    Basin. 


LOOKING   NORTH    FROM   COLONNADE. 

The  first  object  that   confronts  us  is  the  great  obelisk.     On  tine  upper  section  of  the  base,  four  American 

eagles   resting  on   globes  are   placed,  and  on  the  lower  base  four  couchant  lions  rest  in  massive  strength.     The 

four    faces    of   the   pedestal    are   engraved   in    different    languages,    with   a   welcome   to   those   who  attend  the 

Exposition.    The  words  are  as  follows:    "Four  hundred  years  after  the  discovery  of  this  continent  by  Christopher 

Columbus,  the  nations  of  the  world  unite  on  this  spot  to  compare,  in  friendly  emulation,  their  achievements   in 

art,  science,  manufacture  and   agriculture."      Four  electric  fountains  surround  this  monument  and,  when  in  play, 

shed   a   brilliant  light   upon   it.      The  south   canal,  a  gleaming  sheet   of  water   connected   with   the   lagoon,   lies 

directly  before  us.     To  the  left,  is  Machinery  Hall,  that  vast  storehouse   of  wonderful    machinery,  most   of   it   in 

motion,  and  filling  the  structure  with  the  din  of  whirring  wheels,  and  other  mechanisms.      Farther  on  the  same 

side,  we   obtain   a  glimpse  of  the   Electricity   Building   which   shrines  the   myriad   marvels,   that  enable   man   to 

chain  this  giant  to  his  will.     To   the   right,  the  Agricultural   Building  appears,  fitly  named  a  palace,  and  outvying 

those  of  many  sovereigns.     Beyond  the  south  canal  lies   the  Grand  Basin,  which  is  hidden    from    our   sight   by 

the  two  bnxid  bridges,  at  the  ends  of  which  stand  four  great  Neptune  columns,  like  imm(wable  white  sentinels. 

On   the    extreme   right,   looms    up  the  vast   Manufactures  and    Liberal   Arts    Building,    from   and    into   which   a 

steady  stream    of  humanity  is   constantly  pouring.      Far  in   the  distance  we   see  the   dome  of  the  Illinois  State 

Building,  modeled   after   that   of   the   capitol    in    Springfield.      Along  the  water's   edge,  and    close   to   the   landing 

piers,   we    observe    a    number   of  gondolas;    these    form    a   very    pleasant   feature   of  the    Exposition.      Native 

gondoliers  have  been  imported  from  Venice  to  row  them,  and  they  have  already  learned   to  ask  the   passengers 

for  the  price  of   a  glass  of  beer;    it  would  be  a  hard-hearted  person  who  could  resist  their  dark,   pleading  eyes 

when  they  hold  out  their  hands.    To  glide  on  these  smooth  waters  in  the  evening  time,  when  the  buildings  are 

lighted  up  and  the  air  is  cool;    to  hear  the  murmur  of  the  multitude  about  you,  and  the  happy  songs  of  young 

people  in  the  other  gondolas,  is  an  experience  not  easily  forgotten. 

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Looking  North  from  Colonnade. 


Copyrignted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


"PLENTY"— NORTH    FRONT    AGRICULTURAL   BUILDING. 

Before  the  north  front  of  the  Agricultural  Building  and  facing  the  statue  of  "  Industry,"  we  see  the 
group  represented  in  our  picture  ;  one  of  the  beauties  of  these  statues  is,  that  they  are  placed  so  near  the  water, 
that  one  can  see  their  reflection,  and  better  study  the  details.  The  woman  in  this  picture  is  in  perfect  harmony 
with  the  noble  animal  she  leans  against ;  she  is  not  of  the  goddess  type ;  no  serene  mystery  envelops  her ; 
there  is  no  atmosphere  of  majesty  about  her;  this  is  a  simple  countrywoman,  such  as  one  might  see  any  day 
in  the  year  in  rural  regions.  How  strong,  yet  proportionate,  are  the  arms!  How  large  and  flexible  the  hands! 
Her  garment  is  in  keeping  with  her  occupation,  being  a  hide  rudely  fashioned  into  a  primitive  dress,  such  as 
shepherds  have  worn  from  time  immemorial.  In  her  face  we  see  that  dreamy  look,  common  to  those  who  are 
much  alone  in  the  helds.  In  ancient  times  tlie  daughters  of  kings  and  princes  attended  cattle,  so  that  this 
figure  is  quite  in  keeping  with  history.  The  cow  against  which  the  woman  leans,  is  perhaps  a  little  too  modern 
for  the  figure ;  it  is  of  the  Holstein  breed,  chosen  probably  on  account  of  its  massive  proportions ;  it  is  full-fed, 
sleek  and  beautiful,  with  a  grand  head  and  great,  mild  eyes.  The  olden  Greeks  showed  an  excellent  appreci- 
ation of  beauty  when  they  called  the  Queen  of  Olympus,  "The  Ox-eyed  Juno,"  for  nothing  can  equal  the 
expressive  mildness  of  the  eye  of  a  cow  or  an  ox.  The  distinguishing  mark  of  the  Agricultural  Building  is  the 
profusion  of  statuary  on  and  about  it.  Philip  Martini's  "Four  Nations"  ornament  the  corners;  there  are  twenty 
"Signs  of  the  Zodiac,"  two  groups  representing  "Ceres,"  twenty  figures  of  "Abundance,"  four  pediments 
representing  "Agriculture,"  and  four  groups  of  the  "Seasons."  The  paintings  are  not  less  characteristic ;  the 
main  entrance  is  adorned  with  scenes  representing  the  protecting  deities  of  agriculture  ;  Cybele  appears  in  her 
chariot  drawn  by  young  lions,  and  near  her  is  King  Triptolemus  in  another  chariot,  drawn  by  winged  dragons, 
while  figures  of  fertility  and  abundance  may  be  seen  on  every  side.  In  the  frieze- work  are  long  processions  of 
animals,  and  wreaths   of  fruits  and  flowers  form   no    mean    share   in   the    embellishments.     The   sculptors   and 

painters  must  have  racked  their  brains  to  produce  so  many  varied  forms. 

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Plenty" — North  Front  Agricultural  Building. 


BRIDGE    AND    ADMINISTRATION    BUILDING    FROM    AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING. 

Standing  on   the    northwest    terrace   of  the   Agricultural    Building,   we  see  a  massive   bridge  crossing  the 

south  canal  wliich  forms  one  of  the  transepts  of  the  water  plan  of  which  the  Grand  Basin  is  the  nave.     Broad 

steps   lead   up   to    it,    on    the   buttresses    of    whicli    tropical    plants   are   placed.     The    piers    of   the    bridge   are 

ornamented  with  the  figures  of  animals.     A  noble  elk  with  horns  wide-spread,  every  muscle  of  his  strong  body 

visible,  makes  a  prominent   hgure  in  our  picture.     One  of  the  wonders  of  the  Fair  is  the  large  number  of  wild 

animals  one  meets  with  in  sculpture  at  every  turn,  most  of  them  natives  of  this  continent.     It  will  be  a  surprise 

to  many  of  our  eastern  fiiends  to  discover  that  so  large  a  number  of  untamed  denizens  of  the  forest  still  linger 

in  our  midst.     The  pliable  nature  of  staff  has  made  it  a  very  happy   medium  for  the   reproduction   of  these 

varied  forms,   giving  them  all   the  beauty  and  more  of  the  stiffness  of  marble.     Immediately  beside  the  bridge, 

rises  a  great  rostral  column  surmounted  by  a  gigantic  figure.     There  are  many  of  these  separate  columns  on  the 

grounds.     They  date  from  old  Roman  times  when  it  was  tine  custom  in  case  of  a  great  victory  at  sea  to  raise 

such  a  column  in  honor  of  the  victors,  and  often  the  names  of  successful  warriors  were  engraven  on  them.     It 

was  considered  a  great  honor  to  have  such  a  pillar  raised  to   commemorate  an   action.     This  was  the  spirit  in 

which  Napoleon  the  Great  raised  the  great  Vendome  Column  in  Paris  after  it  had  been  cast  down  by  the  mob. 

The  piers  of  the  bridge  are  very  staunch  and  strong,  looking  as  though  they  were  built  for  centuries   instead  of 

for  the  accommodation  of  a  multitude  for  a  few  months.     The  balustrades  are  plain,  but  handsome  and  attractive. 

Many  pleasant  moments  are  spent  leaning  over  the  bridge,  and  watching  the  boats  go  underneath.     The  building 

in  the  right-hand  corner  of  the  picture  is  that  devoted  to  Electricity.     It  is  directly  across  the  Basin.     There  are 

many   other  bridges  on  the  grounds,   but  this   is  the  most  happily  placed  for  the  sightseer.     The  use  of  the 

gondola   on   the  waters  of  the  Exposition  is  a  misnomer.     Venice  this  can  never  be;  nor  is  it  like,  nor   does  it 

remind  you  of  Venice.     New  as  it  is  to  our  experiences,  the  buildings,  the  statuary,  the  enveloping  atmosphere, 

are  all  American.     The  gondolas  seem  like  a  gentle  joke. 

144 


^,,y;'-^.^  ^^'«e;W^< 


Copyrighted  iy  t  e   V^'orld's  Culumbian  Exposition. 


Bridge  and  Administration  Building  from  Agricultural  Building. 


AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

The  Agricultural  Building  stands  very   near   to    the    shores    of    Lake    Michigan    and    almost    in    line    with 

Machinery  Hall,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  arcade.     It  is  900  by  800   feet   and   the   annex    building  ^00. 

The  cost  of  the  building  was  $618,000.     It  is  a  long  one-storied  structure,  but  is  not  on   that  account   destitute 

of  grace.     Its  entire  length  runs  along  the  lagoon,  and  its  Ionic  pillars    mirrored    in    the    water   produce    a    very 

pleasant  effect.     The  general  height  is  about  sixty-five  feet,  while  on  either  side  of  the    main    entrance    we   see 

two  magnificent  Corinthian  pillars,  fifty  feet  high  and  five  feet  in  diameter.     There  are  in  all  five   pavilions,  one 

on  each  corner,  and  the  largest,  144  feet  square,  in  the  centre.     Those  at  the  corners  are  connected  by  curtains, 

which  form  an  arcade  round  the  building.     The  main  entrance  is  sixty-four  feet  wide,  and  leads  into  a  vestibule 

through  which  you  pass  into  the  rotunda,  which  is  100  feet    in    diameter,  crowned  with  a  splendid   glass    dome 

rising  130  feet  and  flashing  back  in  pretty  colors  the  rays  of  the  sun.     At  a    little    distance    on    a    dull    morning 

the  dome  presents  the  effect  of  pure  crystal.     It  is  one  of  the  gems    of    the    Exposition.     As   we   gaze    on    the 

exterior  of  this  great  building  we  are  reminded  of  the  Duomo  of  Milan  by  the  profusion  of  statuary,   though    of 

course  the  architecture  is  very  different.      In  the  main  vestibule    and   in    all    the    entrances,    groups    of   statuary 

splendidly  executed,  meet  the  eye.     The  corner  pavilions,  the  domes  of  which  are  ninety-six  feet  high  are  also 

surmounted  by  groups  of  statuary.     Committee  rooms  and  a  bureau  of   instruction    occupy   the   first   floor   near 

the  main  entrance.    There  are  also  parlors  for  ladies,  and  club  rooms  for  gentlemen.     Broad    staircases    lead    up 

to  the  second  story  where  there  is   an    assembly    room   capable    of   accommodating    1^00    persons.     The    entire 

structure  covers  nine  acres  of  ground.     To  the  north  of  the  building  we  see  the  foreign  exhibits;  to   the  south, 

the  domestic.    The  extreme  west  gallery  is  devoted  to  the  brewing   interests.     All    the    large    brewing   firms   of 

the  country  are  represented.     Whiskey  and  tobacco  are  exhibited  close  by.     Other  parts  of  the  gallery  are  given 

over  to  the  display  of  mineral  waters ;    milk  products,  sweetmeats,  and  chocolate  preparations  are  all    in   elegant 

booths     The  eastern  division  of  the  gallery  is  the  home  of  the  cereals. 

146 


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■^^ '^''^S&S^  ^ 


Copyrighted  by  ihe  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Agricultural  Building. 


NORTH    FRONT    AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Truly  this  is  a  World's  Fair;    the  flags  of  all  nations  appear  upon    the   buildings,  and   their   bright  colors 

and  numerous  devices  delight  the  eye.     This  picture  was  taken  at  the  side   of   the   Columbian   Fountain ;    from 

this  place  every  structure,  figure,  column  and  bridge,  we  see  is  white;  for  this  reason,  the  collection  of  buildings 

in  Jackson  Park,  which  nearly  all   present  the  same   appearance,  has   been    propedy  termed,  "The  White  City." 

Imagine,  if  you  can,  a  building  such  as  this  stretching  for  800  feet  along   the  Grand  Basin;    it  presents  a  forest 

of  pillars,  and  looks  as  though  carved  out  of  a  mountain  of  snow;    the  glass   dome    shimmers    like  a  glacier  in 

clear  Alpine  light.    There  are  nineteen  classes  of  exhibits  in  the  building,  the  first  being  cereals,  grasses  and  forage 

plants.     It  is  amusing  to  note  the  attitude  of  the  different  visitors  toward  this  class.     Some  pass  the  grains  and 

grasses  by  without  any  attention  whatever,  being  interested  only  in  the  decoration  of   the  booths  and  pavilions, 

v/hile  others  scan  them  with  tlie  greatest  care,  and  spend  hours  going   from    sheaf   to   sheaf,  and   from   case  to 

case;    you  may  be  sure  that  the  latter  are  farmers.     The  farmers'  wives  are  interested  in  the   next   two  classes, 

such   as  bread,  biscuit,  pastes,  starch   and   gluten;    also   sugars,   syrup    and    confectionery;    they  flock  to  these 

exhibits  and  ask  many  intelligent  questions.     Many  more  are  interested  in  the   machinery,  which   is   of   amazing 

variety.     It  would  be  very  hard  to  classify  some  of  the  objects  shown.     British  Guiana  has  a  number  of  stuffed 

animals,    birds   and   serpents,  with    Surinam    toads,  ugly    alligators,  ant-bears,  wild    hogs  and   monkeys.     Sibena 

shows  pottery,   war   implements,   and   even    native   jewelry.     In   another   display   we   see    Panama   straw   hats, 

models  of  native  houses,  musical    instruments,  boats,  fishing-tackle,  shells  and   coral;    while   Germany    makes  a 

great  specialty  of  beer.     All  these  are   in   great    contrast   to    the   exhibits    of  the    United    States,  which  are  very 

generally   confined   to   the   products   of  the   soil   and   to    agricultural  implements.     In   the   western   part   of   the 

building  we  see  the  agricultural  colleges  and  experimental  stations    of  this   country   occupying   a   space   of   8600 

square  feet.     Looking   out   over  this   building,  we   feel  perfectly  convinced   that   Mother   Earth   will   be   able  to 

support  her  children  for  ages  to  come,  even  if  they  are  a  little  more  crowded  than  the  present  population. 

148 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


North  Front  Agricultural  Building. 


"FOUR    NATIONS,"    AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Martini's  beautiful  group,  the  "  Four  Nations,"  reminds  us  of  the  group  in  the  centre  of  the  Monumental 

Fountain   in    the   Luxembourg  Gardens  by  Carpeaux,   but  it   is   by    no   means  an   imitation,   for  it   has    many 

original   features.     Carpeaux  figures   carry  a  sphere   with   a  globe   inside,   and   seem  to  whirl   in   a  wild  dance 

through  space.      Nor  have  his  figures  the  airy  lightness  of  those  of  Martini's  work.      This  group  decorates  the 

corners  of   the  four  pavilions  of  the  Agricultural  Building.      The   figures   represent  the   four  races,  or   in    other 

words,  the  four  principal  families  of  the  human  race,  inhabiting   Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and   America.      The  globe 

implies  that  the  figures   beneath  it  stand   for  all  the  races  of  the  world.      The  globe  is  hollowed   out  to   secure 

lightness  and  the  better  to  resist  the  wind  at  the  elevation  on  which  it  is  placed.      The  feet  of  the  figures  rest 

solid   upon    the   pedestal.      The   bodies  are  all  young  and  lithe,  the   draperies   winding  about  them  in  a  single 

graceful  festoon.      Their  arms  are   uplifted   and   form  a  sort  of  circle   round   the  globe.      Martini  used  only  one 

figure  for   the   group   and   added    different   lieads  as  his  time  was  too   short  to   allow  work  on    other   models. 

Gazing  at  these  figures  it  v/ould  seem  almost  impossible  to  realize  that  they  are  identical  in  pose,  the  apparently 

whirling   movement  concealing  the  fact,  but  so  it  is,  as  close  examination  will  reveal.      Martini  is  represented  by 

other  architectural  sculptures  of  great  merit.     In  his  groups  of  a  Man  with  Horses  and  a  Woman  with  Cattle,  he 

has  employed  the  same  device  as  with  the  "Four  Nations;"  only  one  figure  served  as  a  model,  but   there   are 

several  very  clever  decorative  details  which   conceal  the  fact.      His  figures   of  abundance  on   the  signs  of  the 

Zodiac  are  sumptuous  and  refined.     They  hold  aloft  in  their  shapely  arms,  tablets  inscribed  with  the  emblem  of 

the  months.     His  groups  of  a  Shepherd  and  his  Dog  and  a  Shepherdess  and  her  Flock  are  marvels  of  their  kind. 

The  amount  of  work  he  has  accomplished  is  enormous,  and  does  a  great  deal  toward  rendering  the  Agricultural 

Building  one  of  the  finest  of  the    Fair.     He   has   shown   an    extraordinary   and    fertile    imagination,  directed   by 

excellent    good    sense    and    disciplined    taste.      Such    masterly    productions   in    every   instance    speak    well    for 

the   future   decoration   of  American   cities  and   public    buildings. 

150 


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"HORSES,"   AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

One  of  the  striking  groups  on  the  Agricultural  Building  is  that  of  tlie  "Man  with  Horses,"  by  Martini. 
It  is  one  of  his  conceptions  of  pastoral  life,  and  is  intended  as  a  companion-piece  to  the  "Woman  with 
Cattle."  The  figure  of  the  man  in  the  centre  is  striking  in  the  extreme,  grave  and  powerful.  He  stands  like 
one  of  the  kings  of  the  early  world  between  the  magnificent  animals  he  is  supposed  to  lead.  He  seems  to 
hold  the  horses  rather  by  the  magic  of  his  presence  than  by  any  visible  restraint.  One  garment  is  worn  in 
Eastern  style,  leaving  the  right  shoulder  and  brawny  chest  bare,  and  falling  in  a  few  graceful  folds  to  the  knee. 
Another  garment  is  flung  lightly  over  his  left  shoulder  and  rests  there,  dropping  in  natural  folds ;  both  arms  are 
bare,  one  linked  lightly  through  the  bridle  rein  of  the  horse  on  his  left  liand,  the  other  holding  a  huge  club. 
The  limbs  are  formed  in  massive  mould,  the  articulation  of  the  knees  being  particulady  hne.  The  face  is  that 
of  a  man  in  the  full  vigor  of  life,  the  head  being  crowned  with  wayward  curls.  The  horses  are  truly  noble 
creatures.  That  they  were  formed  from  one  model  there  can  be  no  doubt.  Their  necks  are  nobly  arched, 
their  eyes  seem  to  gleam  with  eager  fire,  and  their  small  ears  are  pointed  well  forward,  as  though  listening  to 
sounds  from  below  that  spur  and  excite  them.  The  nostrils  are  widely  distended,  and  they  chafe  upon  the  bits, 
as  though  eager  to  be  off.  They  remind  one  of  Job's  splendid  picture  of  the  war  horse  that  "clothes  his  neck 
with  thunder,  and  scents  the  battle  afar  off."  The  hoofs  are  in  harmony  with  the  general  aspect  of  impatience 
which  Martini  has  given  the  steeds.  They  paw  the  ground  nervously  and,  though  the  man  appears  so  calm, 
it  is  quite  evident  that  too  little  pov/er  is  necessary  to  restrain  them.  The  outrunners  are  two  youths,  made 
only  for  the  draperies  flung  lightly  over  their  shoulders.  They  seem  to  be  engaged  in  friendly  rivalry  and  peer 
at  each  other  round  the  shoulders  of  the  horses  with  faces  full  of  saucy  mischief.  It  v/ould  be  very  hard  in- 
deed to  tlnd  fault  with  this  group.  It  is  very  pleasant  to  look  upon,  and  forms  an  admirable  ornament  for  the 
Palace  of  Agnculture.  An  ancient  sculptor  would  feel  almost  at  home  in  this  city  of  statues  and  splendid  build- 
ings.     We  feel  a  thrill  of   exultant  surprise    as  we  view  the  grand  work  around  us. 

x52 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


"  Horses,"  Agricultural  Building, 


GENERAL    INTERIOR    AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Never  in  the  history  of  the  world  has  an  Agricultural  display  of  one-tenth  the  magnitude  of  this 
been  seen.  There  is  so  much  to  see  on  the  ground  floor  that,  though  the  galleries  are  full  of  treasures  and 
have  some  very  handsome  pavilions,  they  are  comparatively  seldom  visited.  It  is  impossible  to  give  a 
just  idea  of  the  treasures  to  be  seen  on  the  main  floor ;  we  have  space  to  mention  only  a  few  of  the  exhibits. 
Germany  occupies  a  large  space,  and  her  exhibit  includes  a  pavilion  made  of  chocolate,  and  a  large  statue  of 
Germania,  made  of  the  same  material.  Canada  has  sent  a  cheese  weighing  22,000  pounds,  and  her  other 
exhibits  are  very  creditable.  France  has  a  very  tine  exhibit  of  grasses  and  grain  in  stalk,  with  mixtures  of 
chocolate  and  other  interesting  materials.  Spain  exhibits  a  miniature  of  the  Eiffel  Tower  in  Spanish  pepper. 
Cape  Colony  shows  skins,  wools,  and  natural  products,  such  as  stuffed  wild  animals.  The  principal  display 
made  by  Brazil  is  in  coffee.  Many  of  the  States  have  fine  exhibits.  Pennsylvania  has  a  pavilion  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  main  aisles  in  the  centre  of  the  main  building.  The  walls  inside  and  out  are  covered  with 
corn,  grasses  and  vines  ;  agricultural  implements  of  all  kinds  are  used  in  the  designs.  In  the  centre  of  the 
pavilion  is  an  imitation  of  the  Liberty  Bell  hung  in  a  sort  of  cupola,  made  of  grain  and  grasses.  A  fireplace 
of  colonial  pattern  is  made  of  corn,  and  an  easy-chair  of  corn-stalks.  On  the  walls  are  displayed  166 
different  kinds  of  grasses.  The  Woman's  Silk  Culture  Association,  of  Philadelphia,  has  a  display  of  silk 
grown  from  cocoons  of  tineir  own  raising,  and  American  flags  made  of  the  same  material.  Near  the 
Pennsylvania  exhibit  is  the  Iowa  Corn  Palace,  the  columns  of  which  are  made  of  corn.  This  pavilion  is 
extremely  pretty.  Indiana  has  a  handsome  pavilion  constructed  of  broken  ears  of  corn.  Ohio  has  a  Grecian 
Temple,  the  columns  being  made  of  glass  filled  with  grain.  Kentucky  uses  a  great  deal  of  tobacco,  hemp, 
and  flax  on  its  pavilion.  New  Jersey,  in  playful  humor,  presents  us  with  a  large  mosquito  m.ade  of  corn.  New 
York  has  boxes  and  jars  filled  with  grain  and  other  agricultural  products.  Nearly  every  State  and  Territory 
has  assisted  in   the   display,  by  exhibiting  its  agricultural  treasures. 

154 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


General  Interior  Agricultural  Building. 


COLORADO— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

The  State  of  Colorado  occupies  2680  square  feet  in  the  Agricultural  Building;  her  pavilion  is  surrounded 
by  a  frieze  of  grains  and  grasses,  and  the  pillars  and  sides  are  tastefully  decorated  with  bunches  of  wheat  in 
fan  patterns.  As  we  enter,  a  pyramid  of  great  yellow  ears  of  corn  is  the  most  conspicuous  object,  and  a  case 
to  the  right  contains  over  one  hundred  and  sixty  varieties  of  the  grasses  of  the  State,  arranged  in  panels  and 
carefully  tabulated.  Long  rows  of  glass  jars  are  filled  with  specimens  of  the  seeds,  nuts  and  beans  grown  in 
the  State.  Though  Colorado  is  so  distant  from  the  Fair,  yet  she  has  managed  to  keep  up  a  fine  exhibit  of  root 
crops.  Her  potatoes  are  large  and  tine,  and  her  onions  are,  for  size  and  it  is  also  said  for  flavor,  as  fine  as 
any  in  the  world.  Turnips,  carrots,  beans,  and  many  kinds  of  garden  fruits  are  displayed,  all  showing  the  fer- 
tility of  the  soil,  particularly  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  Specimens  of  the  Colorado  flour  are  pointed  out 
with  pride ;  it  is  very  white  and  dry,  and  ranks  among  the  first  in  the  markets  of  the  world.  We  are  not 
allowed  to  forget  that  Colorado  is  a  great  wool-growing  State;  in  fact,  can  raise  this  valuable  commodity  at  the 
rate  of  ten  cents  per  pound ;  samples  of  the  wool  are  shown.  As  a  great  deal  of  attention  is  devoted  to 
grazing,  the  State  has  been  careful  to  show  the  quality  of  its  grasses.  Cattle  are  so  plentiful  that  a  four-year- 
old  steer  can  be  bought  for  ten  dollars ;  the  cheapness  of  pasturage  brings  this  about.  The  agriculturist  in 
Colorado  has  two  great  enemies  with  which  he  must  do  constant  battle — the  locust,  or  grasshopper,  and  the 
Colorado  beetle.  The  former  sometimes  appears  as  early  as  April  and  does  great  damage  to  the  young  crops. 
The  beetle  generally  confines  its  ravages  to  the  potato;  but  between  them  both,  the  farmer  is  kept  busy.  This 
State  has  a  very  tine  exhibit  in  the  Horticultural  Building,  consisting  of  a  profusion  of  grapes  of  many  varieties 
of  color,  huge  apples  and  pears  in  glass  jars,  with  other  fruits.  Colorado  has  made  very  rapid  progress  since 
her  admission  into  the  Union  as  a  State,  in  1877.  Her  mining  interests  have  developed  so  greatly  that  she  now 
ranks  next  to   Pennsylvania,  and   in  this   Exposition,  her  display  in   the  Mines   and   Mining   Building  is   probably 

the  best   ever   made   by  a   State.     She  has  a  great  future  before  her. 

156 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Colorado — Agricultural  Building. 


MINNESOTA— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

As  we  walk  alon.s;  the  great  avenue  in  this   building,  we  are  amazed  at  the  profusion  of   corn ;   the  great 

yellow  ears  are  everywhere,  in   pyramids,  on   pillars,  in  friezes,  and  in  great   pendant  bunches.     The  Minnesota 

pavilion  is  an  exception   to  the  rest,  as  wheat   forms  its  principal  decoration.     The  front  of  the  pavilion  consists 

of  three  arches,  the   two   central    pillars   very  prettily  designed.      On    a   booth   within,  Minnesota   proudly  styles 

herself,  "  The    banner   wheat  State,"  and  surely  this  exhibit  makes  good  her  boast.     We  never  before  saw  such 

fat,  rich-looking  grain.     Huge  sheaves  of  wheat,  rye  and  oats  fill  several  of  the  cases,  and  decorate  the  tops  of 

others.     We  find   the   custodians  very  ready  to  give  information ;  from  them  we   learn  that   the  State  produced 

2^,000,000  bushels  of  various  grains  last  year;  70,000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  and  ^,000,000  of  flax.     Twenty-tlve 

counties  have  sent  400  samples  of  wheat  and  rye  in  the  straw,  and  3 5^0  specimens  of  grass.     One  great  case  of 

oats  is  shown  which  represents  part  of  the  fifteenth   consecutive   crop  grown  on  the  same  ground.     Large  glass 

cylinders  are  filled  with  samples  of  the  soil  of  several  farms,  and  show  the  sub-  and  upper-soil  depth  ;  it  would 

not  seem  difficult  to  produce  splendid  crops  on  earth  like  this ;  one  would  only  have  to  "  tickle  the  ground  with 

a  hoe,  to   make   it   laugh  with  a  liarvest."     The  lot  of  the  Minnesota  farmer  is   an  enviable  one,  compared  with 

that  of  his  New  England  brother,  who  has  to  bring  his  crops  from  the  rocks.    Tobacco  and  sugar,  the  latter  of 

very  hne  quality,  are  also   here.     We  do   not  hnd   so  great  a  variety  of   products  displayed   by  this  State  as   by 

some   others,  but  everything  we  do  see  is   remarkably  good.     We  understand   that  the  exhibit  was  not  specially 

selected,  but   taken   at   hazard,  just   as  the  farmers  sent   in  tine  articles.     One   of    the    excellent   features   of   the 

Agricultural    Exhibits  of  the  United  States  is,  that  farmers  have   charge  of    them   in   nearly  every  case;  they  are 

practical,  intelligent   men,  who   know  thoroughly  the  nature   of   the   materials  they   display ;  many  of   them   are 

taking  notes   on   the   products  of  other   countries,  and  will  doubtless   carry  home  with  them  very  valuable  hints 

for  the  farmers.     This  exhibit   must  do   incalculable  good  to  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  country,  and  cause 

the  production  of  many  new  and  better  crops.    The  friction  of  minds  is  the  birth  of  ideas. 

158 


Copyrignted  by  the  World's  Colun.bian  Exposition. 


Minnesota — Agricultural  Building. 


NEW   JERSEY— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

This   beautiful   pavilion   covers   2000   square  feet,  and   is   one  of  tlie  best  erected  by  the  Eastern  States; 

most  of  the  others  are  mere  enclosures,  the  reason  being  that  none  of  these  States  expect  to  attract  immigrants 

as  those  farther  west   do,  so  their  display  is  more  patriotic  than  commercial.     The  fretwork  over  the  arches   of 

the   New  Jersey  structure  gives  it  a  very  pretty  effect;    for   some   reason    New  Jersey  seems  to   be  generally 

spoken   of  as  the   land   of  the   mosquito  and   the  swamp,  but  a  glance  at  these  exhibits  will  soon  teach  us  to 

revise  such  an  opinion,  if  we  ever  entertained  it.    Peaches  and  small  fruits  are  here  seen  in  perfection,  and  form 

a  pleasant   change  from  the  corn  and  wheat  so  profusely  scattered  through  other  pavilions.     Tliey  look  luscious 

in   the  pretty  glass  jars,  and  would   form   a  good   advertisement   to   catch   summer  boarders.    There  is  a  good 

display  of  garden   produce,  such  as  potatoes,   sweet  potatoes  and  other  root  crops.    Jersey  raises  millions  of 

bushels  of  potatoes,  and  they  are  as  fine  as  any  in  tlie  world.     As  those  exhibited  in  this  pavilion  decay,  they 

are  replaced  by  others  from  the  New  Jersey  farms,  so  that  a  good  showing  is  thus  maintained.     A  great  feature 

of  the   exhibit  is  a   system   of  photographs,  showing  the  crops  in  the  field,  and  many  of  them  are  here.    The 

very  sheaves  we   see   harvested   have   been   brought   to   the  Exposition,  and  the  long  rows  of  potatoes  just  dug 

out   of  the   hills,  have   contributed  their  quota  to  this  collection.     The  value  per  acre  of  the  farm-lands  of   New 

Jersey  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other  State,  except  possibly  Massachusetts.     Tlie  Jerseyman  knows  well   how 

to  treat  his  land;    he  cannot   plough  up  great  tracts  of  virgin  soil  like  the  western  farmer,  so  he  has  learned   to 

apply  all  the  food  to  the  land   that  science  and  utility  dictate.     Many  kinds  of  fertilizers  are  seen  here,  and   also 

careful   analysis  of  the   soil.      Corn,  rye,  wheat  and  grass,  the  latter  especially  fine,  form  some  of  her  products, 

and   a  little   tobacco   is   also   grown.     A  very  pleasing  tribute   has   been   paid  the    Indians;    a  little  tent  formed 

entirely,  of   corn   is  called  the  Indian's  Gift.     It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  tobacco  is  another  gift  we  received 

from  the  red   man,  and  it  well   becomes  us  to  be  grateful  to  that  brave  race  which  our  pushing  civilization  has 

so  rudely  rooted  from  the  soil.     No  race  has  lived  without  bestowing  some  benefit  on  the  world-. 

160 


New  Jersey— Agricultural  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


OHIO— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

This  pavilion  is  very  ingeniously  constructed;  it  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  Grecian  temple  with  two  wings. 
In  all  there  are  fifty-two  pillars  ;  twenty-six  on  the  square  front,  facing  the  main  aisle,  twelve  smaller  ones  on 
the  wings,  and  ten  very  large  ones  on  the  portico.  The  pillars  are  all  glass  cylinders  filled  with  grain,  peas 
and  beans,  and  the  effect  is  very  beautiful.  The  roof  is  supported  by  steel  rods,  which  run  through  the  glass 
columns,  and  are  hidden  by  the  grain  and  beans.  The  bases  and  capitals  are  of  gilded  wood.  Much  of  the 
exhibit  is  arranged  on  the  steps  of  the  temple,  and  along  the  walls  just  within  the  columns.  There  is  a  very 
handsome  rustic  piece  here,  consisting  of  a  plow,  rake,  hoe  and  shovel,  covered  over  with  seeds  of  various 
kinds.  Twenty-four  varieties  of  leaf  tobacco  form  a  portion  of  the  exhibit  on  one  side ;  on  another,  eighty 
large  glass  jars  tilled  with  seed,  peas  and  beans  are  seen.  In  all,  there  are  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  of 
these  jars  on  the  steps.  The  interior  of  the  building  contains  a  great  display  of  corn  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid, 
with  numerous  grasses  for  which  different  sections  of  the  State  are  noted.  The  farm  tools,  of  which  we  spoke 
above,  remind  us  that  this  building  contains  the  greatest  display  of  agricultural  implements  ever  brought  together. 
They  are  to  be  found  in  the  machinery  annex  of  the  Agricultural  Building,  and  consist  of  light-running,  friction- 
less  roller  and  ball-bearing  twine  binders,  mowers  and  reapers;  some  are  furnished  in  burnished  silver  and  gold 
plate.  There  are  also  machines  for  harvesting,  binding  and  husking  corn.  The  exhibit  is  made  historical  by 
models  which  show  the  gradual  development  of  such  machinery  from  the  earliest  self-binders  to  those  of  the 
present  time.  It  may  be  well  said  that  there  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun,  for  here  we  find  a  reaper  made 
by  the  Gauls,  in  the  first  century  of  our  era.  Another  object  of  interest  is  the  plow  used  by  General  Israel 
Putnam,  said  to  be  the  one  he  left  in  the  furrow,  when  the  news  reached  him  of  the  battle  of  Lexington ;  it  is 
a  clumsy  affair,  compared  with  the  plows  in  use  to-day.  The  State  of  Ohio  is  one  of  the  greatest  purchasers 
of  implements  of  agriculture,  and  her  exhibits  here  show  that  they  are  put   to   excellent   use.    The   soil   of  the 

State  is  wonderfully  fertile,  and  the  farmers,  especially  of  the  western  zone,  are  most  intelligent  and  enterprising. 

162 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Ohio — Agricultural  Building. 


PENNSYLVANIA— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

This  pavilion  is  a  worl<  of  art,  the  decorations  being  as  fine  as  any  in  the  Fair.  Our  picture  shows  the 
bust  of  William  Penn  above  the  keystone,  which  is  surrounded  by  designs  in  seeds  and  corn.  The  central 
panel  shows  the  arms  of  the  State,  which  is  an  exquisite  piece  of  work,  resembling  mosaic,  yet  the  materials  used 
are  only  beans  and  pumpkin  seeds,  the  eagle  over  the  shield  being  made  of  the  latter.  Entering,  we  find  most 
of  the  exhibits,  such  as  grain,  maple  syrup  and  seeds  in  keystone-shaped  bottles;  and  three  arches,  six  rows 
forming  an  arch,  all  of  jars  of  this  shape,  filled  with  cereals.  Our  attention  is  attracted  by  a  very  pretty  display 
of  silk,  from  the  cocoon  to  the  spool,  arranged  neatly  in  a  case.  This  State  is  beginning  to  give  more  attention 
to  silk  culture,  and  has  a  society  formed  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  it.  One  hundred  and  sixty-six  varieties 
of  native  grass  are  seen,  some  used  as  decorations,  and  others  in  separate  exhibits.  One  could  hardly  believe 
that  so  many  kinds  of  grass  are  grown  without  visiting  this  exhibit.  Pennsylvania  has  one  special  feature  that 
is  extremely  creditable;  four  cases,  each  containing  sixty-four  pictures,  show  Western  farmers  how  rural 
Pennsylvanians  live;  the  exteriors  and  the  interiors  of  her  country  homes  are  shown;  the  poorer,  as  well  as 
the  more  pretentious  buildings;  these  two  hundred  and  fifty-six  pictures  are  the  work  of  a  young  woman.  Miss 
Annie  Belle  Swayne.  In  the  centre  of  the  pavilion,  we  see  a  reproduction  of  the  old  Liberty  Bell  in  grain, 
hanging  from  a  rustic  tower;  it  is  often  repeated  in  the  embellishments  of  Pennsylvania's  exhibits.  At  one  side 
of  the  building  there  is  a  beautiful  old-fashioned  fireplace,  made  in  corn  and  wheat ;  even  the  andirons  are  of 
that  material.  It  is  just  such  a  fireplace  as  we  see  in  the  old  farmhouses  of  the  State;  beside  it  is  a  grand- 
mother's chair  made  of  corn-stalks;  it  is  a  good,  durable,  roomy  chair  and  not  merely  an  ornament.  The 
flooring,  or  hearth,  of  the  fireplace  is  made  of  sections  of  corn-cobs,  smoothed  to  look  like  mosaic.  It  is 
thought  that  the  State  will  make  permanent  provision  for  this  exhibit  in  the  capitol  at  Harrisburg,  or  in  one  of 
the  colleges  of  the  State,  for  it  would  really  be  a  great  mistake  to  scatter  or  lose  an  exhibit  so  perfect  in  its 

nature,  and  also  so  artistic  as  this;   we  hope  that  Pennsylvania  will  retain  it. 

164 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Pennsylvania — Agricultural  Building. 


WISCONSIN— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

This  is  the   pavilion  of  the  great  State  of    Wisconsin,  and,  though    the  exhibit   consists  mostly  of  glass 

jars,  tilled  with  grain,  peas,  beans  and  various  seeds,  there  are  all  the  staple  products  of  the  State,  together  with 

wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye,  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  sorghum  and  tobacco.    The  tobacco  of  Wisconsin  is  much  sought 

after,  and  is  used  for  cigar-wrappers ;  it  is  not  very  long  since  this  State  was  almost  covered  with  dense  forests, 

and  even  yet  her  lumber  interests  are  vast ;  her  policy  of  attracting  immigrants,  by  giving  them  free  land,  has  led  to 

the  most  happy  results.     No  other  State  has  such  a  diverse  population  settled  in  colonies  within  her  borders. 

A  larger  number  of   Scandinavians  than  can   be  found  elsewhere,  are  here ;  they  came  to  this  country  poor,  but 

their  industry  and  abstemiousness,  and  the  generosity  of  the  government,  have  worked  out  their  success.    Along 

the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  whole  German  villages  may  be  found ;  Swiss  and  Belgians  have  also  their  colonies, 

and  all  prove  good  industrious  citizens ;  many  of  them  have  goods  in  this  exhibit.    The  climate  of  Wisconsin  is 

modified  by  its  many  lakes,  which  raise  the  temperature  in  winter  and  depress  it  in  summer ;   the  result  is  that 

many  semi-tropical  fruits  and  plants  may  be  raised,  giving  a  wide  range  to  her  vegetation.     Her  forest  trees  are  very 

numerous  and  valuable,  among  them  being  the  oak,  poplar,  hickory,  maple,  elm,  ash  and  hemlock.    Above  the 

Wisconsin    pavilion,  we   see   in   one   picture   a   section  of   the    Egyptian   Exhibit,  largely  consisting  of  cigarettes, 

displayed  in  glass  cases  with  mosque-like    domes.     These  cigarettes  are  said  to   be  the  best   in   the  world,  and 

are  made  of  finely  cut  Turkish   tobacco,  flavored  with   opium.     In   Egypt,  men  and  women,  alike,  smoke.    The 

consumption   of  cigarettes  in  the  harems  is  very  large,  and   the  industry  is  consequently  flourishing.     Formerly, 

cigarettes  were  all   made  by  the  smoker,  who  carried  with   him  a  tobacco-pouch,  and   little  book  of  rice  paper 

for   the   purpose,   but  the   increasing  demand  made  the   manufacture  profitable,  and   now   we   have  automatic 

machinery,   which    cuts   the   paper,    gums   the  edges,  measures   the   right   allowance   of    tobacco,  wraps    it   up, 

makes  the  gummed  edge  adhere,  cuts  the  ends,  and  packs  the  cigarettes.     There  seems  to  be  no  limit  to  human 

ingenuity,  whether  in  Occident  or  Orient.    All  are  bound  together  by  that  mystic  cord  of  intelligence. 

i66 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Wisconsin — Agricultural  Building. 


WYOMING— AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING. 

We  do  not  see  a  large  number  of  exhibits  in  this  Wyoming  booth,  but  it  is  something  to  ]<now  that  this 

State,  girdled   and   seamed  with   mountains,  having  so  light   a   rainfall   that   irrigation   is  necessary  to   cause  the 

earth   to  produce  anything,  should  nevertheless  show  some  of  the  fmest  grains  and  grasses  in  the  world.    The 

area  of  the  State  is  97,890  square  miles.     We  are  reminded,  by  the  antlers  and  heads  of  animals  which  we  see 

here,  that   Wyoming   has   many  wild   animals.      Many  of  the   larger  quadrupeds  are  not  now  as   numerous  as 

formerly;    buffaloes,  which   once  wandered   in   immense  herds,  are  now  almost   extinct,  reduced   to   a  miserable 

remnant  of   700,  mostly  in  the  Yellowstone  Park.     There  are  still  some  grizzly,  and  black,  and  cinnamon   bears, 

elk,   panthers,   deer  and   antelope.     The   small   animals  are   the  gray  wolf,   coyote,   prairie-dog,   jack-rabbit    and 

gopher.    The  forests  are  confined  largely  to  the  mountains,  and  great  barren  stretches  are  frequently  seen  on  the 

plains.     The   principal   industry  is   cattle-raising;    the  animals  are  turned  out  to  range  wherever  they  will;    very 

little  care   is  taken   of  them,  and   they  are   so   numerous   that   even   the   starvation  and   exposure  of  winter,  of 

which   many   of  them   die,    do    not   make   housing  them   profitable.      Here    may  be   seen   many  views   of   the 

wonderful    scenery  of  Wyoming;    these   give   the   people   of   the   different   States   a   chance  to  compare   pictorial 

notes,  and  to  gain  some  idea  of  the  diversified  landscapes  of  the  glorious  country  in  which  they  live.     It   must 

seem  strange  to  the  natives  of  some  of  the  smaller  countries,  to  note  the  brotherhood  of  Americans  all  over  this 

wide  continent.     The   man  of  Wyoming  differs  in  no  essential  of   character   and   appearance   from    the   man    of 

Maine,   and    both   fraternize   on    sight.     A   little  gold   and   silver   has   been    found    in    Wyoming,   but   hardly  in 

sufficient  quantities  to  pay  for  working.      Coal-mining   is   carried   on   to   a  considerable  extent,  and   the   deposits 

are  very  large   and  valuable.      Until  recently,  most  of  the  fertile  land  was  in  the  possession  of  the  Indians,  and 

white   settlers   were   practically  confined   to   the  western    part.     The   gradual    removal  of   the    Indians   has   now 

opened   this  good   land   for  agricultural  uses,  and  white  men  are  flocking  in  to  take  possession.     Wyoming  has 

a  bright  future  before  her,  not  only  in  agriculture,  but  also  as  a  mining  State. 

168 


Copyiighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Wyoming — Agricultural  Building. 


CANADA— ONTARIO,  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING. 

The  booth  or  pavilion  in  which   Ontario   exhibits    her   agricultural    wealth   is   one   of   the   finest   in    the 

building.     It  faces  on  the  central  aisle,  and  by  its  tasteful  appearance  attracts  general  attention.    The   pillars  of 

the  pavilion  are  made  to  represent  sheaves  of  wheat,  placed  one  above  the  other.    The  frieze  is  a  delicate  band 

of  ears  of  the  same  grain,  and  the  roof  is  turned  into  a  miniature  wheat-field.    Within,  we  can  gain  some  idea 

of  the  resources  of  this  great  province.     Seeds  of  every  kind  are  exhibited   in   glass  jars,  and   such   seeds  and 

grains  as  we  rarely  see.    The  wheat  is  full-bodied  and  clean ;  the  oats  large  and  meaty ;  the  vegetables  such  as 

to  delight  the  heart    of  any   agriculturist.     Potatoes  measuring  nine  inches  in  circumference  are   quite   common; 

they  are  shown  just  as  taken  from  the  furrow,  the  number  in  each  hill  placed  together.    Turnips  and  mangolds 

of  great  size  are  also  seen  here  ;  and  though  winter  may  linger  long  in  Ontario,  it  is    very   evident   that  neither 

man  nor  beast  need  lack  the  hoarded  products  of  Mother  Earth.     Farming  in  these  days  has  become  a  fine  art,  and 

Ontario  has  evidently  realized  it,  for    we   find  in    several  jars    an   analysis    of   the   soil,   its   various  component 

portions  separated  and  exhibited.    Judging  from  this,  earth  has  few  richer  regions  than   this   province.     Ontario 

has  been  called  the  "garden  of  Canada."    Millions  of  acres  are  brought  into  a  high  state  of  cultivation.    A  great 

deal  of  attention  is  paid  to  orchards,  which  stretch  for  miles  and  miles  between  Lake  Erie  and  the  Georgian  Bay. 

The  apples  are  particularly   fine   and   of   amazing  variety.      Peaches,  grapes,  plums   and   pears  abound,  and  the 

vines  grow  naturally  in  the  woods.     In  this  pavilion  we  find  some  of  the  finest  specimens  of   barley  raised   in 

the  world,  and  pease  that  cannot  be  surpassed.     It  is  a  surprise  to  us  to  see  tobacco  as  one  of  the  products  of 

this  country,  yet  tobacco  and  sugar  also  are  raised,  and  the  result  is  exhibited  here.     Judging  from  the  quality  and 

variety  of  the  flax  shown,  Ontario  will,  if  its  cultivation  increases,  soon  be  able  to  compete  with  the  wodd.     In 

other  departments  of  the    Fair,    Ontario   is   well   represented.     In   the   Horticultural    Building  she   exhibits   some 

remarkable  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  makes  a  fine  display  of  ornamental  shrubs.     In  the  Fisheries  Building   she 

is  also  splendidly  represented,  not  alone  in  variety  of  fish,  but  in  the  department  of  Transportation  also. 

170 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Canada — Ontario,  Agricultural  Building. 


CANADA— NORTHWEST    TERRITORIES,   AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Canada  may  be  called  the  empire  colony  of  Great  Britain.  Her  pavilion  is  a  gem  of  taste  and  skill. 
Great  sheaves  of  wheat  and  oats  form  the  columns  of  the  facade.  The  arch  is  made  of  twisted  grass,  some  of 
the  bunches  being  twelve  feet  long.  Festoons  of  wheat  and  ears  of  barley  depend  from  the  arch.  Sheaves  of 
grain  form  the  lower  part  of  the  booth,  and  make  a  good  exhibit  in  themselves.  The  central  piece  is  a  beau- 
tiful cereal  pavilion,  the  dome  of  which  is  formed  of  standing  grain,  and  a  curious  frieze  of  the  heads  of  animals, 
native  to  the  country,  surrounds  it.  The  panels  and  pillars  are  filled  and  decorated  with  sheaves  of  plump 
grain ;  in  fact,  this  department  might  be  called  a  palace  of  Ceres,  and  the  good  taste  evinced  in  its  arrangement 
cannot  be  surpassed.  The  glass  jars,  great  and  small,  which  we  observe  in  our  picture,  are  filled  with  all  kinds 
of  grain,  over  forty  varieties  of  wheat  forming  part  of  the  display.  Canada  is  not  content  with  merely  showing 
her  grain,  however.  As  "the  proof  of  the  pudding  is  the  eating,"  so  the  proof  of  the  grain  is  the  flour,  meal 
and  bran,  which  they  produce.  All  tliese,  Canada  exhibits,  being  frankly  sure  that  other  countries  will  find  it 
hard  to  equal  them.  Root  crops  of  every  description  are  also  shown  here,  with  wheat,  rye,  corn,  barley,  oats, 
and  these  of  the  finest,  also  pease,  beans,  hops,  flax,  tobacco.  Canada  must  be  a  veritable  storehouse  of 
treasures  to  produce  such  a  royal  show  as  this.  It  is  evident  that  her  yeoman  farmers  live  in  comfort  and 
abundance;  in  fact,  some  of  the  jars  here  would  lead  us  to  believe  that  they  live  "in  clover,"  for  there  is  no 
better  clover,  timothy,  herd's-grass  and  red-top  seed  anywhere  in  the  Fair.  The  cattle  must  also  fare  well,  if 
there  is  any  nutriment  in  turnips  and  carrots,  for  the  huge  mangold-wurzels  we  see,  form  the  staple  winter  nutri- 
ment of  cattle,  and  boiled  with  bran,  possess  great  fattening  qualities.  The  woods  of  Canada  have  also  contributed 
to  this  exhibit ;  beech-nuts,  filberts,  mast  and  acorns  are  shown,  all  of  them  full  bodied  and  proof  of  excellent 
soil.  Many  have  considered  Canada  a  bleak,  almost  Arctic  country.  This  may  be  true  of  a  portion  of  this  vast 
territory,  but  she  has  a  climate   in  some  parts  of   her  wide  domain    capable   of   nourishing  and  giving  life  to  a 

great  variety  of  crops.    Two  millions  of  Canadians  now  reside  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

172 


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CAPE    OF    GOOD    HOPE— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

A  great  orator  once  said  that  "  England's  morning  drum-beats  circle  round  tlie  world,"  and  as  we  view 
this  Exposition,  we  are  forcibly  impressed  with  tlie  truth  of  this  assertion.  Her  colonies  in  Asia,  Africa  and 
Australasia  measure  up  favorably  to  the  standard  of  the  mother  country.  .She  is,  indeed,  as  Tennyson  aptly 
called  her,  "The  great  mother  of  a  lion  race."  \n  this  exhibit,  we  are  confronted  with  a  new  order  of  life; 
very  wisely,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  has  confined  its  display  to  ostriches,  ostrich  eggs,  ivory,  and  diamonds 
from  the  Kimbedey  Mines,  with  specimens  of  the  birds  and  the  flora  of  the  country.  Feathery  ostrich  plumes 
are  arranged  in  fanciful  patterns,  and  look  like  great  snowy  bunches  of  pampas  grass.  The  ostrich  is  the 
largest  of  living  birds,  the  adult  male  reaching  the  height  of  eight  feet,  and  often  weighing  300  pounds.  So 
swift  is  this  bird  that  it  can  outrun  the  swiftest  horse,  and  when  roused,  its  anger  is  terrible ;  with  one  stroke 
of  its  short  wings,  or  even  of  its  foot,  it  can  kill  a  horse  and  its  rider.  There  are  now  few  wild  ostriches,  but 
in  Cape  Colony  the  commercial  value  of  the  tail-feathers  has  led  to  the  establishment  of  numerous  ostrich  farms. 
The  birds  are  bereft  of  their  plumes  at  stated  intervals,  and  as  many  are  still  worn  by  the  fashionable,  the 
industry  is  very  profitable;  the  eggs  of  this  bird  are  very  large,  and  weigh  several  pounds;  the  ostrich  loves  to 
dwell  in  arid  districts,  and  is  very  solitary  in  its  habits.  The  diamonds  here  are  found  in  the  blue  clay  at 
Kimbedey,  a  mining  town  of  Griqualand,  situated  about  po  miles  northeast  of  Cape  Town.  The  mines  are' 
carefully  guarded,  and  the  miners  live  almost  in  a  state  of  imprisonment,  and  are  critically  examined  when  they 
leave  the  mines,  lest  they  should  secrete  any  valuable  gems.  The  yield  of  these  mines  is  very  large  and  does 
not  seem  to  diminish.  Some  very  large  stones  have  been  found  here.  Though  in  other  respects  the  region  is 
inhospitable,  quite  a  large  town  has  grown  up  around  the  mines,  and  bids  fair  to  be  a  permanent  establishment. 
We  well  know  that  Africa  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  trade  in  ivory,  and  Cape  Town  is  one  of  the  centres  of  the 
traffic.  Not  only  do  we  see  new  ivory  in  this  collection,  but  also  some  of  great  age.  African  Chiefs  used  to 
surround  their  kraals  with  huge  tusks,  and  the  advance  of  civilization  has  brought  these  into  the  market. 

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Cape  of  Good  Hope — Agricultural  Building. 


CUBA— AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Cuba  comes  to  us  with  a  great  collection  of  cigars  and  cigarettes,  arranged  in  fanciful    booths  and   cases, 

of  which    our   picture  affords   good   examples.    The   tobacco   plant    is    indigenous    to   Cuba,  and   its  quality  is 

considered  the  hnest  in  the  world.     When  Columbus  discovered  the  island,  tobacco  was  in  use  among  the  Caribs, 

but  the  Spaniards,  in  their  avidity  for  gold,  did  no*:  avail  themselves  of  the  soothing  weed.     Sir  Walter    Raleigh 

found  it  in  use  among  the  Indians  of   Virginia.    A  certain   sanctity   attached   to  it   among  these   people,  and  no 

treaty  of  peace  or  commerce  could  be  made  without  passing  round  the  "peace  pipe,"  from  which    each   person 

present  was  expected  to  take  a  long  deep  whiff.     The  Red  Pipe-stone  Quarry,  from  which  the  stone  was  taken 

for  their  pipes,  was  neutral  ground.    The  most  fiercely  hostile   tribes   here   laid   down    their   arms,  and   washed 

the  war-paint  from  their  faces,  mingling  together  for  a  time  in  brotherhood,  and  praising   the   great    Manitou  for 

his  precious  gift  to  his  red   children.     Sir   Walter   Raleigh   was   the   hrst   to   introduce   the   use   of   tobacco  into 

England,  and  he  set  the  fashion  in  that  island.     On  one  occasion   a    servant,  who   had    never  seen    his   master 

smoking,  supposing  him  to  be  on  fire,  deluged  him  with  a  bucket  of  water,  but  this  did   not   quench    Raleigh's 

enthusiasm  for  the  weed.    The  tobacco  in  these   cigars   is   of  rare   super-excellent  quality.    The  plantations  are 

scattered  all  over  Cuba,  but  the  very  best  is  raised  in  the  country  west  of  Havana,   called   the  "  Vuelta   Abajo." 

Nearly  ^00,000,000  cigars  are  exported  yeady,  besides  a  great  quantity  of  tobacco  in  the  leaf,  exceeding  20,000,000 

pounds.     Cigars  are  made  of  central  fillers,  which  must  be  uniform  in  quality,  and  so  carefully  packed    that  the 

smoke  may  be  easily  drawn  from  end  to  end.    These  fillers  are  covered  with   an   inner  coat  or  case  to   hold 

them  in  shape,  and  this,  in  turn,   is   bound   with   an    outer   wrapper.    The   inner   cover   may   be    of   the   same 

quality  as  the  filers,  but  for  the  outer  wrap  a  finer  tobacco  leaf  must  be  used.    A  great  deal  of  Havana  tobacco 

is  devoted  to  this  purpose,  but  in  the  United  States,  Sumatra  has  superseded  it  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap  cigars. 

This  tobacco  is  of  very  large  leaf,  and  much  lighter  in  weight  than   Havana,   so   that   the  ad-valorum   duty  is 

less  to  the  importer.    The  Havana  cigars  are  the  models,  followed  by  all  manufacturers. 

176 


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Cuba— Agricultural  Building. 


MACHINERY    HALL. 

Machinery  Hall,  the  great  Palace  of  the  Mechanical  Arts,  is  one  of  the  leviathans  of  the  Exposition.     It  is 

846  feet   long  by  492  feet  wide.     These  measurements  do  not  include  the  annex  which  is  490  by  ^^o  and  the 

power  house  100  by  461  feet,  the  pumping  building  77  by  84  or  the  machine  shops  146  by  2^0  feet.     The  cost 

of  the  buildings  was  )i5 1,285,000,  and  the  floor  area  is  over  twenty  acres.     There  is  something  cathedral-like  in 

the  exterior  appearance  of   Machinery  Hall.     Tall   spires  rise  in   the  centre  of  the  structure  and  graceful    domes 

cap  the  two  extremities.     Long  rov/s  of  graceful  pillars  lend  lightness  and  harmony  to  its  two  facades  and  form 

a  fitting  back-ground  for  the  beauties  of  the  Court  of  Honor.     The  Hall  is  located  at  the  extreme  southern  end 

of  the  Park,   between  Lake  Michigan  and  the  western   boundary-line.     An  arcade  in   the  first  story  permits  the 

visitor  to  go  all  an)und   the  building  under  cover.     The  ceilings  of  the  porticoes  are  colored   in  deep  warm  tints. 

A  colonnade   unites  the   building  with   Agricultural    Hall,  and   in   the  centre  an  arch   leads  to  the  cattle  exhibit. 

The  interior  is  spanned  with   three  tremendous  arched   trusses  which  gives  it  a  very  peculiar  appearance.     The 

northern   entrance  to   the  building  attracts  a  very  great  deal  of  attention.    The  entrance  is  in  itself  grand   and 

imposing.    The  towers. are  surmounted  by  winged  victories,  huge  draped  figures,  yet  of  such  nice  harmony  that 

they  seem   to  spring  out   into  the  air  in  very  abandon  of  joy.     One  never  tires  of  looking  at  them,  and  when 

that  vast  building   crumbles,   as  alas !   it   must  all    too  soon,   many  will   remember  its  beautiful   and   imposing 

northern  entrance.     Mr.  Robert  A.  Kraus,  of  Boston,  is  the  sculptor.     All   the   power  for  running  the  machinery 

is  supplied   from  a  separate  power  house,  the  magnitude  of  which  may  be  learned  from  the  fact  that  while  the 

Corliss  engine  at  the   Centennial   was   only    5000  horse  power,  the   machinery   in   the   Hall   is   moved   by  one 

engine   of    14.000  and   others    aggregating   10,000   horse  power,   24,000  in   all.     The   boilers   are   600  feet    long. 

There  is  a  wonderful  exhibition  of  looms  for  weaving  cotton  and  silk  web,  shown  by  some  of  the  largest  firms 

in  the  world.     One  loom,  the  Jacquard,  weaves  in  silk  the  most  exquisite  designs  of  the  buildings  of  the  World's 

Fair,  and  also  portraits  of  prominent  men.      Other  most  wonderful  machines  also  deserve  attention. 

178 


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,fi       ;    #llWi  ■■■'lllfr    .llllif! 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Machinery  Hall. 


EAST    ENTRANCE,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

The  east  entrance  to  Machinery  Hall  looks  across  the  South  Canal  to  the  Agricultural  Building;  immedi- 
ately in  front  is  a  boat-landing,  on  either  side  of  which  there  are  two  splendid  horses,  one  of  the  heavy 
Flanders  breed,  having  a  cart  harness  upon  it,  and  the  other  a  noble  carriage  horse  fittingly  accoutered.  Each  horse 
is  held  by  a  vigorous-looking  man  of  heroic  size.  Ascending  the  broad  stone  steps,  we  come  to  the  entrance, 
over  which  we  see  in  large  gilt  letters,  "Palace  of  Mechanic  Arts."  The  portal  is  supported  by  high  columns 
with  gilt  capitals,  above  which  there  are  many  figures  of  the  Arts  in  bold  relief.  On  either  side  of  this  entrance, 
slender  open  towers  much  resembling  campaniles  rise,  surmounted  by  winged  Victories,  that  seem  to  spring  out 
into  the  air  and  wave  their  wreaths  in  triumph.  The  entrance  forms  a  sort  of  square  pavilion  supported  by 
twenty  massive  pillars;  from  this,  eleven  entrances  lead  to  different  parts  of  the  building.  There  are  half 
windows  above  each,  decorated  in  blue  and  gold  with  a  plain  blue  shield  in  the  centre.  A  row  of  medallions 
forms  an  attractive  decoration  above  the  twelve  upper  windows,  every  alternate  one  being  a  picture  of 
Columbus  in  relief.  A  shield  of  the  United  States  is  on  each  side.  The  interior  color  tone  is  buff,  and  the 
ceiling  is  done  in  squares  of  blue  and  buff,  representing  tiles,  with  a  raised  tloral  design  in  the  centre.  The  pavil- 
ion is  very  lofty,  and  the  massive  columns  surrounding  it  give  it  an  appearance  of  great  grandeur.  The  building 
covers  twenty  acres,  and  it  houses  a  greater  variety  of  machinery  than  was  ever  gathered  together  before  in 
any  one  place  on  earth.  This  marvelous  exhibit  affords  a  splendid  opportunity  for  contrasting  the  genius  of  the 
various  nations.  Many  of  the  machines  are  in  motion,  and  may  be  seen  performing  the  most  delicate  work,  as 
though  they  were  instinct  with  a  high  order  of  intelligence.  In  some  instances  the  complete  outfit  of  a  manu- 
factory is  exhibited,  and  every  detail  of  the  business  it  represents  is  consummated.  Some  of  the  machines  are 
extremely  odd.  There  is  one  exhibited  by  a  Pennsylvania  firm  which  in  a  few  minutes  will  turn  out  four  or 
five  groups  of  wooden  statuary  having  some  pretensions  to  artistic  merit.    There  is  also   a    wonderful  variety  of 

looms  for  weaving  cotton,  woolen  and  silk  fabrics,  besides   bookbinding,  printing  and  engraving  establishments. 

1 80 


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East   Entrance,    Machinery   Hall. 


NORTH    ENTRANCE,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

This  noble  entrance  faces  the  Adniinistratiun  Buildin.ii;,  and  is  one  nf  tlie  grandest  features  of  the  great 
Machinery  Hall.  Beside  it,  human  beings  look  like  mere  flies,  and  as  we  gaze  upward,  we  are  filled  with  a 
sense  of  reverence  and  awe.  it  was  a  happy  thought  of  the  architects  to  add  this  noble  northern  portal  and 
that  on  the  east,  to  the  grand  building.  The  semi-circular  n)of  of  the  entrance  rests  on  ten  Corinthian  cnkimns, 
six  on  the  outside  and  fViur  of  less  massive  propnrtKms  within.  The  n)of  is  crowned  with  a  low  semi-dome, 
having  numd  it  a  balcony,  on  the  balustrades  <)f  which  six  allegorical  figures  may  be  seen.  The  attitude  of 
each  is  thoughtful.  They  look  as  though  they  were  pondering  on  great  issues.  They  are  fully  draped  and  the 
draperies  are  arrayed  with  the  nicest  sk'ill.  Above  these  six  figures  is  another  Ixilusfrade  with  five  other  statues 
like  those  below.  The  centre  of  the  portico  is  crowned  with  a  low  dome  surmounted  by  a  winged  victory 
which  seems  to  spring  out  into  the  sunlight  full  of  buoyancy  and  gladness,  holding  wreaths  of  triumph  in 
either  hand.  There  are  towers  at  each  corner  of  the  structure,  built  two  stories  high,  each  with  an  ornamental 
spire.  The  lower  stories  look  like  rough  arches,  while  the  upper  consist  of  circular  chambers  surrounded  by 
Corinthian  pillars.  Each  of  the  towers  is  ornamented  with  winged  victories,  of  which,  there  are  many  on  the 
Ixiilding.  These  vicfones  have  won  universal  power.  They  are  as  nearly  perfect  as  the  artist's  skill  could 
make  them.  The  lightness  of  the  draperies,  the  glad,  eager  pose,  the  general  lightness  and  beauty  of  the 
figures,  are  beyond  all  praise.  The  entrance  stands  out  very  etdectively  tYom  the  walls  on  either  side,  its  every 
detail  accentuated  by  the  prevailing  character  of  the  suiTounding  architecture.  The  victories  on  the  towers  and 
pinnacles  were  modeled  by  M.  A.  Waagen  and  Rol^ert  Kraus.  Many  of  them  are  reproductions  in  copper,  by 
William  H.  Mullen.  The  color  c)f  the  ceiling  of  the  portico  is  white;  there  has  fortunately  been  no  attempt  at 
ornamentation  made.  The  entrance  is  a  picture  in  itself.  Machinery  Hall  has  an  annex  which  is  reached  fn)m 
the  main  building  by  tunnels  and  bridges.  The  form  of  construction  is  that  of  a  foundry,  with  a  park  in  the 
centre,  where  those  who  are  overcome  by  the  incessant  hum  of  the  machinery,  may  rest. 

1.S2 


ALUS    ENGINE,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

The   most  prominent  feature   in   tlie   Machinery  Hall    plant   is   doubtless  the  exhibit  of  the  Westinghouse 

Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company  of  incandescent  lighting  machines.   This  Company  had  only  one  competitor  for 

the  task  of  lighting  the  World's   Fair,  and  they  have  certainly  succeeded   marvellously.     The   most   wonderful 

object  of  this   Exhibition   is  the  great  "Allis-Corliss"  2000  horse-power  engine,  which   drives  two  of  the  large 

electric  lighting  machines.     These  are  two  four-thousand  light  machines  of  vv^hat  are  called  the  alternating  variety, 

because  they  give  an  alternating  current  instead  of  a  continuous  flow  in  one  direction.     The  "Allis  Engine"  was 

that  which  gave  the  first  great  throb  of  life  to  the  Fair  when  President  Cleveland  touched  the  button  at  high 

noon.  May  i,  1893.     '^  was  then  the  largest  in  the  Exposition,  but  it  has  now  a  rival  in  the  great  engine  placed 

in   the   power  house   of  the   Intramural    Railroad.     This  immense  engine   proves  the  great  advance  made  in  the 

machinery  used  for  generating  electricity.     In  no  other  branch  of  science  has  such  great  progress  been  made  as 

in   electricity,  and   there  has   been   a  great   change   in  engines  and  generating  machinery.      Four  years  count  far 

more  than   a  quarter  of  a  century  in  the  Electric  world,  and  the  machinery  of  that  time  is  now  antiquated.     So 

great  has   been   the   demand   for   current  for  lighting  purposes  and   power,  that  engines  have  had  to  be  made 

larger  and   larger,  to   meet  the  growing  need.     It  has  been  clearly  demonstrated  that  there  is  economy  in   large 

engines,  hence  the  giants  we  behold  to-day.     But  we  have  not  yet  by  any  means  reached  the  end.     In  a  few 

years  these  monsters  of  iron  and  copper,  which  create  so  much  awe  at  the  Exposition,  will  not  be  able  to  bear 

the   mighty  strain   put  upon  them,  and   must  yield  to   others   more   massive  and   powerful.     In   fact  we   must 

regard  the  whole  electrical   display  at  the   Fair  as   only  the  seed   of  the  mighty  growth  of  the  future,  and  we 

will   look  back  with   surprise  upon   the  time  when  with   reverence  and  awe  we  looked  upon  the  huge  bulk  of 

the  Allis  Engine   and   thought   that   human    ingenuity  had   here   reached   its   limit.     All   honor,  however,  to  the 

pioneers  in  this  mighty  work.     Other  nations  may  boast  as  they  will  of  their  men  of  inventive  genius;  but  as 

we  have  only  one  Shakespeare,  centuries  may  elapse  before  another  Edison  will  grace  this  planet. 

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Allis  Engine,  Machinery  Hall. 


SWITCH-BOARD,  MACHINERY   HALL 

We  have  all  read  the  story  of  the  Theban,  who  brought  to  the  court  of  Philip  of  Macedon  a  horse  so 
beautiful  and  spirited,  that  all  the  courtiers  fell  in  love  with  it  at  tlrst  sight.  One  after  the  other,  they  tried  to 
mount  it,  but  in  vain.  Each  had  to  give  up  tlie  task  in  despair.  The  king  was  angry  that  such  a  fine  horse 
should  be  lost  to  him  for  want  of  a  rider.  At  that  moment  his  young  son,  afterwards  Alexander  the  Great, 
came  up  and,  hearing  the  case,  approached  the  trembling,  high-spirited  animal.  He  observed  that  the  horse  was 
frightened  at  his  own  shadow,  so  turning  his  face  to  the  sun  he  vaulted  on  his  back  and  rode  him  gracefully 
and  easily:  Philip  was  so  delighted  tliat  when  Alexander  alighted  he  embraced  him  and  said :  "Seek  a  larger 
realm,  my  son;  the  kingdom  of  Macedon  is  too  small  for  thee."  That  horse  was  afterward  the  favorite  charger 
of  Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  campaigns.  Electricity  also  is  a  power,  useless  to  man  till  brought  under  subjection. 
The  switch-board  was  designed  for  that  end,  and  is  of  course  the  favorite  object  upon  whicli  the  eye  of  the 
electrician  rests,  it  may  look  very  ordinary  to  most  men,  a  mere  medley  of  instruments,  plugs,  buttons  and 
levers,  yet,  to  the  initiated,  there  are  few  more  interesting  objects  in  the  Fair.  This  switch  is  reached  from  a 
gallery,  and  is  of  marble.  The  "dynamo-board"  is  12  feet  high  and  40  feet  long,  and  the  "feeder-board"  9;^ 
feet  high  and  71  feet  long.  Collectively  these  are  known  as  the  "switch-board;"  by  its  means  the  electrical 
action  of  nearly  1^000  horse-power  of  dynamo  electric  machinery  is  controlled.  Its  operation  is  extremely 
simple,  the  numerous  connections  alone  giving  it  that  complicated  appearance,  so  puzzling  to  many.  The  elec- 
trician has  no  more  dilficult  problem  to  meet  than  the  design  of  a  switch-board.  And  not  only  must  the 
switches  which  make  and  break  the  circuits,  carrying  heavy  currents,  be  carefully  designed,  but  also  the  formation 
of  the  numerous  combinations,  which  are  necessary  to  bring  dynamos  and  circuits  into  contact,  make  it  specially 
difficult.  All  this  has  been  admirably  accomplished  in  the  switch-board,  the  picture  of  which  is  before  you.  It 
is  wonderful   that   Electricity,  that  great  giant   which  in  a  single   moment   could   destroy  the  earth  and  its  entire 

population,  can  be  controlled  and  held  in  the  strictest  discipline  by  such  a  machine. 

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Switch = Board,  Machinery  Hall. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


UNITED    STATES— GENERAL   VIEW,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

We  are  now  in  Machinery  Hall.  Just  think  of  it!  Seventeen  acres  of  palpitating  iron  and  steel  lie  before  us! 
The  three  great  trusses  which  span  the  entire  width  of  the  building,  seem  to  divide  it  into  three  great  halls.  They 
are  so  fitted  as  to  be  taken  down  and  used  in  other  buildings,  or  sold  for  railroad  iron.  A  great  gallery,  extending 
on  all  sides,  is  fifty  feet  wide,  and  enables  one  to  get  a  good  view  of  the  turbulent  machinery  below.  Three 
great  elevated  traveling  cranes  run  across  the  space,  and  are  used  in  the  moving  and  placing  of  heavy  pieces  of 
machinery.  One  does  not  need  to  be  a  mechanic  to  be  interested  in  the  machinery  before  us.  Each  part  is 
performing  some  wonderful  task,  as  though  possessed  of  intelligence.  Man  seems  a  weak  being  beside  these 
forceful  servants  of  his,  which  obey  his  slightest  touch.  In  one  place  we  see  printing-presses  busily  at  work; 
"The  Daily  Columbian,"  which  gives  all  the  news  of  the  Fair,  is  printed  here,  and  other  works  also.  One  press 
can  turn  out  48,000  papers  in  an  hour,  and  is  said  to  be  the  fastest  in  the  world.  It  also  prints  in  five  colors, 
and  is  constructed  in  a  succession  of  rolls,  one  above  the  other,  which  may  be  added  to  at  will,  and  each 
representing  a  separate  machine.  To  name  the  numerous  machines  here  would  be  impossible,  but  some  idea  of 
them  may  be  gained  from  this  picture.  Here  are  seen  machines  for  sewing  leather,  and  making  leather  belting; 
others  for  making  ropes  of  twisted  wire ;  others  again  for  electric  lighting,  and  electric  railroads.  In  one  exhibit 
all  the  machinery  used  by  physicians  may  be  seen,  and  close  by  are  the  instruments  necessary  in  modern 
dentistry.  It  is  amusing  to  find  among  these  great  machines  a  little  engine,  weighing  only  half  an  ounce,  made 
by  a  boy  sixteen  years  old.  It  is  complete  in  every  particular.  At  one  side  of  the  building,  we  see  great  force- 
pumps  at  work ;  they  are  ranged  round  a  great  reservoir,  and  their  iron  lips  belch  out  huge  volumes  of  water 
that  sprinkles  the  spectator  with  spray.  So  great  is  the  force  of  these  pumps  that  they  keep  the  water  boiling 
like  a  cataract.  One  centrifugal  pump,  not  so  large  as  many  of  the  others,  churns  the  water  about  it  to  the 
whiteness  of  milk.  Great  steam-hammers  are  at  work  near  by,  and  mighty  derricks  and  cranes  seem  engaged 
in  friendly  rivalry.     Great  is  the  domain  of  the  human  mind. 


Copyrighted  t>y  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


United  States— General  View,  Machinery  Hall. 


UNITED    STATES-COTTON    MACHINES,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

We  have  before  us  a  wonderful  exhibit  of  cotton  machinery.     There  are  at  least  twelve  different  machines 

used  in  tine  making  of  cotton  goods,    the  first  is  the  opener,  in  which  the   raw  cotton    is   placed    on   a   feeding 

table;  a ■  pair  of  rollers  takes  it  from  the  table,  and  it  is  subjected  to  the  action  of  a  beater,  which  is   a   cylinder 

with  several  rows  of  teeth.    Air  is  forced  through  the  newly-opened  cotton  to  carry  away  the  dust  and  particles 

adhering  to  it;    it  then  passes  through   several  other   rollers   and   beaters   till   delivered    to   calenders,  when  it  is 

formed   into   laps   for  "scutching."     The  "scutcher"  resembles   the  "opener,"  and   passes   the    cotton    on   to  the 

carding  machine,  which  has  three  cylinders,  one  large  and  two    smaller.     The   large    cylinder   does   the   carding, 

and  passes  the  cotton  to  the  second,  or  "doffer,"  which,  in  turn,  sends  it  on  to  the  "taker  in."     From  thence,  it 

goes  in  a  long  light  fleece  to  the  machine  called  a  "drawing  frame,"  where   it    is    thinned   out  and   still    farther 

stretched;    its  next  trip  is  to  the  "slabbing  frame,"  where  it  is  twisted  and  wound    on    bobbins.     Its  journey  is 

not  yet  ended;  it  must  now  be  taken  to  the  roving  machine,  where  it  is  prepared  for  use  in  spinning:  from  this,  it 

goes   to   the   throstle,  and   thence   to    the  self-acting   mule,    where    its   wanderings   practically  end.     Sir  Richard 

Arkwright,  who  invented  the  first  cotton    jenny,  was   once   a   poor   barber   with    very   little   trade,  who    in    his 

leisure  moments  devoted  his  thoughts  to  the  improvement  of  facilities  for  spinning.     His  machine  was  the  parent 

of    all    we   see    here.     The    Hindoos  have,   from    a   remote    period,    spun    and    woven    cotton    by   hand;    their 

machinery  is  very  primitive ;  in  fact,  ten  dollars  could  buy  it  all,  and  yet  they  can  weave  finer  material  than  we 

can  with  our    mechanical  wealth;    their  loom  consists  of  a  few  reeds,  and  sometimes  sticks,  and  may  be  carried 

about  and  set  up  as  easily  as  an  artist's  easel,  either  under  the   shade   of   a    tree,    or   in    the   fields.     Here  they 

may  be  seen  at  work  patiently  producing  material  that  defies  our   ingenuity;    two    loops   under   the   gear  serve 

as  treadles,  and  into  these  he  inserts  his  great  toe;    the  warp  is  laid  out  upon   the  ground,  the  whole  length  of 

the  piece.     The  trade  is  hereditary,  and  those  born  in  the  families  of  weavers  are  said   to   possess  a  prehensile 

toe  from  birth,  which  if  true  must  be  a  great  convenience.     , 

190 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


United  States— Cotton  Machines,  Machinery  Hall. 


UNITED    STATES— WOOD-WORKING    MACHINES,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

We  note  here  a  large  assortment  of  machinery  used  for  car-builders,  railway-shops,  sash,  blind  and  door 
factories,  and  also  planing-mills.  One  very  novel  invention  transforms  the  plainest  wood,  such  as  pine,  bass, 
birch,  poplar  and  spruce  into  beautifully  polished  imitations  of  quartered  oak,  and  other  high  grade  woods. 
There  is  also  a  marvelous  assortment  of  saws,  with  curved,  wicked-looking  teeth;  some  large,  some  small,  but 
all  cunningly  contrived  to  eat  their  way  into  the  very  hearts  of  the  giants  of  the  forest,  and  carve  out  forms  of 
utility  and  beauty.  We  counted  fourteen  varieties  in  one  exhibit  alone.  Everything  required  for  fitting  up  saw- 
mills is  here,  and  the  complete  appurtenances  of  a  shingle-mill.  People  bred  in  the  city,  who  have  never  had 
an  opportunity  to  see  a  great  lumber-mill,  can  view  its  workings  and  learn  how  the  timber  is  prepared  that  is 
used  in  their  houses.  Here  are  the  great  singing  saws  that  rend  the  mighty  logs,  which  lie  prone  on  the 
movable  cars,  and  are  delivered  helpless  captives  to  their  doom.  Next  come  the  great  planing-machines,  which 
seem  to  swallow  the  boards  for  a  moment,  only  to  cast  them  out  smooth  as  though  polished.  We  next  see 
how  window-frames  are  made,  how  they  are  shaped  by  the  moulding-machines,  and  fitted  for  joining  by  the 
mortisers  and  tenoners.  It  takes  a  very  short  time  to  make  a  large  frame  for  a  door.  All  the  roughness  is 
removed  by  sandpapering-machines,  and  boring-machines  make  the  holes  for  nails  and  screws.  Wonderful 
turning  lathes  seem  to  glide  round  the  wood,  and  shape  it  into  almost  any  form.  The  parts  of  many  of  these 
machines  are  numbered,  so  that  if  any  portion  breaks  down,  it  may  be  removed  and  speedily  replaced.  Barrel, 
keg  and  stave  machinery  make  an  interesting  exhibit.  The  smallest  pieces  of  wood  are  utilized.  There  is  great 
economy  here.  Old-fashioned  machines  tended  to  waste;  now  we  have  compressors  even  for  sawdust,  and 
machines  for  the  manufacture  of  wood-pulp.  So  many  of  these  devices  appear,  their  work  is  so  rapid,  and  their 
capacity  so  great,  that  it  would  seem  impossible  that  our  forests  could  long  resist  their  attacks.  The  saws  have 
a  hungry  look,  as  though  eager  to  get  to  work  on  even  the  toughest  timber,  and  the  great  planing-knives  look 

inexorably  savage.     It  is  a  great  display,  and  gives  one  a  sense  of  respect  for  the  genius  of  the  human  intellect. 

192 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


United  States— Wood=Working  Machines,  Macliinery  Hall. 


GERMANY— MARINE    ENGINE,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

When  Christopher  Columbus  crossed  the  Atlantic,  his  little  squadron  was  propelled  by  the  wind,  which 
played  upon  sails  of  lateen  and  canvas.  Robert  Fulton,  with  his  uncouth  steamboat,  pointed  out  the  way  for 
modern  inventors,  teaching  them  that  wind  and  tide  might  be  conquered  by  the  genius  of  man.  Since  screw 
propellers  have  taken  the  place  of  paddle-wheels  in  ocean  steamers,  the  increased  speed  which  they  required  has 
inspired  man  with  a  desire  to  construct  massive  and  powerful  machinery,  of  wonderful  durability  and  capable 
of  performing  Herculean  tasks.  For  the  last  six  years  a  great  advance  has  taken  place  in  marine  engineering 
by  the  development  of  triple  expansion  engines  such  as  seen  in  this  picture.  Since  these  engines  were  brought 
to  their  present  state  of  perfection,  both  for  safety  and  convenience,  they  have  been  largely  adopted  by  ship- 
builders and  others  interested  in  marine  construction.  \n  the  most  common  construction  of  these  engines,  three 
cylinders  are  arranged  in  line,  working  on  cranks  ;  piston  valves  are  usually  liked,  and  these  are  worked  by 
some  definite  valve  gear,  and  not  the  usual  link  motion.  One  of  the  greatest  advantages  is  that  the  space  that 
would  be  taken  up  by  eccentrics  upon  the  shaft  is  saved,  and  longer  main  bearings  are  possible.  We  turn 
from  this  great  engine  to  consider  the  gas  and  naphtha  motors  near.  These  are  fitted  for  use  in  any  moderately 
sized  launch,  and  are  considered  the  best  of  their  kind.  We  have  heard  a  great  deal  about  smokeless  powder 
recently,  and  only  a  few  months  ago  the  Kaiser  witnessed  a  battle  near  Berlin  in  which  it  was  used.  Here 
we  see  the  machinery  with  which  it  is  made,  as  also  that  used  in  the  manufacture  of  powder  for  blasting  and 
for  military  purposes.  Some  gas  and  petroleum  engines  seen  here  are  of  great  interest.  The  factory  in  which 
they  are  made  employs  one  thousand  workmen,  and  has  produced  some  of  the  hnest  engines  in  the  worid. 
Even  ice  machines  are  here,  curiously  scanned  by  those  conversant  with  such  matters,  to  see  if  these  possess 
features  of  construction  better  than  our  own.  Some  engines  here  are  the  largest  constructed  on  the  European 
continent.      In   some  respects  this  exhibit  is   like  a  great  dissecting-room  ;   every  part  of   an  engine  or   machine 

lies  before  us;  each  as   curious  in   its   way   as   a   bone   of   the   human   body. 

194 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Germany-Marine  Engine,  Machinery  Hall. 


GREAT    BRITAIN— COMPOUND    ENGINE,  MACHINERY    HALL. 

This  engine  is  in  tlie  exhibit  of  Great  Britain  in  Machinery  Hall.  The  principle  involved  is  the  economical 
use  of  steam,  in  conjunction  with  a  condensing  apparatus  by  which  the  steam  is  discharged  into  a  chamber  in 
which  a  vacuum  has  been  produced.  This  enables  tne  engine  to  effect  the  same  results  with  fourteen  pounds 
less  steam  to  the  square  inch.  The  economy  is  apparent,  and  the  gain  in  space  is  evident.  The  steam  is  first 
taken  into  the  small  cylinder,  and  when  it  has  performed  its  v/ork,  the  remaining  energy  is  transferred  to 
the  large  cylinder;  both  cylinders  practically  operating  as  one,  they  being  coupled  to  the  same  shaft.  The 
steam  after  leaving  the  larger  cylinder  is  conveyed,  as  stated,  through  the  condensing  chamber,  and  when 
condensation  is  completed,  it  is  returned  to  the  boilers  as  hot  water,  thus  economizing  heat  and  avoiding  the 
ill  effects  of  cold  water  upon  a  heated  boiler.  The  most  novel  feature  here  is  the  attachment  of  the  governor 
to  the  inside  rim  of  the  flywheel,  insuring  the  most  perfect  regulation  of  speed.  Generally  speaking,  the  gov- 
ernor is  belted  to  the  shaft,  and  operates  by  centrifugal  force,  which  must  in  its  nature  be  uncertain.  This 
arrangement  secures  direct  action  and  readily  controls  the  speed  of  the  engine.  Another  novel  feature  is  the 
transmission  of  power  from  the  flywheel  through  the  means  of  a  series  of  cables,  of  which  eleven  may  be 
seen  in  the  picture.  Each  cable  has  its  own  groove  space  on  the  flywheel  and  the  wheel  to  which  the  power 
is  transmitted.  This  minimizes  the  chance  of  accidents  such  as  are  often  caused  by  the  breakage  or  slipping 
of  large  belts.  This  engine  has  a  distinctively  foreign  look ;  we  have  none  like  it  in  this  country.  Our  type  of 
compound  horizontal  engines  is  what  is  known  as  tandem  ;  that  is,  the  small,  high  pressure  cylinder  is  attached 
directly  in  the  rear  of  the  lov/  pressure,  and  works  on  the  same  driving-rod.  The  powerful  appearance  of  this 
engine  will  strike  one  at  once.  In  English  machines  we  note  the  same  conjunction  of  force  and  economy. 
Nothing  is  wasted  and  nothing  slighted  ;  every  ounce  of  steam  tells.  As  to  ornament,  they  have  little  or  none. 
Our  machines  with  their   neat  appointments  and  polished  surfaces  look  like  gentlemen  of  leisure  by  the  side  of 

sturdy  farmers   with   their   shirt-sleeves   rolled   up  for  work. 

196 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Great  Britain — Compound  Engine,  Machinery  Hall. 


GREAT    BRITAIN— TRIPLE    GAS    ENGINE,    MACHINERY    HALL. 

Where  will  the  development  of  human  ingenuity  end  ?     Before  us  is  an  engme  which  is  practically  three 

engines  in  one.     The  power  which  runs  this  is  generated   from  the  combustion  of  gases  in  the   tliree   cylinders 

we  see.     The  gas  is  conveyed  to  the  cylinders  through  ordinary  pipes,  allowed  to  mix  with  a  proper  proportion 

of  air,  then   ignited   by  a  spark   from   an   electric  wire,  the   resulting  explosion   being   the   power  propelling  the 

piston.     In  this   case  the  three  cylinders  are   independent  of  one  another,  though   they  connect  with   the  same 

shaft.      In   the   ordinary  gas  engine,  it  is   absolutely  necessary  to   turn  a  wheel   once   round,   thus   starting  the 

engine  by  manual  power.     In  this  case,  only  a  part  of   circuit  is  necessary,  as  that  is  sufficient  to  ignite  the  gas 

in   one  of  the  cylinders.      The   desirable  qualities  of  a  gas   engine  are,  first,  the   cheapness   of  gas  as   feeding 

fuel,  the  little  space  required   for  the  development  of  tremendous  energy,  and  the  saving  of   labor   in   Ixmdling 

coal,  and  the  ashes   that   result   from   its   use.      It  also   prevents   dust,  which   would   otherwise   often   clog  the 

machinery,  and  in  some   cases  cause  accident.      Nor  does  it  require  the  same  amount  of  attention  necessary  as 

engines   run   by  steam,   there  being  no  danger  of  explosion.     The  same  principle  is  used  in   petroleum  engines, 

a  spray  of   the   oil    being  ignited    by  a  spark.     A   very  large   number  of  gas  engines   have   been  introduced  in 

the  last  ten  years,  but,  since  electricity  has  been  applied  to  produce  power,  these  engines  are   not  so   much   in 

demand,  and  will,  in  the  course  of  time,  disappear.     Even  those  most  improved,  which  excite  our  wonder  to-day, 

will  shortly  be  consigned  to  the  realms  of  the  past.     It  is  only  in  books  such  as  these  that  they  can  be  preserved 

to  tell  the  coming  generations  something  of  what  their   fathers  accomplished.     The  electrical   attachment   of  this 

engine   will  be  noticed   in   front,  with   spaces   for  the  wires  to   pass   through.     The  action  of  the  engine  opens 

and  closes  the  valves,  and  causes   the  ignition  of  the  gas  by  creating  the  electric  spark.     The  compact  appearance 

of  this  machine   is  a  strong  point  in  its   favor,  and   its   easy  gear  movement  and   freedom   from   dust   make  it 

valuable  in  any  factory  where  fine  mechanical  work  is  carried   on.     The  power  is  automatically   gauged   by  the 

resistance,  and  this  is  a  result  readily  appreciated  by  the  economist. 

198 


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TRANSPORTATION    BUILDING. 

The  Transportation  Building  lies  west  of  tine  Court  of  Honor  and  tine  lagoon,  and  between  the  Mines 
and  Mining  Building,  and  Horticultural  Building.  From  the  east  it  commands  a  splendid  view  of  the  Floral 
Island  and  a  branch  of  the  lagoon.  The  details  of  tlie  building  are  simple,  but  rich,  somewhat  on  the 
Romanesque  order.  The  decorative  embellishments  are  exceedingly  sumptuous.  It  is  960  feet  in  length  by  296 
feet  in  width,  and  cost  5^370,000.  The  central  cupola  is  16^  feet  high  and  is  reached  liy  eight  elevators,  which 
are  built  in  the  form  of  a  circle.  The  main  entrance  is  formed  of  an  immense  arch,  or  rather  a  series  of  receding 
arches  covered  with  bas-reliefs,  carvings  and  mural  paintings  done  in  gold-leaf;  it  is  this  fact  which  gives  it  the 
name  of  the  Golden  Door.  This  showy  portal  sets  off  the  other  details  of  tlie  building,  which  consists  of  a  con- 
tinuous arcade  with  subordinated  colonnades  and  entablature.  The  cupola  exactly  in  the  centre  of  the  building 
rises  16^  feet  from  the  ground.  Grouped  about  the  various  entrances  are  drinking-fountains,  statues,  seats  and 
terraces.  The  interior  of  the  building  consists  of  a  broad  nave  with  aisles.  The  roof  is  divided  into  three 
divisions.  Westward  to  Stony  Island  avenue,  a  great  triangular  annex  covering  nine  acres  extends.  The  buildings 
,are  only  one  story  in  height.  Along  the  central  nave  long  rows  of  locomotive  engines  are  placed.  Among  the 
class  of  exhibits  is  the  "Comet,"  the  f u'st  locomotive  engine  ever  run  in  America.  It  was  brought  from  England 
by  an  English  company  in  1831.  The  "Sampson,"  "Old  Ironsides"  and  "Albion,"  also  very  old  engines,  form 
part  of  the  display.  At  the  south  end  of  the  building  is  a  model  of  the  great  steam  hammer  used  in  the 
iron  worl<s  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.  The  original  hammer  weighs  12^  tons.  The  anvil  is  made  of  staff  and  wood. 
Of  course,  as  the  name  suggests,  every  vehicle  used  in  transportation  is  to  be  found  here — Japanese  Jinrikishas, 
Esquimau  Kayacks,  the  Indian  Birch  Bark  Canoe,  a  Sicilian  and  a  Mexican  Cart — everything  from  baby  carriages 
to  monster  locomotives.  The  exhibits  are  divided  into  six  general  classes:  Railways,  Intramural  Transit,  Carriages, 
Pneumatic  Machines,  Marine  Transportation  and  Bicycles.  Transportation  from  the  earliest  times  is  illustrated. 
Many  foreign  nations  have  contributed,  notably  England,  Canada,  Germany,  France,  Australia  and  Mexico. 

20D 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worlds  Columbian  Exposition. 


Transportation  Building 


GOLDEN    DOOR— TRANSPORTATION    BUILDING. 

The  splendid  portal  called  the  Golden  Door  forms  the  eastern  entrance  to  the  long  one-storied  Trans- 
portation Building.  To  call  it  merely  the  Golden  Door  is  almost  a  mockery  of  its  regal  beauty  and  superb 
proportions,  for  there  is  not  even  in  the  East,  that  mother  of  magnificence,  an  entrance  that  can  enter  into 
comparison  with  it.  It  forms  a  succession  of  five  receding  arches,  not  merely  one  great  arch  with  five  ribs, 
but  each  distinct  and  harmoniously  blended  into  one.  The  first  or  outer  arch  reaches  the  full  height  of  the 
building,  the  others  gradually  diminish,  the  whole  ending  in  a  low  door  over  v/hich  is  a  semi-circular  relief  of 
Phoebus  Apollos,  the  glorious  sun-god,  driving  his  dazzling  chariot  on  his  mission  of  life-giving  and  light.  It 
is  eminently  fitting  that  the  first  great  traveller,  whose  journey  of  thousands  of  years  has  not  yet  ended,  and 
who  has  bestowed  upon  us  the  nucleus  of  every  motive  power  we  possess,  should  greet  us  on  the  very 
threshold  of  the  great  structure  devoted  to  transportation.  The  artists,  for  artists  they  certainly  are,  who 
originated  this  gorgeous  entrance,  are  Adler  &  Sullivan.  They  have  not  copied  from  any  Oriental  original,  but 
have  given  us  a  purely  new  conception.  The  arch  is  thickly  gilded,  the  gold  relieved  here  and  there  with 
touches  of  blue,  green  and  red,  which  serve  at  once  to  tone  and  accentuate  the  ground  color.  The  walls  are 
brilliantly  colored,  and  the  statues  appear  of  toned  ivory,  bronze,  silver,  and  other  metals.  The  whole  is  a 
poem  of  unity.  The  reliefs  below  the  Golden  Portal  represent  eastern  travel,  which  forms  a  fine  comparison 
with  our  occidental  methods.  Heavy  carts,  drawn  by  bullocks,  drag  their  lumbering  way  along.  The  camel, 
that  ship  of  the  great  desert,  also  appears.  All  these  are  opposed  to  our  swift  means  of  conveyance.  The  Golden 
Door  is  a  great  object-lesson  in  itself,  and  worth  going  a  long  distance  to  see.  It  is  a  pity  that  its  gilded 
glories  must  so  soon  be  relegated  to  the  limbo  of  forgotten  things.  Our  picture  will,  however,  preserve  the 
memory  of  its  splendor  for  years  to  come,  and  help  to  keep  alive  in  our  breasts,  feelings  of  reverence  for  those 
who  toiled  so   patiently  and  worked  with   such  ingenuity  to   give  not  only  the  greatest  exposition  of  ancient  or 

modern  times  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  but  to  all  the  wodd. 

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Golden  Door,  Transportation  Building. 


GENERAL    INTERIOR    VIEW,    TRANSPORTATION    BUILDING. 

Standing  on  the  second  floor  of  this  mammotli  emporium,  we  look  down  upon  an  indescribable  medley 
of  vehicles  used  for  every  mode  of  transportation.  A  great  array  of  coaches  and  carriages,  severalof  them  with 
life-size  horses  attached,  first  engage  our  attention.  Victorias,  barouches,  landaus,  gigs,  tallyho's,  and  even 
hearses,  are  mingled  with  others  too  numerous  to  mention.  All  these  vehicles  are  drawn  by  horses.  Next  in 
order  we  find  a  very  wonderful  display  of  air-brakes,  so  perfect  that  a  single  man  with  his  hand  on  the  lever 
can  stop  four  hundred  railway  carriages  when  the  train  is  in  full  motion.  Beyond  this  is  the  exhibit  of  Cook, 
the  greatest  tourist  agent  in  the  world,  consisting  of  models  of  his  dahabeahs,  which  are  used  on  the  Nile  as  far 
as  Philae,  and  other  means  of  transport  he  uses  for  his  many  patrons.  Beyond  this  again,  to  the  right,  we  see 
every  kind  of  train  made  up  ready  to  start.  Germany,  France,  England  and  Canada  have  trains  here.  A 
Pullman  train  with  a  Baldwin  locomotive  is  also  on  exhibition.  Freight  cars,  snow-plough,  street  cars,  and  a 
great  variety  of  the  most  advanced  forms  of  locomotion  fill  this  department.  On  our  left,  beyond  the  cluster 
of  carriages  in  the  foreground  of  the  picture,  appears  the  Cunard  line  exhibit  of  models  of  their  great  ocean 
steamers,  some  of  which  have  made  the  fastest  time  on  record.  Their  lines  are  very  beautiful,  and  the  name 
"ocean  greyhounds"  has  been  aptly  applied  to  them.  North  of  the  elevator,  a  panoramic  model  of  the  town 
of  Pullman,  Illinois,  is  seen.  The  entire  town  is  the  property  of  the  Pullman  Car  Co.  No  person  owns  a 
house  within  its  limits.  Everything  is  conducted  on  well-understood  rules.  The  school  libraries  and  churches 
are  all  maintained  by  the  Company.  Trees  are  set  along  the  streets,  thus  relieving  the  sameness  of  the 
architecture.  None  except  employees  of  the  Company  are  allowed  to  reside  within  its  limits.  Directly  east  of 
the  elevator  is  a  model  of  the  great  British  war  vessel,  "Victoria,"  which  v/as  so  recently  sunk  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  by  a  blow  from  the  ram  of  H.  M.  S.  "Camperdown."  She  was  the  pnde  of  the  British 
Navy,  of  over  13,000  tons  burden,  and  armed  in   the  most  modern  fashion.     When   sunk  so  suddenly  she  was 

the   flag  ship    of    Rear   Admiral   Tryon,   who,    with    four  hundred  and  sixty  men,  perished  in  the  disaster. 

204 


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FRANCE— RAILWAY    WHEELS,  TRANSPORTATION    BUILDING. 

A  Turkish   Pasha,  after  having  heard   an   English   traveler   describe   the  wonderful  machinery  of  Europe, 

summed  up  our   manner  of  life  in  the  remark,  "Whiz,  whiz,  all  by  wheels;  whirr,  whirr,  all  by  steam,"  words 

quite  easily  understood,  as  we  gaze  upon  this  pyramid  of  wheels  shown  in  our  picture.     But  France  has  much 

else  to  show  besides  these ;   with  few  exceptions,  her  carriages  are  the  finest  in  the  Exposition,  not  wanting  in 

strength,  and  pre-eminent  for  beauty.     The  upholstering  and  decorations  of  the  panels  and  sides,  with  exquisite 

harness  inlaid   with   gold   and   silver,  make   these  equipages  fit  for  the   most  extravagant   oriental   prince.      The 

large  engine  in  this  exhibit,  numbered  3^60,  belongs  to  the  Western  Railroad  of  France,  and  after  running  on  the 

suburban   lines  of   Paris  from  June,  1892   to   January,  1893,  was  sent  to  the  paint-shop  to  be  revarnished,  and 

shipped  here  without  any   other   repairs.      This   was  an   excellent   idea,  as  it  enables   us  to  judge  the  power  of 

such  wheels  as  we  see  in  this   pyramid,  to   resist  wear  and  tear,  whereas,  had  a  new  engine  been  sent,  there 

could  be  no  chance  for  comparison  ;  this  engine  ran   18,300  miles  before  being  sent  here.     A  smaller  one,  running 

on  tlie  Paris  and  Orieans  three-inch  line,  is  also  here,  and  proves  that  the  French  construct  their  engines  durably. 

An  electric  capstan,  used  for  switching   purposes,  is  an  object  of  interest,  and  is  said  to  be  safer  than  any  other 

now  in  use.      Near  this  is  a  model   of  Calais  harbor,  which   is  just   across   from  Dover,    England,  showing  the 

work  the  French  are   doing  in  their  efforts  to  make  it  one  of  the  finest   roadsteads  in  the  world.      The  exhibits 

are  made  more  interesting  by  the  great  numbers  of  parts  of  engines  shown;  transports,  springs,  chains,  axles,  all 

reveal  the   ingenuity   necessary  to   construct  a   modern   engine.      A  model  of  a  railroad  station,  and  also  of  two 

cars,    one   day-coach   and   one   sleeper,  show   us  the  accommodations  furnished  to  travelers  on  the   railways  of 

France,  and  the  views  along   the   route  of  the   Northern   Railroad  induct   us   into   some   of  the  beauties  of  the 

landscape.      These  do  not  exhaust  the  display,  for  we  see  bicycles  of  every  style  and  variety,  and  all  kinds  of 

house  furniture  exquisitely  finished.      After  looking,  we  turn  away,  feeling  that  France  as  well  as  Germany  has 

a  vein  of  iron  in  her  composition,  and  something  of  gold  with  the  iron. 

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France— Railway  Wheels,  Transportation  Building, 


ITALY— SICILIAN    CART,    TRANSPORTATION    BUILDING. 

This  picture  gives   us   a   faithful   copy  of  one  of  the   exhibits  in  the  great  Transportation    Building.      It 

forms  an  odd   comparison   with  the  handsome   carriages   and  light  and   graceful    buggies  of   our   own  and  other 

countries.      It  appears  by  no  means  an  inviting   vehicle  to  one   accustomed  to  the  springs  and    cushions  of  our 

conveyances,  but  the  Sicilian  is  very  proud  of  it  for  all  that,  and  greatly  prides  himself  upon  its  brilliantly  painted 

panels.      Sometimes   these    panels   contain    pictures   of   strange  and  gruesome  animals,  again  scenes  of  love,  and 

agriculture,  and  almost  always  the  picture  of  some  saint,  if  possible  the  name  saint  of  the  owner.     The  people 

of  the  island  of  Sicily  are  slow  to  move.     Though  their  country  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  on  earth,  they  are 

still  far  behind  the  people  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy  with  whom  they  are  united  politically  and  by  language.      In 

the  mountains  back  of  Palermo,  tlie  most  ancient  customs  prevail.     There  is  a  Greek  colony  settled  there  for  over 

2000  years  who  still  speak  the  language  of  their  ancient  race.      Such  people  are  well   content  with  these  gaudy 

carts,  or  to  ride  over  the  mountains  on  horse,  or  muleback.     The  railroad  would  only  disturb  them.     They  do  not 

care  for  the  noise  and  hurr\-  of  modern  life.     On  market  days  and  Sundays  they  go  to  market  or  to  mass  with 

their  families  piled  pellmell  into  their  carts.     They  have  a  habit  of  living  idly  in  Sicily,  whether  it  is  the  air,  or  the 

luscious  fruits,  or  the  still  more  luscious  laziness.     Death  seems  to  wait  a  long  time  before  claiming  them,  so  you 

may   see   the    old   grandfather,    grandmother,    the  sturdy  sun-burned  father,  the  mother  as  hard-featured  as  her 

husband  owing  to  her  outdoor  life,  lovely  boys  and  girls  with  great  melting  brown  or  beaming   black  eyes,  and 

little  chubby  children,  overflov/ing  one  of  these  carts,  drawn  by  a  disconsolate  mule  that  looks  back  occasionally 

as  though  to  inquire  plaintively  why  some  of   them  do  not  die,  or  why  it  seems  to  be  considered  necessary  to 

have   such   large  families  for  poor  mules  to  draw.      But  they  are  a  contented  folk,  after  all,  in  their  Eden  of  an 

Island,  washed  by  the  blue,  golden  and  purple   waves  of   the   Mediterranean;   that  is,  if  you  do  not  interfere  in 

their  love  affairs,  then  look  out  for  the  dagger  with  which  they  are  especially  handy.     It  would  be  almost  a  pity 

to  break  in  upon  these  people  with  the  rush  and  rumble  of  our  noisy  existence. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Italy — Sicilian  Cart,  Transportation  Building. 


MINES    AND    MINING    BUILDING. 

The  Mines  and  Mining  Building  faces  tlie  grand  Central  Court  on  the  south,  the  Lagoon  on  the 
north,  the  Electricity  Building  on  the  east,  and  the  Transportation  Building  on  the  west.  It  is  700  feet  long, 
3^0  feet  wide  and  cost  ^265',ooo.  The  architecture  is  classic,  in  the  style  of  the  early  Italian  Renaissance; 
the  architect  is  S.  S.  Beman,  of  Chicago.  The  two  principal  entrances  are  at  the  northeast  and  the  southern 
end  of  the  building.  They  are  1 10  feet  high  and  richly  embellished  with  scenes  from  the  miner's  daily 
life.  Sculptured  there  with  picks  and  pans  in  hand,  they  prepare  us  for  the  amazing  mineral  treasures  we 
shall  find  within.  Entering,  we  pass  into  a  vestibule  eighty- eight  feet  high,  which  is  the  introduction  to  a 
gigantic  hall  700  feet  long,  3  5^0  feet  broad,  and  almost  a  hundred  feet  in  height.  The  roof  is  glass,  and 
permits  the  light  to  fall  in  an  unbroken  flood  upon  the  glittering  minerals  below.  To  the  right  and  left  of 
each  entrance,  broad  flights  of  stairs  lead  to  the  galleries,  which  are  twenty-five  feet  above  the  ground  and 
are  sixty  feet  in  width.  Over  one  million  and  a  half  pounds  of  steel  and  iron  were  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  building.  The  display  is  absolutely  bewildering;  coal  in  every  variety,  coke,  petroleum,  natural 
gas  form  one  group.  Marbles,  ornamental  stones  and  polished  leads  another.  Another  group  contains  speci- 
mens of  the  graphites  with  the  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  faience,  glass  bricks,  terra  cotta 
tiles  and  fire  brick.  Opals,  diamonds  and  topazes  also  abound.  One  of  the  exhibits  is  a  silver  statue .  of 
Ada  Rehan,  which  contains  ^40,000  worth  of  metal.  It  is  set  upon  a  solid  block  of  gold  weighing  1000 
pounds,  and  is  worth  #230,000.  Colorado  has  a  silver  statue  of  a  miner,  and  Louisiana  has  one  of  Lot's 
wife  made  of  salt.  A  tunnel  extends  beneath  the  building  from  east  to  west  in  the  interior  of  which, 
various  methods  used  in  mining  are  shown.  Many  foreign  nations  have  taken  part  in  the  display.  The. 
largest  exhibitors  among  the  states  are  Colorado,  Pennsylvania,  California,  Michigan,  Missouri,  and  Montana. 
The   name  of  the  building  and  the   supposed   nature  of  the   exhibits   it   contains  would   not    prepare    one    for 

the  splendor  of  the  spectacle  within ;  it  is  Alladin's  Cave  glorified. 

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Mines  and  Mining  Building. 


GENERAL  INTERIOR— MINES  AND  MINING  BUILDING. 

Whoever  enters  the  Mines  and  Mining  BuildinLi;  sees  the  skeleton  (:»f  the  world  Liid    bare    before  limi ;  the 

wealth  of  the  heart  of  our  ,^reat  nature-mother  is  on  every  side.     Of  course,  the  Uniied  States  are  m  tl  v.' lead  ;  a 

golden  globe,  on  a  shaft  of  porphyry,  hrst  attracts  us,  and  around  it  we  see  pillars,  between  each  pair  of  wliich 

there  is  a  pile  of  ore.     A  little  glimpse  within  shows  us  red  and  gray  sandstone,  in  massive  heaps;-  there  are  cases 

filled  with  specimens  of  virgin  gold  in  the  nugget,  as  found  in  gulclies,  and  in  the  wire,  witli  sih'er  and   copper 

ore  in  abundance.     Rciund  the  central  column  are  four  silwr-crowned  pagodas,  tilled  with    mineral    wealth;  tliis 

is  the    exhibit  of  Colorado.     Next  we  pass  by  a  square  pavilion,  with  a  silver    statue    within;  it    represents   the 

Goddess  of  Justice;  her  eyes  are  wide  open,  as  though  she  meant  to  be  hijiiest  in  her  judgments;  the  statue  stands 

on  a  golden  base,  and  is  one  of  tlie  most  imposing  features  in  this  building.     Grouped  around  this  central  hgure, 

we  see  a  great  x'ariety  of  copper  ore,  and  utensils  in  the  same  metal.     This  State  mined  more    copper    in   1892 

tlian  all  tlie  other  States  combined.     We  have  here  looked  f^eneatli  tiie   surface   of   the   soil    (jf   Montana.     In   a 

pavilion  with  white  pillars,  we  see  the  exhibit  of  Utah,  in  tiie  centre  of  which  we  see  a  large  pyramid  of  minerals 

with  a  statue  representing  Utah,  crowning  the  summit.     Huge  rough  blocks  of  ()re,  containing  from  1141')  ounces 

to  2^00  ounces  (jf  silver,  fcirm  an  interesting  feature.     Pennsvlx'ania,  the    great    coal    State,    shows  us    a  mighty 

pyramid  <.)f  the  dusky  diamond,  with  an  acting  model  of  a  coal-mine    Lind  breaker,  and    the  application  of  slate 

for   building   purposes.      Other   States   fall    m   line   with    most   interesting  exhibits,   showing   that   we   possess  a 

land  bosomed  and  boweled  with  inexhaustible  wealth.      Nations  the  most  opposite  in  characteristics,  elbow  one 

another  here.     France,  always    systematic,    sh(_)ws    minerals    and   the    methijds    of   treating    them.      New   South 

Wales  bares  her  glorious  bosom,  and  displays  a  treasure  of  gold  gems,  silver  and  copper.     Great  Britain    shows 

the  workings  of  her  mines,  somo   of    which  reach  deep  below    thi,'  surging  waters    of   the    sea;    and  Germany, 

ever  great,  sends  us  her  iron  and  steel,  and  contrasted  with  these  are  blocks  of  amf^er  from    the    Baltic    region, 

that  ancient  depository  of  the  precious  gum,  well  known  to  the  Romans, 

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General  Interior— Mines  and  Mining  Building. 


IDAHO— MINES   AND   MINING   BUILDING. 

This  picture  presents  a  very  excellent  view  of  the  Idaho  Exhibit  in  the  Mines  and  Mining  Building.  In  the 
foreground,  we  see  a  pile  of  sternbergite,  which  is  an  ore  producing  200  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton.  The  lower 
part  of  this  heap  is  galena,  which  gives  fifty-five  per  cent,  lead  and  thirty  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton.  Our  atten- 
tion is  next  attracted  by  some  very  rich  copper  ore,  to  the  right  of  the  picture.  This  is  from  the  Seven  Devils' 
country,  a  very  mountainous  region,  in  which  seven  distinct  peaks  tower  skyward.  It  is  so  difficult  of  access 
that  it  well  deserves  its  name.  The  copper  is  greenish  in  color,  but  the  ore  is  so  rich  that  forty-seven  per  cent, 
of  it  is  metal.  Near  by,  is  some  gold  ore  which  assays  ^28  to  the  ton.  Copper  and  silver  ores  abound  in 
this  exhibit;  but  Idaho  is  not  above  displaying  other  treasures  than  mineral,  for  in  the  background  of  the  picture 
we  see,  close  to  a  pile  of  extraordinarily  rich  copper  ore,  a  pyramid  of  pressed  brick ;  the  texture  of  these  bricks 
is  very  fine  and  speaks  well  for  the  clay  of  which  they  are  made.  The  silver  sulphites  in  this  exhibit  are 
probably  the  finest  in  the  building.  Many  will  be  greatly  surprised  to  learn  that  Idaho  also  produces  gems,  some 
of  them  of  great  value.  Four  different  kinds  of  opals  are  in  the  collection — milk',  fire,  water,  and  peacock  opals. 
The  milk  opal  is  of  translucent  whiteness,  while  the  fire  opal  burns  within  with  a  red  and  restless  spark  that 
seems  impatient  to  escape  its  prisonage.  The  water  opal  is  of  clouded  blue,  changing  to  purple,  while  the  peacock 
is  kindled  with  numerous  colors  that  vie  with  tlie  brilliant  plumage  of  the  bird  whose  name  they  bear. 
There  are  also  rubies  of  fine  quality  and  pigeon-blood  color  found  in  Idaho,  with  other  valuable  gems.  These 
treasures  may  be  seen  in  the  cases  to  the  left  of  the  picture,  and  are  said  to  be  the  most  valuable  found  in  the 
United  States.  The  pictures  on  the  walls  of  this  compartment  represent  the  mining  camps,  and  the  methods  of 
treating  the  ore  practised  in  Idalio,  and  also  some  charming  rural  scenes  in  that  wonderful  State.  There  are,  of 
course,  many  other  minerals  in  this  collection  which  we  cannot  name,  but  it  is  quite  safe  to  say  that  Idaho 
will  soon  rank  as  one  of  the  great  mining  States  of  the  Union,  for  her  mines   are    being    rapidly  developed  by 

eastern  capital,  and  the  returns  are  such  as  to  warrant  great  expectations  for  the  future. 

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Idaho — Mines  and  Mining  Building. 


WASHINGTON— MINES   AND   MINING   BUILDING. 

Statisticians  tell  us  that,  in  about  four  hundred  years,  the  coal  deposit  of  England  will  be  exhausted,  and 
that  the  inhabitants  of  Great  Britain  will  be  obliged  to  discover  some  new  material  for  forging  metals.  We 
may  have  thought  so  when  our  knowledge  was  not  sufficiently  matured,  but  these  exhibits  have  aided  greatly 
in  our  education.  Coal  seems  to  exist  everywhere  in  the  United  States,  and  here,  in  Washington,  we  see  it  of 
a  quality,  and,  we  are  told,  in  a  quantity  also,  to  rival  Pennsylvania.  Coal  and  iron,  in  close  proximity,  form 
the  secret  of  a  nation's  wealth.  They  have  been  the  backbone  of  England,  enabling  her  to  stand  up  against 
banded  powers,  in  war  and  in  peace.  !n  this  respect  Washington  is  wonderfully  fortunate;  her  iron  is  equal  to 
her  coal  and,  if  her  maps  are  to  be  trusted,  they  are  fortunately  contiguous.  Turning  from  the  backbone 
of  this  State,  we  begin  to  consider  her  veins  and  arteries.  Gold  and  silver  are  found  here  and,  while  the 
nuggets  are  not  very  large,  yet  the  ore,  with  its  dull  yellow  spots,  shows  that  it  cannot  be  other  than  well- 
paying.  The  silver  ore  is  arranged  in  huge  masses,  about  the  pavilion,  and  makes  us  remember  the  saying  in 
the  Bible  that,  in  the  days  of  Solomon,  silver  was  as  common  as  stones  in  the  streets  of  the  city  of  Jerusalem. 
Here  so  rich  is  the  ore,  that  the  stones  seem  to  be  of  silver.  The  earth  also  is  called  to  testify  to  the  wealth 
of  this  State;  piles  of  it  are  exhibited  to  show  how  it  is  used  in  the  making  of  bricks;  and  the  bricks  made 
of  it  are  certainly  sightly  and  good.  A  coating  for  roofs,  made  of  gilsonite,  is  said  to  be  better  than  slate,  and 
proves  impervious  to  the  weather.  A  huge  block  of  nickel,  about  half  the  size  of  a  freight  car,  seems  to  imply 
that  the  issue  of  hve-cent  pieces  is  based  on  a  very  solid  foundation.  The  saying  that,  "  not  all  that  glitters  is 
gold"  is  fully  proved  by  the  display  of  sulphites  here.  Though  they  are  valuable,  yet  their  glitter  is  greatly  out 
of  proportion  to  their  worth.  Sheets  of  mica,  some  of  them  very  large,  and  as  clear  as  glass,  are  in  this  exhibit. 
We  are  told  that  only  two  States  produce  this,  but  we  find,  on  examination,  that  at  least  ten  make  a  very 
creditable  showing   in   this   respect.     The  various  chemicals  for  treating   minerals  are  shown   and,  though   they 

may  be  a  puzzle  to  the  vast  majority,  we  must  respect  the  genius  to  which  they  owe  their  origin. 

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Washington — Mines  and  Mining  Building. 


WYOMING— MINES    AND    MINING    BUILDING. 

Of  course  there  is  gold  here;    it  seems  to  be  everywhere,  but,  as  poor   Croesus  had  his  till  of  it,  so  we, 

though  mucli  liking  the  minted  coin,  have  seen  about  enough  of   the  precious  metal.    We  turn   with  pleasure, 

and  a  sense  of  refreshment,  to  the  beautiful  moss-agates  in  this  exhibit.     Hov/  such  perfect  representations  of 

moss-lichen,  and  even  ferns,  could  ever  have  become  imprisoned  in  the  heart  of  this  beautiful  stone,  we  are  at 

a  loss  to  understand.    Some  of  these  agates  are  black,  with   red   spots,  such  as  are   found  near  Jerusalem,  in 

Palestine.    Some  poet,  or  fanciful  person,  has  started  the  belief  that  such  stone  as  this  was  at  the  foot   of  the 

cross  on  Calvary,  and  that  the  blood  of  Christ  falling  on  it,  produced  the  spots   of   red,  whereupon   all   black 

agates  immediately  sweated  blood,  hence  we  have  this  curiously  mottled  stone  before   us.     Petroleum  in  every 

form  is  exhibited,  from  the  thick  crude  oil  to  the  finest,  used  in  the  headlights  of  locomotives.    There  is   one 

fact  that  strikes  us  as  we  pass  this  display,  namely,  that  while  electricity  will  become,  in  fact  has  become,  the 

light  of  towns  and  cities,  petroleum  is  apt  to  continue  the  great  illuminator  of  the   farmhouses  of   the  land,  so 

we  look  at  this  collection  with  respect.      Hitherto,  we  have  seen  little  or  no  salt,  and  though  the  exhibit  is  not 

specially  attractive  to  the  eye,  we  feel   its  great  value.     If  there  were  not  salt  in  the  ocean,  it  would  become  a 

vast  fetid  horror,  for  into  it  flows  practically  the  drainage  of  the  world.    Salt,  then,  keeps  the  earth   sweet,  and 

we  are  glad  to  see  that  the  inland  States  are  not  lacking  in  this  useful  commodity.    We  view  also  a  number  of 

varieties  of  marble,  none   as  fine  as  the  marble   of    Pentelicus,  Carrara,  or   Paros,  but  quite  equal  to  that  of 

Tennessee.     It  is  of  various  colors;    one  is  so  much  like  onyx,  that  till  we  take  it  in  our  hand  and  notice  that 

it  is   not  translucent,  we   are  deceived.    Close   by  marble,   we  find  chalcedony,  which   looks  like  snow  when 

examined  through  slightly  smoked  glasses.    Though  a  very  hard  stone,  it  was   much   used   by  the   Indians  as 

material  for  arrow-heads.     Its  use  was  well  known  in  ancient  times,  for  we  find   it  mentioned  by  St.  John  in 

the  Revelations,  as  one  of  the  stones  among  the  gems  of  which  the  walls  of  Paradise  are  compacted.    Crystals 

of  soda,  known  as  criolite  to  the  geologist,  we  are  glad  to  see. 

218 


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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Wyoming— Mines  and  Mining  Building. 


CANADA— MINES    AND   MINING    BUILDING. 

When  a  government  clasps  hands  with  the  people  in  the  furtherance  of  a  great  Exposition,  it  is  sure  to 
be  a  success.  The  government  of  Canada  has  realized  this,  and  we  find  everywhere  her  overruling  and  helping 
hand.  Here  each  of  the  five  provinces  has  a  collection  of  minerals,  the  names  of  wliich  would  hll  a  fair-sized 
catalogue.  Among  these  are  several  specimens  of  uncut  gems,  such  as  onyx,  chrysolite,  agate,  chalcedony  and 
beryl.  The  rest  of  the  exhibit  is  of  an  intensely  practical  nature.  Bituminous  coal  is  shown  by  one  great 
railroad  company,  and  petroleum,  which  is,  in  its  nature,  a  first  cousin  of  the  dusky  stone,  is  shown  in  all  its 
forms.  The  salient  feature  of  the  exhibit  is  a  stone  sepulchre;  those  who  have  a  nervous  dread  of  being  "a 
brother  to  the  insensible  rock  and  to  the  sluggish  clod,  which  the  rude  swain  ploughs  with  his  share  and  treads 
upon,"  will  find  comfort  in  looking  at  this;  it  looks  as  though,  well-housed  in  it,  one  could  defy  decay,  and 
laugh  at  the  worms — those  grim  crumb-gatherers  under  humanity's  table.  Tlie  idea  is  not  new ;  in  old  Celtic 
graveyards,  we  find  stone  sepulchres,  such  as  this,  covered  with  those  inscriptions  so  full  of  "  hope  and  yet  of 
heart-break,"  common  to  all  who  mourn  their  dead.  Not  only  does  Canada  show  a  house  for  the  dead,  but 
the  houses  of  the  living  have  not  been  forgotten ;  such  building-stone  as  we  see  here  might  well  enter  into 
the  construction  of  palaces.  Granite,  red  and  gray,  freestone,  and  a  stone  much  resembling  our  serpentine,  are 
seen  and,  where  it  is  cut  in  blocks,  the  disposition  of  the  crystals  portends  durability.  We  also  find  prepared 
grains  of  grapliite,  and  the  mineral  prepared  in  every  method,  with  pig-iron,  asbestos,  and  clay ;  much  of  the 
latter  is  sufficiently  fine  for  the  use  of  the  potter.  To  some  of  us  who  are  taxpayers  and  live  in  great  cities, 
one  exhibit  is  especially  interesting,  that  of  paving-stone.  Some  of  the  contractors,  whose  pavements  have  to 
be  removed  every  few  years,  might  well  look  at  these  and  learn  what  paving  really  means.  As  we  wander 
among  the  rough  heaps  of  stone  and  ore  in  this  building,  it  is  very  hard  to  realize  how  much  of  our  comfort 
depends  upon  the  proper  manipulation  of  this  material.  The  whole  earth  is  for  our  use.  Light,  rain,  and  dew 
come  from  the  sky.     For  three  miles  above  us,  the  atmosphere  keeps  clear  the  current  of  breath. 

220 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Canada — Mines  and  Mining  Building. 


ELECTRICITY    BUILDING. 

The  Electricity  Building  fronts  south  on  the  Court  of  Honor,  north  on  the  lagoon,  east  on  the  Manufactures 
and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  and  west  on  the  Mines  and  Mining  Building.  It  is  one  of  the  richest  looking  structures 
on  the  grounds.  A  portico  runs  along  the  whole  southern  front.  It  is  360  by  690  feet,  and  covers  an  area  of 
five  and  one-half  acres.  Its  cost  was  ^401,000.  The  architects  were  Messrs.  Van  Brunt  and  Howe,  of  Kansas 
City.  While  the  area  is  five  and  one-half  acres,  the  floor  surface  devoted  to  exhibits  is  nearly  nine  acres.  The 
exterior  walls  are  composed  of  a  succession  of  Corinthian  pilasters,  three  feet,  six  inches  wide  and  forty-two 
feet  high.  They  rest  upon  a  stylobate  about  eight  feet  long.  The  general  plan  is  a  horizontal  nave  11^  feet 
wide  and  114  feet  high,  pierced  in  the  centre  by  a  transept  of  equal  proportions.  The  nave  and  transept  have  a 
pitched  roof  with  a  range  of  skylights  at  the  bottom  of  the  pitch,  while  the  roof  of  the  rest  of  the  building  is 
flat,  sixty-two  feet  in  height  and  also  provided  with  skylights.  From  without,  the  height  of  the  walls  is 
sixty-eight  feet.  Looking  from  the  roof  of  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  we  notice  a  tower  19^ 
feet  high.  The  north  pavilion  is  between  these.  The  second  story  has  a  number  of  galleries  connected  by  two 
bridges  and  reached  by  four  grand  staircases.  There  is  a  pavilion  at  each  of  the  four  corners  of  the  building, 
surmounted  by  open  towers  i6g  feet  high.  The  whole  is  constructed  to  secure  a  grand  illumination  at  night; 
24,000  incandescent  and  nearly  4000  arc  lights  are  employed  for  this  purpose.  Witlnin  the  building  v/ill  be  found 
the  exhibits  of  the  great  electrical  companies  of  this  and  many  foreign  countries.  On  the  highest  towers  are 
powerful  search-lights,  which  bathe  the  buildings  at  night  in  a  flood  of  noonday  radiance.  To  effect  the 
outdoor  illuminations,  8000  arc  lamps  of  2000  candle  power  and  about  130,000  incandescent  bulbs  of  sixteen 
candle  power  are  used.  But  not  all  the  electricity  used  in  lighting  the  grounds  is  stored  in  this  building. 
Machinery  and  devices  for  electric  lighting  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  Exposition,  and  many  of  them  are  really 
excellent.  The  Intermural  Railway  has  its  own  electric  motor  power.  The  greatest  spectacular  effect  probably 
is  created  by  the  flash-lights  in  the  tall  towers  on  the  grounds. 


Electricity  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


GENERAL    INTERIOR— ELECTRICITY    BUILDING. 

Before  us  stands  the  colossal  statue  of  Benjamin  Franklin ;  his  face  is  turned  upward,  his  hand  holding  the 
key  with  which  he  hrst  drew  electhcity  from  the  passing  cloud.  We  enter  the  building,  and  our  first  impression 
is  of  its  vastness,  for  here  are  buildings,  each  of  considerable  size,  witliin  it.  Before  us  is  a  Greek  temple 
resembling  the  Erechtheum  at  Athens,  guarded  by  two  winged  sphinxes,  reminiscences  of  ancient  Egypt.  We 
pass  up  the  steps,  and  enter  a  cool  hall,  on  the  sides  of  which  we  see  photographs  of  the  principal  telegraph 
buildings  of  the  world ;  the  wings  of  the  building  also  contain  an  exhibit ;  without,  is  a  pillared  court,  and  foun- 
tains on  either  side  lead  us,  for  a  moment,  to  forget  that  we  are  in  one  of  the  most  remarkable  buildings  of 
the  world.  Before  us  spreads  a  long  vista  of  machinery ;  to  the  left  is  an  electric  car,  complete  in  all  its 
appurtenances,  and  in  the  centre  is  a  brilliantly-lighted  revolving  pavilion  with  a  high  tower,  also  crowned  with 
a  globe  of  light.  The  two  ends  of  the  structure  are  ornamented  with  great  stars,  plaques  and  shields,  in  electric 
lights  that  scintillate  every  moment,  now  faint  and  dim,  now  brilliant  as  the  noonday  sun.  We  know  that 
everything  here  is  for  use,  and  that  the  dominating  idea  is  a  commercial  one,  yet  all  is  beautiful :  each  machine 
seems  to  be  tended  lovingly  by  affectionate  hands,  and  shines  with  gratification.  What  electricity  cannot  do 
would  be  easier  to  state  than  what  it  can  do.  We  feel  a  sense  of  uneasiness  in  moving  about;  great  staring 
eyes  are  watcliing  our  every  movement ;  they  are  only  lamps  for  railroad  engines,  in  many  different  colors, 
but,  like  the  eyes  in  some  portraits,  they  seem  to  follow  us.  Here  are  also  bnlliantly-lighted  electric  watches, 
and  binnacles  for  ships,  lighthouses  and  government  buildings,  and  near  by  are  electric  burners  of  all  kinds, 
from  the  tiny  globe  to  the  great  search-light.  Many  nations  are  competing  here;  we  must  realize  that  almost 
every  wheel  tinat  moves,  almost  every  light  that  burns,  is  a  challenge  from  one  nation  to  another.  What  a 
curious,  furious,  playful  giant  electricity  is !  Here  is  one  man  making  graceful  traceries  on  glass,  and  inscribin 
names    on    mugs  as   souvenirs  of    the    Fair,  while   another  is   explaining  a  mighty  engine,  used    for   controllin 

dredging  operations;  here  also  is  the  model  of  an  underground  system  of  electric  lighting. 

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.Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


General  Interior — Electricity  Building. 


UNITED    STATES— EXHIBIT    No.  i,    ELECTRICITY    BUILDING. 

One  of  tine  great  features  in  this  exliibit  is  a  two  tliousand  liglit  alternator,  one  of  the  underlying  principles 
of  which,  is  the  utilization  of  certain  elements  of  the  alternating  current,  by  virtue  of  which,  when  an  electrical 
conductor  carrying  a  current  of  this  kind  is  placed  in  proximity  to  another  conductor,  currents  are  produced  in 
the  second  conductor,  which  may  be  employed  for  producing  light  and  power.  The  dynamo  delivers  to  the 
primary  conductors  of  the  system,  alternating  currents  of  comparatively  high  pressure,  which  may  be  carried,  at 
a  small  cost  for  wire,  to  a  considerable  distance  from  the  source  of  supply.  The  transformers,  as  they  are  called, 
consist  of  two  coils  of  wire,  insulated  most  carefully  one  from  the  other;  a  core  or  magnetic  circuit  of  iron  is 
then  formed  by  building  up,  within  and  around  these  coils,  thin  sheets  of  soft  iron;  the  purpose  of  the  iron 
core  being  to  exalt  and  intensify  the  inductive  action,  which  would  occur,  though  in  a  less  degree,  in  the  coils 
themselves  without  the  iron.  One  of  these  coils  is  placed  in  connection  with  the  conductor  conveying  the  high 
pressure  current,  and  the  other  in  connection  with  the  circuit  of  the  incandescent  lamps.  Current  and  poten- 
tial indicators  come  next  in  order;  these  indicate  the  current's  power,  and  gauge  its  distribution,  while  the 
ground  detector  shows  the  amount  of  earth  that  gathers  on  the  outside  circuits.  Switch-boards  are  also  exhibited, 
having  a  central  fuse  placed  on  porcelain,  which  operates  to  open  the  circuit  of  the  machine,  on  the  occasion  of 
an  excess  of  current.  One  very  curious  device  is  a  lightning  arrester,  which  diverts  the  electric  flash  to  the 
earth,  and  thus  saves  the  machine.  The  machinery  for  incandescent  street  lighting  comes  next  in  order  for, 
though  the  arc  light  is  generally  used,  there  are  cases,  such  as  in  small  towns,  and  where  the  foliage  is  dense, 
when  this  system  may  be  used  to  advantage.  Fan  motors,  such  as  operate  the  fans  in  hotels  and  halls,  are 
here  open  to  examination,  as  are  also  sockets  for  street  lamps,  constant  current  arc  dynamos,  automatic  regulators 
and  commutators  represent  part  of  the  machinery  for  generating  power,  while  arc  lamps,  hanger-boards,  hoods 
and  weather-protectors  form  part  of  the  lighting  paraphernalia.    To  look  at  these  is  like  living  in  a  new  world, 

where  all  is  strange  and  weird,  for  over  these  machines  hover  life  and  death. 

226 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


United  States— Exhibit  No.  i,  Electricity  Building. 


UNITED    STATES— EXHIBIT    No.  2,  ELECTRICITY    BUILDING. 

Here  we  have  one  of  the  largest  single  exhibits  in  the  Exposition.  All  that  electricity  has  cione  is  shown 
in  this  display ;  the  secret  means  of  transmitting  power  lies  before  us.  We  see  inductive  coils,  and  converters 
of  the  latest  types,  with  direct  and  alternating  dynamos,  fitted  for  railroads  or  stationary  machinery.  Here, 
coiled  up  like  a  great  serpent,  lies  the  cable  through  which  electric  whispers  circle  round  the  world.  It  is  sur- 
prising to  think  that  forty  years  ago,  there  was  not  an  inch  of  such  cable  in  existence,  and  that  now  it  girdles 
the  planet  thrice.  Some  of  the  motors  that  we  gaze  on,  are  the  Jacks  of  all  trades  of  the  mechanical  world  ; 
some  of  the  large  organs  in  our  great  cities  are  furnished  power  by  them,  and  they  are  found  to  do  the  work 
better,  and  more  steadily  than  water-power  or  steam ;  they  are  applied  also  to  mining  plants,  printing-presses, 
wood-working  machinery  and  even  to  the  cutting  of  gems  by  lapidists.  When  it  is  understood  that  one  of 
these  motors  consists  of  thirty-six  parts,  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  great  care  must  be  observed  in  their  con- 
struction. The  motors  for  railroads  here  are. said  to  be  the  best  in  the  world;  they  have  wrought  a  revolution 
in  railroad  travel :  hardly  more  than  six  years  ago,  the  public  was  obliged,  in  large  cities,  to  travel  in  dirty,  slow- 
going  trams,  drawn  by  horses,  worn  out  and  shabby,  or  by  lazy  mules,  or  else  in  smoky,  dust-begrimed  cars; 
electricity  applied  to  street  car  travel  has  changed  all  this.  Now  some  of  the  more  enterprising  electric  street 
railway  companies  have  handsome  palace  cars,  fitted  up  luxuriously  with  cushioned  seats,  carpeted  floors,  and 
paneled  in  the  choicest  woods.  These  cars  are  propelled  by  electricity,  generated  at  a  central  station,  and  trans- 
mitted through  a  trolley-wire  running  parallel  between  the  tracks,  about  eighteen  feet  above  the  ground,  and 
carried  through  the  trolley  arm  of  the  car  into  the  motor,  which  is  situated  between  the  wheels  under  the  body 
of  the  car.  It  is  easily  controlled  by  a  lever  worked  by  tlie  motorman,  and  it  can  be  propelled  backward  or  for- 
ward at  a  rate  of  eighteen  to  twenty-five  miles  an  hour.  In  this  exhibit  we  also  find  every  appurtenance  for 
electric  lighting,  with   cut-out  boxes,   pole,    and   hoods,    and   special    weather-protectors.      They    are   fortunate, 

indeed,  who  looking  at  these  machines  and  devices,  are  able  to  uriderstand  their  mysteries. 

228 


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United  States— Exhibit  No.  2,  Electricity  Building. 


FRANCE -ELECTRlCiTY    DUILDING. 

If  there  is  anything  in  whicli  the  French  excel,  it  is  in  tliose  finer  phases  of  science  which  deal  with 
the  practical  use  of  electricity.  The  French  Exhibit  in  tlnis  building  is  not  very  large,  and  at  first  glance  would 
not  seem  to  be  very  interesting,  but  a  very  little  time  suffices  to  absorb  our  interest  and  hold  our  attention. 
Here  are  electric  search-lights,  said  to  be  the  finest  in  the  world,  though  Germany  contests  that  claim.  Around 
us  are  also  all  things  used  in  telegraphy:  wires,  cables,  keyboards,  and  a  complete  model  of  an  underground 
system.  The  secrets  of  the  speaking  wires  are  laid  bare,  that  all  may  see  and  wonder.  Those  plain  wires  so 
oddly  twisted  have  a  deep  meaning  for  the  intelligent  mind.  The  French  not  only  exhibit  their  progress  in 
using  electricity,  but  show  quite  a  library  of  volumes  on  the  subject.  It  is  evident  that  a  great  literature  on  the 
subject  has  grown  in  the  last  few  years.  The  application  of  electricity  to  the  plating  of  metals  forms  one  branch 
of  this  exhibit ;  spoons,  ladles,  rings  and  cups,  demonstrating  the  art,  are  shown  with  a  large  number  of  galvan- 
ized bronze  ornaments.  Perhaps  the  most  curious  use  to  which  electricity  is  put  is  in  its  application  to 
dentistry,  both  in  filling  and  in  extracting  teeth,  yet  so  thoroughly  has  this  giant  of  the  air  been  disciplined  that 
it  is  confidently  predicted  that  electric  dentistry  will  soon  be  general.  True  to  their  genius,  the  French  have 
also  applied  electricity  to  musical  instruments,  several  of  which  are  exhibited.  The  French  are  excellent  cooks,  as 
we  all  know,  and  it  is  hardly  to  be  wondered  at  that  they  have  trained  electricity  to  perform  the  duties  of  the 
kitchen.  In  the  gallery  of  this  building,  they  have  a  fine  exhibit  of  electric  cooking  apparatus.  The  French 
exhibit  is  in  the  centre  of  the  building,  occupying  two  blocks,  both  numbered  i6;  she  has,  however,  three  or 
four  other  exhibits  in  the  northwest  and  northwestern  bay  of  the  edifice.  Our  picture  represents  the  exhibit 
of  Lighthouse  lamps,  being  the  most  modern  of  their  kind.  One  is  said  to  be  of  200,000  candle-power,  the 
brightest  light  on  earth.  Looking  at  the  reflectors,  even  in  the  daytime,  one  cannot  help  admiring  the  ingenuily 
with  which  the  powerful  light  is  utilized.  The  application  of  electricity  to  surgery  and  therapeutics,  as  also  of 
the  electric  current  for  the  diagnosis  of  disease,  forms  a  special  feature  of  the  French  exhibit. 


Copyrighted  b'j  the  bond's  Columbian  Ex/josition. 


France — Electricity  Building. 


GERMANY— ELECTRICITY    BUILDING. 

Germany's  exhibit  in  this  building  is  as  various  as  her  genius  in  other  departments;  they  are  in  a  sort  of 
jumble,  however;  here  is  a  system  of  telegraphic  instruments  extending  from  the  infancy  of  the  art  to  the 
present  time;  surveying  instruments,  with  all  the  latest  improvements  form  an  excellent  showing,  and  electric 
watches,  that  can  be  consulted  as  well  by  night  as  by  day,  are  by  no  means  uninteresting.  We  hear  much  of 
the  logs  kept  by  seamen  as  to  the  distance  traveled,  and  also  the  latitude  and  longitude;  in  old  times  illiterate 
captains  pored  for  hours  over  their  books  trying  to  set  down  these  items;  now  electricity  has  stepped  in  to 
their  assistance,  and  they  can  call  this  force  to  their  aid.  Galvanic  batteries  and  physicians'  appliances  are  also 
here,  and  prove  that  if  (as  some  assert)  medicine  is  not  a  science  but  a  grand  system  of  guesswork,  it  has  at 
least  brought  science  to  its  aid  in  excellent  fashion.  An  electric  machine  for  testing  the  level  of  water  is  another 
curiosity,  and  serves  to  enhance  our  opinion  of  German  ingenuity.  These  are  only  instruments,  however;  the 
very  part  of  the  exhibit  that  the  careless  would  pass  by  without  notice,  is  in  some  respects  the  most  impor- 
tant. There  is  a  great  display  here  of  cables  and  transmitting  material,  cast  steel,  and  iron  wire,  as  also  of 
copper  and  bronze  for  telegraphs,  telephone,  and  electric  cables  with  fencing  wire  ropes,  steel  barb  fencing,  and 
galvanizers.  They  may  seem  of  little  moment,  but  without  them,  electricity  would  be,  as  far  as  its  service  to 
man  is  concerned,  a  giant  without  arms.  But,  if  the  lightnings  of  the  heavens  have  been  put  to  use,  they  must 
also  be  restrained  from  doing  damage  to  man,  so  we  find  here  lightning-rods  for  vessels  as  well  as  other 
structures,  not  differing  essentially  from  our  own,  but  all  warranted  to  hold  at  bay  the  tyrant  of  the  sky,  and 
balk  his  evil  intentions.  To  those  who  are  slow  at  figures,  an  electric  reckoning-machine  would  be  a  great 
boon.  We  find  one  here  which,  in  the  truest  sense,  is  a  lightning  calculator  that  keeps  pace  with  the  swiftest 
mind  on  earth.  Of  course  there  are  motors  here,  too  many  to  describe,  but  a  more  interesting  exhibit  is  made 
of  electnc  street  cars,  which  are  run  from  Lauffen  to  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  a  distance  of   12 tr  miles,  said  to  be 

the  longest  stretch  of  electric  transmission  power  in  the  world. 

2^2 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Germany— Electricity  Building. 


GREAT    BRITAIN— GENERAL    VIEW,    ELECTRICITY    BUILDING. 

Great  Britain  appeals  to  our  attention  in  a  very  different  manner  from  tliat  of  Germany.  There  is  nothing 
noisy,  nothing  massive  here.  All  is  suggestive,  telling  the  story  of  what  might  be,  rather  than  what  is.  The 
first  thing  we  notice  is  an  electric  speaking  apparatus,  intendecl  to  take  the  place  of  the  telephone,  with  no 
batteries  or  electric  calls,  but  a  system  of  tubes,  through  which  a  natural  and  intelligible  conversation  may  be 
conducted  for  a  great  distance.  Another  invention  may  be  very  valuable.  It  consists  of  a  pneumatic  sluice  valve 
which  enables  carriers  to  be  dispatched  to  any  part  of  a  large  building,  without  stopping  the  flow  of  air,  thus 
greatly  increasing  their  capacity  for  work.  One  firm  shows  switches  and  switch-boards,  which  are  intended 
for  use  in  central  station  work,  or  where  several  dynamos  are  to  be  run  together,  and  are  so  constructed  that 
any  dynamo  can  be  run  to  any  circuit,  without  interference  with  the  lights;  the  leads  from  the  dynamo  enter 
at  the  bottom  row  of  binding-posts,  and  tlie  lines  are  also  connected  with  the  top  row  of  posts;  by  use  of 
the  transfer-pins  which  accompany  each  switch-board,  any  test  can  be  made  either  for  current  or  electro  motive 
force,  or  even  for  leakage,  without  in  any  way  breaking  the  force  of  the  circuit.  One  very  useful  invention  is 
the  electric  heater  seen  here;  the  inventor  feels  sure  that  the  time  will  soon  come  when  houses  and  whole 
streets  will  be,  not  only  lighted,  but  also  heated  with  electricity;  when  furnaces,  stoves  and  steam  heaters  will 
be  dispensed  with,  and  we  shall  enjoy  the  luxury  of  houses  free  from  coal  dust,  and  the  unpleasant  effluvia  of 
steam.  We  hope  the  time  will  soon  come,  and  we  feel  very  kindly  to  this  machine,  that  may  help  to  bring  it 
about.  But  that  on  which  Great  Britain  particularly  prides  herself  is  her  system  of  telegraphy ;  she  exhibits 
telegraphic  apparatus  dating  from  1837,  the  year  of  Victoria's  coronation,  including  the  first  specimen  of  under- 
ground work  practically  used ;  early  five  and  double  needle  instruments,  with  a  series  of  improvements,  were 
gradually  adopted.  This  is  a  most  instructive  display,  and  shows  that  the  work  of  our  countryman,  Morse,  was 
not  only  appreciated  in  England,  but  caught  up  and  improved  upon  in   a   marvelous   manner.      Those  who  call 

Englishmen  slow,  may  learn  something  from  the  mother  country  yet  in  this  exhibit  here  in  America. 

234 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Great  Britain— General  View,  Electricity  Building. 


GREAT  BRITAIN— COMBINED    ENGINE    AND    DYNAMO,    ELECTRICITY    BUILDING. 

American  engineers  and  mechanics  lead  tine  world   in   most   things,  but  in   the  construction   of   machines 

such  as  this,  we  are  unfortunately  far  behind.     The  real  cause  for  this   is   probably  due   to   the   limited   market 

found  here,  and  not  to  the  dullness  or  incapacity  of  our  mechanics.     Large  and  relatively  slow-speed  generators, 

coupled   to    vertical    compound    engines   of  several    hundred    horse-power,    are   the    general    European    practice. 

European  capitalists  are  satisfied  with  smaller  and  slower  returns  for  their  investments,  and  are  contented  with 

slow-speed  engines,  which  are  alone  possible  to  the  prevailing  forms  of  construction  there.     This  is  a  fast  country, 

rush  and  hurry  govern  our  lives;    we  get  off  at  a  railway  station,  and  eat  a   meal   in   five   minutes   that  would 

take  a  European  an  hour  to  masticate,  and  everything  else  is  in   proportion.     Our   running   machinery   must  be 

faster  running,  and  take  up  less   space,  and   produce   greater   results,  for   every  dollar  expended.     A  slow-speed 

generator,  or  dynamo,  must  be  looked  upon  with  great  favor  by  lighting  and  railway  companies  in  this  country. 

Every  transformation  or  transmission  of  energy  is  a  loss  of  money,  and  it  is   consequent   that  when    the   crank 

shaft  of  the  engine  is  the  armature  shaft  of  the  dynamo,  the  loss  is  greatly  minimized.    The   normal    resistance 

of  an  armature  is  strictly  torsional,  and  the  difference  v/ill   be  quickly  appreciated   between   the   power   required 

when   spinning  it    by  the   end,  against   that   required   to   drive   it  under  the  transverse  strain  of   a    heavy  belt. 

Space  is  also  saved;    fully  twice  as   much   generating  capacity,  with   like   accessibility  and   convenience,  can  be 

gotten  into  a  given  floor  space,  with  a  coupled  dynamo,  as   compared   with    a  direct   belted   generator.     In   the 

item  of  attendance  and  maintenance,  the  coupled  generator   possesses  evident  advantages  in  eliminating  the   belt 

account  wholly,  and  largely  reducing  the  oil  and  waste  account.     The  humming  noise  consequent  upon  the  use 

of   belting   is  entirely  absent;  in   fact,  the  comfort  of   operation,  as  well   as  the   economy  in   expenditure,  alike 

recommend  it.    The  attention  paid  to  this  engine  by  those  who  visit  the  Fair,  and  are  of   a  mechanical  turn  of 

mind,  is  the  best  testimonial  to  its  value,  and  -we  shall  see  as  a  result  its  larger  adoption  throughout  the  country. 

It  is  an  urgent  orator,  whose  voice  we  must  hear,  if  we  would  hold  the  sceptre  in  this  line. 

236 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

Great  Britain— Combined  Engine  and  Dynamo,  Electricity  Building. 


LOOKING    SOUTH    FROM    WOODED    ISLAND. 

This  picture  is  tal<en  from  the  southern  end  of  the  Wooded  Island.  It  shows  the  Mines  and  Mining 
Building  to  the  right,  the  Electricity  Building  to  the  left,  and  in  the  back-ground  the  great  Administration 
Building.  It  is  one  of  the  most  profusely  decorated  with  sculpture  on  the  grounds.  The  works,  which  are 
nearly  all  allegorical,  are  by  Carl  Bitter,  of  New  York.  The  key  to  his  method  of  decoration  is  as  follows: 
On  either  side  of  the  four  great  entrances  are  four  huge  groups  representing  the  elements  in  their  natural  state, 
and  as  governed  and  controlled  by  man.  On  the  pavilions  at  the  four  corners  are  personifications  of  the 
qualities  necessary  for  the  production  and  maintenance  of  a  robust  nation,  such  as  heroism,  religion,  and 
mdependence;  around  the  base  of  the  Rotunda  are  allegories  of  abstract  ideas  such  as  strength,  abundance, 
diligence,  and  at  tlie  base  of  the  dome  are  eight  groups  representing  commerce,  art,  science,  justice,  theology, 
peace,  war  and  industry;  in  fact  all  the  occupations  of  mankind.  Each  figure  has  some  emblem  connected  with 
it  which  explains  the  sculptor's  motive.  In  front  of  the  east  entrance  is  a  gigantic  statue  of  Columbus  on  a  pedestal 
fourteen  feet  high.  Part  of  it  is  the  work  of  Louis  St.  Gaudens,  brother  of  the  great  sculptor.  He  could  not 
finish  it,  so  a  pupil  of  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  Miss  Mary  Lawrence,  took  up  the  task,  which  was  no  light  matter. 
In  the  right  hand  of  the  figure  tlie  standard  of  Castile  and  Arragon  is  uplifted,  reminding  one  of  the  inscription 
on  his  monument:  .. t   ^    ^-i      ,  , 

lo  Castile  and  Leon 
Columbus  gave  a  New  World." 

In  his  left  hand   the  great  Admiral   holds   his  sword  pointing  downward ;    there   is   a   careworn  look  upon  the 

face,   from  which   any  expression   of  triumpli   is   utterly  absent.     The   moment   is   chosen  when  Columbus  first 

stepped  on  shore  and  took  possession  of  the  new  world  in  the  name  of  the  Spanish  sovereigns,  Ferdinand  and 

Isabella.    The  pose   is  admirable  and   the  whole   conception   of  the   figure  excellent.    The   effect  of   the  armor 

upon  the  figure  is  also  unusually  good,  presenting  Columbus  in  a  naval  aspect,  which  impresses  upon  the  mind 

the  life-work  of  the  mariner,  whose  persistency  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  new  world. 

238 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Looking  South  from  Wooded  Island. 


BOONE  AND  CROCKET  CLUB. 

At  the  southern  end  of  the  Wooded  Island  there  is  a  structure  that  stands  in  strange  comparison  with 
the  magnificent  buildings  in  Jackson  Park.  It  is  a  plain  log-cabin  of  the  olden  time,  such  as  the  western 
pioneers  occupied  in  the  dewy  day-spring  of  this  nation's  history.  It  seems  scarcely  possible  that  the  near 
descendants  of  these  men  are  tine  architects  and  builders  of  the  palaces  around  us.  But  such  is  the  fact.  If,  as 
Bryant  says,  "the  woods  were  God's  first  temples,"  surely  these  log  huts  were  tlie  first  temples  of  civilization 
in  this  country.  The  rough  logs  laid  one  on  top  of  the  other,  with  their  rude  hewn  ends  protruding,  the 
wide  log  chimneys  and  the  little  holes  for  windows,  are  still  familiar  objects  to  many  of  our  older  men, 
and  this  rude  structure  will  warm  their  hearts  with  old-time  reminiscence.  Many  of  our  Presidents  were  born 
in  houses  such  as  this,  and  proved  to  be  good,  brave  men.  Such  was  the  birthplace  of  Abraham  Lincoln;  even 
a  rude  dwelling  was  his  home;  and  Benjamin  Harrison,  though  of  Illinois  lineage,  first  saw  the  light  in  a 
residence  very  little  better.  How  many  a  fierce  hght  against  savage  Indians  these  cabins  have  withstood!  Like 
little  castles  they  dotted  the  almost  primeval  wilderness,  and  sheltered  all  that  were  dear  to  the  sturdy  pioneer. 
What  privations  our  fathers  and  mothers  underwent  in  their  heroic  efforts  to  lay  the  foundations  of  this  great 
Republic  strong  and  hrm!  This  is  a  very  humble  building,  but  every  log  in  it  has  a  special  eloquence.  Within, 
all  is  plain,  as  befits  the  home  of  a  hardy  pioneer.  These  cabins  have  been  the  houses  of  the  best  blood  of 
the  West,  we  might  even  say  of  the  whole  earth.  Andrew  Jackson,  Polk,  Zachary  Taylor,  Millard  Fillmore, 
Andrew  Johnson,  and  many  eminent  men  were  born  in  log  huts.  The  free  life  in  the  open  air,  the  simple  food 
and  simple  habits  thus  engendered  made  them  strong  in  their  country's  need.    Whittier  says  in  one  of  his  lovely 

'  "  We  thank  thee  for  the  strength  of  the  hills,  our  God,  our  fathers'  God  ; 

Thou  hast  made  us  great  and  mighty  by  the  touch  of  the  mountain  sod." 

And  we   may  say  by  the   life  of  the  log-cabin,  for  from   these  rugged  cradles  have  risen  the  great  and  mighty 

of   our    land,  who   have   been    our    statesmen    and    rulers. 

240 


Boone  and   Crocket  Club. 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


HO-O-DEN    PALACE. 

It  is  no  mean  compliment  to  France  to  call  the  Japanese,  "the  Frenchmen  of  the  East."  Their  good  taste 
and  exquisite  skill  are  equalled  only  by  their  generosity,  for  they  have  presented  to  Chicago  the  most  unique 
structure  on  the  grounds.  How  the  years  roll  back  as  we  gaze  upon  the  Ho-o-den  Temple  on  the  wooded 
island !  It  is  on  the  north  end,  directly  opposite  the  Horticultural  Building,  and  cost  ^100,000  to  erect.  The 
grounds  around  it  have  been  arranged  to  represent  a  Japanese  landscape,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  The  buildings, 
of  which  these  are  a  reproduction,  date  from  the  pre-Columbian  Era.  The  central  building  is  intended  to  repre- 
sent the  Kin-kakuji  of  Kioto ;  the  name  means  the  golden  pavilion.  It  is  constructed  of  white  cedar,  with 
portcullis  of  split  bamboo,  which  when  let  down  reaches  half  way  to  the  ground;  when  raised,  it  enables  one 
to  obtain  a  good  view  of  the  interior,  v/hich  is  magnificently  gilded,  and  covered  with  grotesque  figures,  rich  in 
varied  hues.  The  glorious  bird  pieces  over  the  door  are  carved  in  high  relief,  the  work  being  similar  on  both 
sides.  The  coloring  is  indescribably  beautiful.  The  furniture  within  is  eight  hundred  years  old,  and  was  sent 
here  by  the  Japanese  Government.  The  rooms  of  the  building  are  not  crowded,  but,  following  the  Japanese 
custom,  each  interesting  article  is  placed  upon  a  stand.  Bright  flowers,  in  elaborate  pots,  accentuate  the  Japanese 
taste  for  floriculture ;  the  most  noticeable  are  cherry  and  plum  tree  blossoms,  dear  to  Japanese  poetry,  and  many 
varieties  of  the  chrysanthemum.  The  floors  are  covered  with  the  most  delicately  beautiful  mats.  The  partitions 
are  of  woven  bamboo,  hung  with  mats,  or  covered  with  richly  colored  paper.  The  ceiling  is  in  imitation  of  tile 
work.  This  central  building  is  connected  with  two  others  by  loakas,  or  open-pillared  passages.  To  gain  a 
view  of  the  interior,  we  ascend  a  wooden  platform ;  the  building  to  the  right  represents  the  Ho-o-do,  or  Japa- 
nese Phoenix,  a  bird  which  often  appears  in  the  folk-lore  of  that  country.  The  principal  objects  of  interest  in 
this  building  are  the  tapestries  and  painted  mats,  with  many  odd  standing-lamps;  large  musical  instruments 
stand  against  the  wall ;    the   largest,  which   represents   our  bass  viol,  is   called   biwa,  and   the   smaller  stringed 

instruments  are  named  koto.     In  the  other  building  there  is  a  collection  of  highly  polished  kitchen  utensils. 

242 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Ho=o=den  Palace. 


JAPANESE    TEA-GARDEN. 

There  is  something  eminently  lovable  in  the  Japanese  character,  and  the  nation  seems  daily  to  be  drawn 

into  closer  association  with  our  own.      \n   this  great    Fair,  Japan   has   some   wonderful   exhibits.      All   speak  in 

praise   of  her  Ho-o-den  Temple  on  the  Wooded  Island,  which  she   has  presented  to    the  city  of   Chicago.      Her 

landscape    gardening  is    interesting   and    delightful ;   her    display   of   silks,    sacques,    pictures,    wall-papers    and 

jewels,  in  the   Manufactures   and    Liberal   Arts    Building,  bears    favorable   comparison  with    those  of   her  mighty 

neighbors.     Our  picture  shows  us  how  the  Japanese  takes  his  ease,  for  he  is  very  fond  of  quiet  pleasure,  and 

may  be  fittingly  called  the  Frenchman  of  the  Orient.     This  picture  represents  a  Japanese  tea-house,  where  tea 

in   small   china   shells   is   sold.     The   building   is   not    necessarily  either  beautiful   or  substantial,  but  it  answers 

many  practical   purposes,  and,  when   lighted   up  with   many  colored   paper  lanterns  at  night,  is  very  attractive. 

Along  the  roads  in  Japan,  many  such  places  may  be  seen.     In  that  country  with  no  railroads  and  comparatively 

few  horses,  where   the  jinrikisha,  or  man-carriage,  is   a   usual    mode  of   travel,  and  where   multitudes   go   long 

distances  on  foot,  men  are  very  glad  to  stay  for  a   time  in  these   hospitable  places,  and  drink  the  fragrant  tea. 

It  is  served  by  young  girls  chosen  for  their  good  looks.     They  are  expected  to  be  able  to  dance  and  play,  and 

make  themselves  agreeable  to  customers.     A  girl  who   has   had   a  good  training   in   one  of  these  tea-houses  is 

supposed  to  make  the  best  wife,  so  that  they  are  eagerly  sought  after;    but  as  the   proprietor  often   purchases 

them   from   their   parents   for   a   term   of   years,  they  cannot   marry  until  the  time   is   up,  or  his  permission   is 

secured.    A  curious   feature  of  these  tea-houses  is  the  number  of  old  straw  shoes  one  sees  scattered  in  every 

direction.    The  Japanese  uses  them  in  traveling,  and  carries  a  bundle  of  them  with  him.    As  fast  as  one  pair 

wears  out,  another  is   donned,  so   that  he  manages  to  keep  well  shod  all  the  time.     He  considers  these  shoes 

the  most  comfortable  for  all   purposes.     The  welcome   one   receives  at  these  tea-houses  is  of  the  most  hearty 

character.     Fair  young  maidens  meet  you  at  the  door,  bowing  low  and  smiling  cordially.    The  proprietor  bustles 

about  to  make  you  comfortable,  and  an  atmosphere  of  general  affability  prevails. 

244 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Japanese  Tea=Qarden. 


HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Horticultural  Hall  is  the  first  separate  building  ever  erected  in  an  Exposition  for  purposes  of  Horticultural 
display.  All  over  Jackson  Park  you  may  see  proofs  of  the  efficient  work  that  has  been  accomplished  by  this 
department.  The  building  faces  the  large  lagoon  immediately  south  of  the  entrance  to  the  Park  from  the 
Midway  Plaisance.  A  magnificent  terrace  covered  with  a  bewildering  profusion  of  flowers  is  in  front  of  the 
building,  and  there  are  also  tanks  for  aquatic  plants.  The  terrace  is  buttressed  by  a  long  stone  wall  which 
comes  sheer  out  to  the  water  and  has  a  boat-landing  in  the  centre.  The  building  itself  is  2  5'o  by  298  feet  and 
has  eight  greenhouses,  24  by  100  feet  each.  The  entire  area  covered  is  over  five  acres.  The  structure  is  1000 
feet  long  with  a  width  of  286  feet,  and  cost  ;^4oo,ooo.  The  exterior  of  the  building  is  of  buff  stucco  or  staff, 
and  has  a  very  rich  appearance.  The  edifice  is  in  the  form  of  three  pavilions,  one  central  and  one  at  each 
end.  The  end  pavilions  are  connected  with  the  centre  by  double  curtains,  which  form  two  interior  courts, 
richly  tinted  and  filled  with  shrubs  and  flowers  The  great  dome  is  of  crystal,  a  wonder  of  workmanship,  and 
rises  113  feet.  It  is  187  feet  in  diameter.  There  are  cafes  in  the  galleries  surrounded  by  an  arcade  on  three 
sides  from  which  beautiful  views  of  the  Exposition  may  be  obtained.  One  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  building  is 
that  the  rear  of  the  glass  roof  is  much  lower  than  in  front.  This  was  done  to  accommodate  those  plants  which 
need  a  great  deal  of  sunlight  and  require  some  heat  also.  The  exhibits  in  this  building  are  the  most  won- 
derful the  world  ever  saw.  Nearly  every  state  in  the  Union  has  contributed  liberally.  California  has  a 
duplicate  exhibit  of  all  the  fruits  displayed  in  her  State  building.  All  the  great  fruit-growing  States  are  represented, 
and  many  of  the  nations  of  Europe  and  Asia,  as  well  as  Australia,  have  fine  displays.  The  flower  show  is 
equally  wonderful.  In  the  centre  of  the  building,  under  the  huge  crystal  dome,  is  a  great  pyramid  of  shrub- 
bery, palms,  ferns  and  bamboos  reaching  to  a  vast  height.  A  large  part  of  the  out-door  display  of  flowers  and 
shrubbery  should   be  set  down   to  the  credit  of  this  department.     The  management  has  been  indefatigable  in 

supplying  the  grounds  with  flowers  and  plants,  and  all  seem  to  thrive  in  the  air  of  Jackson  Park. 

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Horticultural  Building. 


EAST    ENTRANCE    HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

The  eastern  portal  of  tlie  Horticultural  Building  presents  a  square  front,  with  subvenino-  arcli.  On  one  side, 
we  see  a  statue  in  relief  of  a  man  with  a  spade  about  to  upturn  the  soil,  and  prepare  it  for  seed;  on  the  other, 
a  woman  with  a  pitcher  stands  ready  to  pour  water  on  the  thirsty  ground;  the  face  of  the  woman  is  turned 
toward  the  man,  and  she  looks  as  though  eager  to  let  no  moment  slip  without  aiding  him  in  his  task.  The  pillars 
are  ornamented  with  vines,  fruits  and  flowers  done  in  relief,  and  so  prettily  wreathed,  as  to  form  a  continuous 
pattern.  The  character  of  this  building  is  emphasized  by  two  statues,  one  carrying  a  basket  heaped  to  the  brim 
with  fruit,  and  the  other  holding  a  grape-vine  heavy  with  clusters.  An  interesting  group  is  seen  on  either  side 
of  the  portal ;  in  one,  there  are  three  recumbent  female  figures  and  a  child,  with  the  standing  figure  of  a  man 
scattering  flowers  upon  them ;  the  attitude  of  the  man  is  especially  graceful,  and  the  repose  of  the  other  figures, 
added  to  the  evident  delight  of  the  child  at  the  snow  of  falling  petals,  makes  a  pretty  picture  in  plaster.  The  other 
group  consists  of  two  female  figures  and  two  children,  represented  as  sleeping,  while  an  angel  stands  over  them 
with  robe  spread  out,  to  shield  their  faces  from  the  sun ;  this  should  represent  Peace.  Among  all  the  decorations, 
we  looked  in  vain  for  the  figure  of  Abel,  who  was  the  first  to  offer  fruits  and  flowers  upon  the  altar  of 
worship,  and  therefore  the  hrst  to  show  his  sense  of  the  real  value  of  these  lovely  gifts  to  man.  Througli  this 
portal,  we  can  just  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  mighty  pyramid  of  gleaming  green  and  flashing  scarlet  beneath  the 
great  dome,  and  an  odor,  as  from  the  breath  of  myriad  roses  and  lilies,  steals  out  to  us ;  the  air  is  drowsy 
with  the  perfume,  and  we  do  not  marvel  that  the  statues  here  are  pictured  as  being  asleep.  We  turn  away  for 
a  moment,  and  before  us  the  silver  water  looks  like  a  great  mirror  decorated  with  patterns  of  lotus  and  water- 
lilies;  one  great  pink  blossom  drifts  slowly  about  among  the  great  green  leaves,  all  the  sweeter  for  its  lone- 
liness. With  slow,  reluctant  steps  we  move  away,  carrying  with  us  another  of  those  fadeless  mind-pictures 
that  make  up  the  true   charm  of  life,  and  give  to   many  a   dull   hour  the  brightness   born  of   other   days  and 

other  scenes,  when  dullness  was  a  dream,  and  ennui  was  an  unknown  horror. 

248 


CALIFORNIA— HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

We  have  before  us  in  this  exhibit,  a  great  golden  pyramid  of  oranges ;  it  reaches  clear  to  the  ceiling 
of  the  room,  and  is  composed  of  13,783  luscious  specimens.  California  has  not  forgotten  to  pay  her  respects  to 
the  early  Franciscan  Fathers  who  first  introduced  systematic  fruit-culture  into  the  State.  The  missions  are 
deserted,  and  have  mostly  crumbled  into  decay,  but  the  v/ork  of  these  self-sacritlcing  men  still  lives  on  to  bless 
the  State  and  the  nation.  One  monument  is  a  tree,  around  which  a  great  grape-vine,  heavy  with  ripened  fruit, 
is  clinging,  while  flowers  and  ferns  ornament  the  base ;  inside  the  tree  is  a  large  room  filled  with  the  products 
of  the  vine.  Two  great  rooms  are  devoted  to  the  fruit  display;  the  oranges  and  lemons  are  arranged  in  very 
attractive  forms.  The  counties  of  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino  are  the  largest  exhibitors.  One  pyramid  of 
lemons  forms,  with  its  light  yellow  globes,  a  beautiful  contrast  to  the  deeper  tone  of  the  oranges.  The  familiar 
Liberty  Bell  is  here  also,  covered  with  oranges,  and  showing  to  perfection  the  well-known  crack.  Grapes  of 
every  shade  of  color,  and  varying  from  the  long  globular  fruit  of  the  Mediterranean  vines,  to  the  rounder 
Concord  or  Delaware  types,  are  about  us  like  dreams  of  wines  and  sweetness,  and  as  usual  in  such  exhibits, 
hundreds  of  glass  jars  sliow  huge  pears,  apples,  peaches  and  apricots,  looking  as  though  bathed  in  sunlight. 
Huge  specimens  of  grape-fruit,  the  product  of  California  contrasted  with  that  of  many  other  countries,  are  seen 
in  this  room ;  the  whole  exhibit  is  characterized  by  excellent  taste.  Palms  spread  their  feathery  fronds  every- 
where, and  other  tropical  plants  lend  charm  and  color  to  the  scene.  We  feel  as  though  we  had  opened  the 
gates  of  Fairyland,  and  were  wandering  through  its  gorgeous  scenes.  We  think  of  that  little  boy  in  London 
who  had  never  seen  an  orchard,  and  who  picked  up  an  apple  in  the  gutter,  a  great  prize  for  a  little  street  Arab 
to  find.  He  had  a  companion  with  him,  who  looked  wistfully  at  the  partially  decaying  fruit,  and  handed  it  to 
him  to  take  a  bite.  The  little  fellow  took  a  very  small  one,  whereon  the  other  said,  "  Bite  bigger,  Billy  1 
bigger !"  and  forced  him  to  do  so,  a  piece  of  self-sacrifice  that  few  of  us,  looking  at  this  wealth  of  golden   fruit, 

can  appreciate.     May  the  time  come  when  every  one  of  God's  creatures  will  be  able  to  enjoy  these  gifts  I 

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FLORIDA— HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING. 

At  the  entrance  to  the  Florida  pavilion,  we  find   a  great  and  very  beautiful   arch   of  oranges  which,  the 

exhibitors  claim,  are  the  finest  in  the  world.    They  are  of  the  golden  russet  variety,  and  not   so   large  as  those 

of  California.    The   other  exhibits   of   this   State  are   of  grape-fruit,  and   many  preserved   fruits   in  jars.     Great 

bunches  of  bananas — a  fruit  not  often  seen  in  the  Fair— adorn  the  Florida  bootli.     Looking  at  the  jars,  we  find 

olives,  some  resembling  the  queen ;  and  others,  the  little  manzanilia  variety,  can   be  grown  to  perfection   in  this 

State,   and    limes   of  equal   excellence,   with   pine-apples    and   lemons,  appear   in   the   collection.     The   delightful 

climate  of  Florida  is  very  favorable  to  the  production   of  deliciously  flavored   fruit,  and  the   orchard   industry  is 

rapidly  growing.     There  was  a  time,  only  a  few  years   ago,  when    the  winter  visitor   from   the   North,  whether 

invalid,  or  seeking  rest  and  pleasure,  was  regaled  in  this  land  of  eternal  spring  and   flowers,  with   canned    fruit 

and  vegetables;    the  sweet  corn  would  bear  the  brand  of  some  manufacturer  in  Maine;   the  peaches  came  either 

from    Delaware   or    Pennsylvania,  and   even   the   butter    was    brought   from   other  States.      Now  all  is  changed; 

whoever  seeks  those  hospitable  shores  will  find  abundance  of  those  native  products  on  the  tables,  and  fruits  such 

as  make  the  mouth  water  even  to  remember.     The  riches  of  Florida  do  not  consist  in  fruit  and  table  vegetables 

alone,    for   she   has    abundance    of    flax,    cotton,    rice,   sugar-cane,    arrowroi^t,   hemp,   and    even    the    cocoanut 

flourishes  here.     But  her  crowning  glory  is  her  exquisite  tobacco;   even  Cuba  may  look  out  for  her  laurels  here, 

and  the  Florida  cigars  are  bringing  into  the  State  much  of  the  wealth  that   once   went   to   other    markets.     The 

word  Florida  means,  "the  land   of  flowers,"  and   her  gem-starred    fields   make   the    name    appropriate.     When 

Ponce  de  Leon  landed  that  Easter  Sunday,  in  i5'i2,  he  thought  he  had  discovered  the  land  in  which  existed  the 

fabled   fountain,  if  one  drank   the  water  of  which,  he   would   be    perpetually  young.     Though  he  failed  in  his 

attempt,  he  little  thought  how  many  weary  and  sick  men  and  women   would    find    health   and    strength  within 

her    borders,   and   go    thence   blessing   the    Creator    of   this   later   Eden,   rich   in    golden   fruit,   washed    by  the 

impetuous  sea,  floored  with  flowers,  and  ceiled  with  a  sky  bluer  than  that  of  Italy. 

252 


Copyrighted  by  the   Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Florida — Horticultural  Building. 


IDAHO— HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING. 

Fruit,  fruit,  fruit,  from   prairie  land   and  land  of   swelling  hills,  is  here  from  far  Idaho,  the  "  Gem  of  the 

Mountains,"  as  she  loves  to  call  herself.     What  huge  fruit  it  is  tool — apples  weighing  nine  pounds,  and  several 

feet  in   circumference ;   pears   from   seven   and   a   half   to  ten  pounds,  and  others  in  proportion.      One  wonders 

if  it  is  real,  or  if  a  trick  is  being  played  on  us.       It  must  be  a  strong  tree  that  could  bear  the  weight  of  a  full 

harvest  of  these.     Here  are  prunes — long  globular  and  beautiful  as  those  grown  in  Turkey.     We,  who  go  to  our 

grocers  and  purchase  the  poor  little  wrinkled  mummies  that  pass   under   the   name  of  prunes,  cannot  conceive 

how  luscious  and   sweet  the  fruit  is  when   ripe  and  full  of  juice,  and  perhaps  it  is  just  as  well  that  we  cannot, 

as  we  might  grow  discontented.    The  peaches  here  are  larger  than  those  of  Delaware,  and   have  been   so  well 

preserved  that  the  delicate  fluff  of  the  skin  shows  through  the  glass.       Some  have  been  split  down  tine  middle, 

and  the  pulp  appears  to  glisten  with  the  tempting  juice  of  health  and  freshness.      The  stones  in  the  centre  are 

almost  as  large  as  walnuts,  and  explain  the  wonderful  size  of  the  fruit.       Plums  that  look  like  huge  grapes,  and 

almost  transparent,  from   deep   purple  to   faint  green,   are   also   on   exhibition  ;    and   nuts,   that   would   make   a 

Brazilian  envious,   till   many   sacks  and  cases.    There  is  evidently  no   need   that  this   fruit  should   be   wasted. 

America   is  the  greatest   consumer  of  sugar  on   earth ;   no  other  two  nations   approach  her ;  the   reason   is  seen 

here ;    what  salt   is  to   meat,  sugar  is   to   fruit,  and   the   preserves  about  us  show  that  it  has  not  been  used  in 

niggardly  fashion.     The  housewives  of  Idaho  have   put   up   some  wonderfully  appetizing  jellies   also  ;    each   the 

color  of  the  fruit  of  which  it  is  made,  and  so  clear  that  one  is  tempted  to  believe  that  the  tint  is  the   hue   of 

the  glass.      The  small  fruits  play  no   mean   part  in   the   exhibit ;    and  grapes,  though   not  as   fine   as   those   of 

California,  are  in  great  quantity.     The  hearts  of  Idaho's  mountains,  trembling  at  the  miner's  stroke,  yield  up  the 

precious  metals ;    her  valleys   quiver   with  the   lisping  grasses,  and   her  gardens  glow   v/ith   flowers  and    fruit. 

Steadily  she  strides  on,  and  if  there  is  a  floral  heaven  on  earth,  it  is  Boise  City — her  beautiful  capital,  which  is 

of  all  cities  the  most  beautiful  on  earth ;  in  the  sense  that  North  and  South  meet  together  in  lovely  bridal. 

254 


(Jopyhghted  by  tnt^   t/Vorla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Idaho — Horticultural  Building. 


ILLINOIS— HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Illinois,  royal  in  all   things,  with   her  heart  of  royalty — mighty  Chicago — beating  passionately  yonder,  has 

not  abdicated  her  majesty  in  her  display  of  fruit.     Imagine  a  great  long,  wide  table,  with  step-like  shelves  upon 

it,   rising  one   above  the   other,   these   shelves   covered   only  with   white  cloth   to   hide  their   rudeness,  and   all 

garnished  with  the  jewels  of  the  orchard  and   the  field,  jewels  still,  though  only  displayed  in  glass  jars,  and  on 

little  plates ;  the  lower  shelf  is  entirely  devoted  to  these  latter,  wliich  hold  the  small  fruits  of  the  State ;  here  is 

a  platter  of  blackberries,  the  tiny  bulbs   forming  a  mystic  cone,  almost  blue  in  their  blackness.     But  a  surprise 

is  in   store   for   us   here;     some   of   us  have   been    in   stony  New   England,  where   the  great   rocks   retain   the 

warmth   of  the   sun   long  after   it   has   descended   in   the   west,   and   in   the   morning   we  have  gathered    from 

the  vines  that  cling  about  them,  the  luscious  dewbernes  which   seem,  like  Gideon's  fleece,  to  have  gathered  all 

the  moisture  of  the  night   into  them.     We  wonder  how  these  could   have  grown  in  this  prairie  State ;  yet  here 

they  are — great,  black,  velvety  cones — looking  just  as  toothsome  as   those  of  Massachusetts  or  New  Hampshire 

currants — red,  black  and  white — lie   like   little   gems  on   the  plates,  and  as  some  decay  they  are  carefully  picked 

over,   and   the   poorest    replaced.      Raspberries   also,   and   very   fair   gooseberries   are   shown,    with   blueberries, 

huckleberries  and   mulberries,  forming  a  sweet  array  of  enticing  charms.     Above  these,  in  glass  jars,  fruits  and 

jellies  are  arranged ;  these  are  the  smaller  kinds,  but  the  giants  crown  the  tops.     Pears,  apples  and   peaches,  the 

Goliaths  of  their  kind,  are  here  preserved   in   alcohol.     It   is   strange   that   what   is  a   poison   to   so    many  men 

proves  to  be  the  salvation  of  so  much  fruit,  but  it  only  goes  to  prove  that  everything  is  good   in  its  place,  and 

that  everything  has   its   place.     Speaking   of  fruits.  We  see  a  great   many  tomatoes   in   the  vegetable   display  of 

this   State;   there   has   long  been   a  controversy  as  to  whether  such   should   be  classed   as   fruits  or  vegetables; 

years  ago  they  were  considered  as  ornamental   plants  grown  in  gardens,  and   the   fruit  was    called   love-apples; 

it  was  only  when  the  discovery  was  made  that   in  Asia  they  were  eaten  with   avidity,  that  Americans  could  be 

prevailed  upon  to  test  them  ;  fruit  or  vegetable,  they  may  be  called  the  "  cardinals"  of  the  garden. 

256 


Copyrighted  oy  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Illinois — Horticultural  Building. 


MISSOURI— HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Here  is  the  great  display  of  a  great  State ;  tlie  fruit  is  not  built  in  pyramids  or  arches,  like  the  exhibit  of 

California  and  Florida,  but  is  laid  out  as  a  housewife  would  place  it  on  plain  shelves.     In  this  form,  the  varieties 

may  be  easily  examined ;  the  raspberries  are  especially  fine ;  a  white  variety,  having  a  deep  cup  at  the  end,  and 

forming  a  perfect  cone,  is  somewhat  new  to  us.    The   others,  black  and  red,  we  have  often  seen,  but  never  so 

large  as  these.     Cherries  also,  round  and  large  as  fair-sized  plums,  are  lovely  enough  to  tempt  a  man  of  seventy 

to  climb   the  trees  that   bore  them,  even   at  the  nsk  of  breaking   his  neck.      Adam  ate  only  an  apple,  but  had 

that  tree  borne  cherries  we  are  very   sure  that   he  could  not  have   resisted   temptation  so  long.      The  quince  is 

one  of  the  most  difficult  fruits  to   preserve;  it  is   liable  to  so  many  casualties   from  weather  and  insects,  that  to 

get  sound   fruit   for  preserving  purposes  is  extremely  difficult.      We   looked   carefully  at  these  and  found  them 

royally  good,  not  a  single  evidence  of  decay.      Crab-apples  preserved  in  syrup  look  very  bright,  and  pretty  and 

rosy;  and  amber  jelly  made  of  them  makes  us  think  of  the  tasty  tartlets  of  youth,  when  we  loved  to  see  the 

little  gleaming   gem  of   crab-apple  jelly   nestling  in   the   centre,  and   we   nibbled   around   the   crust  to   save  that 

toothsome  morsel  for  the  last.      The  currant  wine  and  raspberry  vinegar,  we  see,  are  not  to  be  slighted  this  hot 

weather.    The   tipple  of  no  experienced  toper  is  to  be  compared  with  a  spoonful  or  two  of  this  dropped   into 

cracked  ice ;  it  is  the  nectar  of  the  gods,  a  river  of  coolness  gliding   down  a  parched  throat.      Chades  Dickens 

never  wrote  a  book  in  which  he  did  not  describe   some  dinner  and  some  drink.      We  are  constantly  reminded 

of  dinners  and   cooling  drinks  as  we  move  about   here.      We  find   here   also  the  nectarine,  a  fruit  that  in  taste 

reminds  one  of  the  peach   and  the  apricot ;   it  is  grown  to  perfection   in    Europe,   but   is   not   often   found   in 

this  country.       We  counted   more  than  tliirty  different   fruits  in  this  exhibit,  and  turned  away  feeling  how  little 

man  has  done,  in  the  thousands  of  years  of  his  existence,  to  repay  the  Creator  for  the  benisons  showered  upon 

him.      The   resources  of  Missouri   are  almost    incalculable,  and  only   capital  and  industry    are    needed   to   make 

her  star   shine    as   brightly   as   the    best   among   her   fellows, 

258 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Missouri — Horticultural  Building. 


NEW    YORK— HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

The  "Empire"  State  greets  us  in  a  very  gracious   manner;    slie   makes  a  lovely   display   of   flowers,  and 

tfie  nurseries  at  Rochester  lead  the  way.      Here  are  roses,  many  of  them  in  bloom,  and  many  also  representing 

vigorous  cuttings.      Some  of  the  old-fashioned  roses  are  not  disdained,  such  as  the  immense   Cabbage  rose,  the 

Maiden's  Blush,  the   Mareschal  Niel  and  the   sweet   Moss  rose,  with   its   thorny  environment.      One   rose  is  of 

palest   yellow,  with  broad   leaves   encircling   the   calyx;    it  looks   like  a  shimmer  of   frosty  moonlight  beside  the 

imperial  crimson  of  the  magnificent  Jacqueminot.     One  curious  rose  is  green  in  color,  and  another  is  almost  black ; 

and   besides  the  living  flowers,  there  are   models  in  wax,  which   show  into   how   many   forms   and  colors  the 

queen   of  tlov/ers  has   deigned   to   be  transformed.      We   would   have  wished,  for  comparison,  to  see  here  the 

parent  of  them  all,  tlie  little  wilding  wayside  rose  that  garnishes  our  hedges  and  fields  in  the  summer  time,  but 

alas  1  she  is  not  here.     Oh,  what  a  glory  of  pansies  meets  the  view !     Here  is  a  bed  of  little  heart's-ease,  with 

smiling,  luiman-like  faces,  that  seem  to  look  comfort  into  the  heart  of  the  beholder;  and  here  are  great  pansies, 

almost  black,  with  a  spark  of  gold  in  the  centre,  like  a  flaming  tongue  in  some,  and  like  a  bright,  inquiring  eye 

in  others.       We  were  struck  with  the  varieties  of  silk  in  the  French  Dress  Goods  Department;  their  marvelous 

sheen  fascinated  us,  but  here,  from  Nature's  loom,  we  see  such  handiwork  as  man  can  never  imitate — heliotrope, 

violet,  pink,  white  and  yellow,  flecked  with  darker  color  or  illuminated  with  lighter  shades,  the  leaves  sheened 

with  satiny  gloss,  all  massed  together  in  a  paradise   of  beauty ;  they  delight  our  senses  and  elicit  our  reverence. 

Great  rhododendrons,  the  rose  tree  of  the  Greeks,  as  the  name  implies,  lift  their  flowery  crests  above  the  broad 

leaves  in   clusters  large  as  would   till   a   tolerably  sized   basket,  and   palms   from   greenhouses  and   lawns,  with 

banks  of  feathery  ferns  and  delicate,  clinging  vines,  add   to  their  majestic  beauty.      Truly  flowers  may  be  called 

the  '■  Alphabet  of  God,"  for  as  we  look  upon   them,  it    must   be  a  cold  heart,  indeed,  that   does   not  read  love 

for  His   creatures   in   them    all,  and   feel   that  a  kindly  hand  is  fostering  the  race,  and  developing  in  the  human 

heart  a  love  for  the  beautiful  in  nature  which  will  lead  us  on  to  a  full  appreciation  of  Nature's  God. 

260 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Coiurnoian  Exposition. 


New  York — Horticultural  Building. 


WASHINGTON— HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

The  exhibit  of  the  State  of  Washington,  as  seen  here,  is  like  a  beckoning  finger  inviting  all  who  gaze,  to 
come  and  dwell  within  her  borders.  She  may  not  be  a  land  flowing  with  milk,  but,  as  to  the  honey,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  whatever.  We  see  here  tine  full  combs,  and  where  such  exists,  there  must  be  flowers  and 
especially  clover,  as  the  very  best  honey  (and  Washington  claims  to  have  it)  is  drawn  from  the  white  clover- 
blossoms.  A  large  proportion  of  the  honey  sold  in  our  markets  is  drawn  from  the  flower  of  the  buckwheat, 
and  is  far  inferior  to  the  clover  article.  This  Washington  honey,  however,  has  every  appearance  of  excellence. 
It  is  strange  to  see  sauces  in  a  Horticultural  collection,  but,  as  they  are  here,  we  may  as  well  say  a  word  about 
them ;  these  we  see  are  purely  vegetable  concoctions,  and  not  like  Worcester,  made  with  a  mixture  of  animal 
matter.  The  first  approach  to  civilization  that  a  man  ever  makes,  is  the  cooking  of  food.  Fire  was  the  initial 
letter  in  the  history  of  the  world's  progress.  From  cooking  food  to  knowing  how  to  season  it  is  a  far  cry,  and 
it  is  only  fair  to  say,  "the  better  the  sauce,  the  better  the  nation."  The  race  that  eats  well,  does  well,  so  that 
the  array  of  sauces  here  speaks  highly  for  the  civilization  of  Washington.  We  are  told  by  Indians  that  the  bee 
always  preceded  the  advance  of  white  men,  and  we  think  that  good  sauce  ought  to  precede  the  advance  of 
any  large  immigration,  which,  if  true,  means  that  this  exhibit  is  a  good  advertisement  for  this  State.  We  find 
here  also  grapes,  apples,  peaches,  prunes,  and  excellent  plums;  most  of  the  fruit  is  grown  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  State  where  the  land  is  very  fertile,  owing  to  the  disintegration  of  the  lava  which  at  one  time  covered  it. 
The  finest  portions,  however,  are  given  over  to  the  Indians  who  have  two  reservations,  containing  an  area  a 
little  larger  than  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  We  are  glad  to  know  that  this  State  is  attracting  many  immigrants, 
and  that  less  on  account  of  its  mines,  than  the  splendid  agricultural  opportunities  it  offers.  An  agricultural 
population  is  the  true  basis  of  a  nation's  strength,  and  this  vigorous,  lusty  young  State  is  founded  on  just  such 
material   as  will  yield  the   most  glorious   results,  not   only   in   an  agricultural   way,  but  also  in  her  educational, 

political  and  social  fields  of  labor.     We  congratulate  this  youngest  State  on  her  achievements. 

262 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Washington — Horticultural  Building. 


CANADA— HORTICULTURAL   BUILDING. 

"What  fools  we  mortals  be!"  must  be  the  inner  cry  of   many  who  have  attended  this  great   Exposition. 

Here  we  have   been   supposing   Canada  to  be  a  cold,  bleak   and   barren   land,  where  winter  lingered  lovingly  in 

the    lap   of   spring — and   her   display   here   hlls    us   with    surprise.     Great   palms  tower  upward   to  the   ceiling, 

curtaining  and  veiling  the  light;  laurels  glisten  all  about  them,  and  ferns  fill  up  the  interstices,  making  a  maze  of 

variegated  verdure.    A  great   hollow  tree  rises  about  half  way  down   this   great   garden ;   the  hollow  is  hlled  in 

with  little  maiden-hair  ferns,  and  starry  blossoms  of  the  spring   lie   lovingly  on    the   feathery  couch.     All   kinds 

of  ornamental  leaf  plants  abound,  such  as  might  be  planted  on  lawns,  and  in  the  grounds  of  parks  and  summer 

residences.    This   class  principally  comprises  the   magnolia,  laurel,  bay,  small   horse-chestnut,  ailanthus,  japonica, 

Virginia  lutea,  and  the  laburnum.     Canadian  homes,  evidently,  may  have  beautiful  surroundings.     The  laburnums, 

with  their  yellow  wood  and  lovely  clusters  of  tasseled  flowers,  are  especially  tine.      Almost  at  the  entrance  to 

the  Canadian  exhibit,  on  our  right  hand,  we  find  a  bed  consisting  of  several  hundred  varieties  of  orchids;  here 

nature  has  reveled  in  beautiful  oddities ;   some   are   shaped   like   ladies'  slippers,  tiny  as  little  maidens   put  upon 

dolls:  others  look  like  birds  peeping  from  their  nests ;  others' have  the  heads  of  dogs  and  other  animals,     it  would 

be  hard  to  think  of  a  form  in  which  these  tiny  plant  flowers  do  not  appear;   many  are  beautifully  colored,  and 

some  are  green.     We  may  say,  without  fear  of  challenge,  that  this  is  the  most  wonderful  exhibit  in  the  building 

or  on  the  grounds,  in    the   horticultural   line.     Canada   also   shows   us   many  pressed   prairie  flowers.     It  seems 

almost  a  pity  to   have   taken   them    from   their  native   sod ;   but  we,  who   have  been  upon  the  prairie,  can  well 

realize  the  beauty  they  once  possessed,  remnants  of  which  still  cling  to  them.     Here,  too,  are  huge  cacti,  some 

with    great   blood-red   flov/ers,  their   huge    fleshy   leaves    looking   as    though    capable    of   withstanding   ages   of 

recurring   summers   and  winters,  and   tfieir  sharp   points  warning  the  stranger  not  to  approach  too  near.     Other 

flowers,  shov/ing  the  wealth  of  Canadian  gardens,  teach  us  that,  however  cold  our  mother-land  may  seem,  she 

has  a  warm  and  generous  heart  after  all,  and  responds  cheerfully  to  the  attention  given  her. 

264 


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Canada— Horticultural  Building. 


GERMANY— HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

.  In  our  other  exhibits  we  have  been  called  upon  to  see  Germany  the  great :  here  we  confront  Germany 
the  beautiful.  She  has  a  little  garden  with  pond  and  waterfall ;  the  back  is  built  up  of  ledges  of  rock,  and 
myrtles,  ferns  and  little  shrubs  find  lodgment  here.  Many  roses  half  surround  the  little  pond,  and  at  one  end 
is  a  fountain  representing  Venus,  with  a  laughing  cupid  on  either  side,  queening  it  over  this  tiny  realm  of 
beauty.  The  stained  glass  window,  through  which  the  sunlight  falls  upon  the  garden,  furnishes  a  scene  from 
the  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream;"  Titania  and  her  nymphs  are  disporting  in  a  sylvan  grove,  through  the  tinted 
leaves  of  which,  the  moonbeams  lovingly  fall  and  linger,  with  loitering  grace,  upon  the  shapely  figures. 
But  why  is  it  that  ugliness  and  beauty  must  always  go  hand-in -hand  in  this  world  ?  At  one  end  of  this 
garden  is  a  tree,  which  is  a  mere  freak  of  nature ;  its  branches,  and  even  the  trunk,  are  covered  with  a  warty 
fungous  growth  ;  great  bunches  of  these  unsightly  fungi  hang  in  festoons  on  it,  and  make  it  a  veritable  skeleton 
at  the  feast.  With  pleasure,  we  turn  from  this,  drawn  by  a  well-known  perfume,  and  searching  among  the 
ferns,  we  come  upon  some  lovely  specimens  of  lilies  of  the  valley,  their  snowy  cups  falling  like  fairy  bells, 
and  their  little  golden  tongues  tinkling  a  tender  monody  as  if  in  answer  to  the  fuller  music  of  the  waterfall. 
The  north  and  the  south  are  curiously  commingled  here;  we  turn  from  the  feathery  palms  of  the  sunny  land 
to  view  the  flora  of  the  Alps,  and  this  too  is  wonderful  and  various ;  it  may  not  be  generally  known  that  the 
glaciers  of  this  region  are  often,  in  summer  time,  fringed  with  a  grand  embroidery  of  blossoms.  Even  the 
edelweiss  is  before  us,  the  snow  flower  that  smiles  at  the  barren  snow-capped  peaks,  and  laughs  with  the 
little  summer  streams  that,  in  threads  of  silver,  fret  the  bosoms  of  the  broad  glaciers.  The  cyclamen,  that 
flower  which,  as  poets  tell,  the  pitying  angel  flung  from  Eden  into  our  mother  Eve's  imploring  hands,  is  also 
before  us,  and  wax-like  begonias  with  clusters  of  delicate  flowers,  hold  us  a  moment  in  delight.  Thanks,  Ger- 
many, for  the  men  and  women  you  send  us,  the  lessons  you  teach  us,  and  the  flowers  you  have  brought   us. 

Your  gifts  have  taught   us  to  appreciate  your  worth  more  fully  than  years  of  ordinary  intercourse. 

266 


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Qermany — Horticultural   Building. 


PORTUGAL— HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Little  Portugal  has  a  very  pretty  pavilion  in  this   building;   it   is   tastefully  draped,  and   serves   to   display 

the  wines  of  the  country.    The  display  is  not  large,  but  it  is  v/ell  arranged,  and  interesting  to  the  wine-grower 

and  drinker.     The  celebrated  Port  wine,  of  such  full  body  and  excellent  oily  flavor,  is  raised  in  Alto  Douro,  sixty 

miles  above  Oporto,  in  northeastern  Portugal,      It  is  a  small  district,  not  more  than  thirty-tlve  miles  long,  by  less 

than  twelve  wide,  and  is  very  hilly.     The  soil  is  light  and  dry,  the  climate  is  very  hot  in  summer  and   cold   in 

winter.    The  grapes  ripen  here  magnificently.     Of  late  years  they  have  suffered   severely   from   phylloxera,  and 

the  supply  of  this  delicious  beverage  has  been  accordingly  limited.     So  many  imitations  of  Port  wine  have  been 

foisted  on  the  public,  that  for  a  time  the  market  was  injured,  but  the  Portuguese  product  is  now  reinstated  in  the 

first  place.     There  are  heavy  clarets  here,  which  lack  the  tartness  and  steady  warmth  of  the  French,  and   more 

closely  resemble  the  Valdepenas  of  Spain,  and  there  is  a  white  wine  produced  from   the   Riessling  grape,  which 

is  known   in   the   market   as   Bucellas  hock.     A   much   finer  wine  is  that   produced   at  Carcavellos,  which  has 

much  of  the  body  and  flavor  of  Madeira.    The  other  wines   of  the   Iberian    Peninsula  are  of   coarse  type,  and 

too  fiery  to  suit  the  general   taste.      They   are   mostly   consumed   in    Spain   and    Portugal.      Germany,  perhaps, 

comes  before  us  with  the  greatest  variety  of  wines,  most  of  which  are  well  known  in  the  United  States.     Even 

Greece  has  a  small   display,  among   them   the   golden    wine   of   Santorin,  which   is    mostly   exported   to    Russia. 

This  little  country  might  export  very  largely,  were  it    not   for   the   great   scarcity  of   cedar    staves,  of   which   to 

make  casks.     A  great  deal  of  the  wine  has  to  be  put  in  skins,  and  rosined   to   prevent  too   rapid   fermentation. 

This  makes  the  wine  unfit  for  market,  and  so  hundreds  of  tons  of  as  fine  grapes  as  any  country  produces  are 

wasted  yearly.    This  will  in   time   be    remedied,  and    we    tliink   the    Greek    wines    will    become    popular.     The 

United  States  is  rapidly  forging  to  the   front,  as   a  great   wine-producing   country,  and    some   of   the    California 

champagnes  and  clarets  now  almost  equal  the  French.      When   the   vineyards   are   a   little   older,  and    improved 

methods  are  followed,  we  may  expect  to  export,  not  to  import,  wines. 

268 


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"PUCK"    BUILDING. 

A  charmingly  pretty  structure  is  the  "Puck"  Building,  near  the  Children's  Building.     We  pass  up  its  broad 

steps  and  through   its  columned  entrance,  to   tlnd   ourselves   in   a   circular   building,  with   an   upper  and   lower 

gallery.     The  pit,  as   it   might   be   called,  of  this   theatre-like   structure  is   occupied   witli   printing-presses,  some 

turning  out  the  mere  text,  others  printing   little  sketches  in  black,  and   others  again  producing   pictures   in  five 

colors.     We  have  before  us  an  illustration  of  how  great  pictorial  papers  are  made ;  we  see  the  clean,  white  paper 

go  through  the  lips  of  the  great   rollers,  and  come  out   lined  with  the  black   letter-press;  then,  passing  through 

another  roller,  dainty  little  black   vignettes  appear,   and,   in   others,  we  see   the  ground   tone   of  larger   pictures 

gradually  built  upon  with  various   colors  till  all   is  complete.       Few  who   take  up  a  journal  illustrated  in  colors 

can  understand   the  many  processes  through  which  it   has   passed  before   the   perfect   sheet  is   in   their  liands. 

It  seems  only  yesterday  that   such  a  feat   seemed   impossible,  while  now  the  Sunday  issues,  and  many  also   of 

the  weekly  papers,  are  regarded  as  imperfect  without  these  illustrations.     Those  who  remember  the  old-fashioned 

books   and    souvenir   volumes,    in    whicli    our  grandmothers    delighted,    will   think   of    the    old   plates   carefully 

lithographed  in  but  few  colors,  which  once  awakened  admiration ;  now  any  journal  can  produce  better  illustrations 

and  by  a   much   simpler  process.      It   used    to   be   the   custom   to    give  away  chromes  with   newspapers  and 

magazines,  and  some  of   them  were  thought  so  good  that  we  may  find  them  framed  in  many  of   the  farm  and 

country  houses  throughout  the   land ;  now  our  illustrated   papers  are  full  of   much  better  prints,  and  we  would 

have  to   grow  new  forests,  and  find  more  gold  mines,  and  receive  larger  incomes  in  order  to  frame  even  the  very 

best  of  them.    There  is  one  very  clever  device  used  in  this  building ;  tine  managers  seem  thoroughly  determined 

that  all  shall   be  observed  that  can   be  seen ;  we  enter  at  one  door,  and   pass  around   the  lower  gallery  only  to 

find  that  we  cannot  pass  out  the  same  way;    we  must  go  around  the  upper  gallery  also  to  find   egress.      Here 

are  pictures  of  many  of  the  printing-offices  of  the  country,  and  busts  of  printers,  with  humorous  cartoons  that, 

in  a  sense,  illustrate  the  political  and  social  history  of  the  land. 

270 


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Puck"   Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


WHITE    STAR    BUILDING    AND    WOMAN'S    BUILDING. 

This  pretty  circular  edifice  is  near  tlie  Woman's  Building,  and  represents  the  pilot-house  of  a  great  ocean 
steamer.  Life-preservers  are  placed  at  intervals  around  it  and,  to  the  left,  we  see  the  port-holes  of  the  state- 
rooms. The  pillars  are  vvreatlied  in  ropes,  and  the  whole  structure  has  a  nautical  air.  Passing  up  the  steps,  we 
find  ourselves  on  a  piazza,  built  to  represent  the  promenade-deck  of  an  ocean  liner.  Entering  the  pilot-house, 
we  find  models  of  new  and  old  ocean  steamers,  which  lead  us  from  the  infancy  of  steam  navigation  to  its  full 
development,  at  the  present  time.  Looking  at  these,  we  are  reminded  of  the  time  when  thirteen  and  even 
fourteen  days  to  Europe  was  considered  a  good  trip,  whereas  now  it  can  be  done  in  less  than  six  days.  The 
smoking-,  reading-,  and  dining-rooms  here  represent  those  on  the  steamers,  "  Majestic"  and  "  Teutonic,"  two  of 
the  fastest  vessels  afloat.  We  can  look  out  through  the  port-holes  and  almost  imagine  ourselves  on  the  sea, 
everything  is  so  natural  around  us.  Any  moment  we  might  expect  to  break  away  from  our  moorings,  and  to 
hear  the  shrill  whistle  piping,  and  feel  the  palpitating  engines  beneath  us.  We  sit  down  in  one  of  these  rooms 
to  dream  for  a  moment  of  days  and  nights  at  sea;  the  rising  of  the  great  red  sun  out  of  the  water,  its  first 
rays  transforming  the  vast  heaving  expanse  into  liquid  gold,  until  freed  from  its  briny  environment  it  seemed  to 
leap  in  a  moment  into  full-orbed  splendor ;  then  the  air  bathing  us  in  its  briny  coolness  until  the  lungs  seemed 
almost  to  burst  with  eagerness  to  draw  in  more  and  more.  Before  us,  like  a  great  silver  bow  pierced  by  the 
arrowy  prow  of  the  vessel,  the  foam  and  spray  circle  round  and  behind,  like  a  ladder  of  silver,  which  fairies 
might  tread,  the  foam  stretched  in  our  wake  until  lost  in  the  immeasurable  blue;  then  breakfast,  with  the 
captain  at  the  head  of  the  board,  and  faces  long  since  grown  familiar  around;  and  such  breakfast  seasoned  with 
vigorous  appetite;  everything  is  palatable.  The  fruit  tastes  as  though  it  had  grown  in  Eden;  the  coffee  as  if 
just  from  Mocha,  purloined  from  the  stores  of  the  Turkish  Sultan ;  and  tlie  meat,  as  if  pastured  in  the  fields  of 
the   gods.      What  are  the   banquets  of    princes    compared  to  this?      We  are  all   princes,  for  the  time   being,  in 

this  little   realm,  and  the   captain,  a  gracious   suzerain   lord   of  all. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

White  Star  Building  and  Woman's  Building. 


INTERIOR   VIEW   WHITE   STAR    BUILDING. 

As  we  look  at  this  beautiful   picture,  we  say  to  ourselves,  "  Can  it  be  possible  that  this  is  the  stateroom 

of  an  ocean  steamer?"     We   remember  when   it  was   far  otherwise;   when    Dickens'   description  in  "American 

Notes "  would  ht  the  cabins  of  the  best  steamers  afloat.     Here  we  find  a  room,  dainty  in  its  appointments,  no 

waste  of  space,  yet   everytliing   in    most   excellent  taste.     The  handsome  brass  bedstead,  with  its  accessories  of 

fleecy  pillows  and   lovely  spread;   the  port-holes  draped  with  prettiest  creton,  the  flowers  on  tlie  stand,  and  the 

easy-chair  so  inviting  in  its  roominess,  are  all  evidences  that  Neptune  has  been  dethroned,  and  that,  in  the  very 

heart  of  his  realm,  the  sovereign  genius  of  man  reigns  supreme.     In  ugly  mood,  he  may  now  and  then  teach  us 

a  drastic  lesson.     Storms  may  lash  the  deep  into  frenzy,  and  the  mad  billows  may  riot,  and  rend  with  ravenous 

teeth  the  staunch   sides   of   the   stateliest  ships,  but  man  is  king,  none  the   less ;   and,  for  one  who  sinks,  fifty 

thousand   traverse    Neptune's    domains    in   safety;   this  ,room    is   fair   proof   of   it.     Once   ocean   travel    was   a 

necessity;   men    made   their  wills   before   they  started  on  a  long  journey;   now  it  is  a  luxury,  something  to  be 

thought  of,  dreamed  about,  and  enjoyed  with  all  the  full  heartiness  of  unimpaired  pleasure.     This  room  reminds 

us   of  nights  at  sea,  when  tlie  sun  set  over  the  waters  and,  in  crimson  and  aureate   drapery,  enfolded   himself 

till  he  sank  slowly  beneath  the  waves,  leaving  a  blood-red  track  for  a  moment,  as  though   his   great  heart   had 

burst  with  the  pain  of  parting  from  us.    Then  we  watch  the  sky;   first,  the  pale  moon  is  attended  by  a  single 

star,  sole  regent  of  the  cloudless  blue;   then  deeper,  darker  grow  the  heavens  till,  one  by  one,  the   stars   come 

out,  and  the  nebulous  bridges,  that   seem   to  bind   them  together,  appear.     A  night  at  sea  differs  from  all  other 

nights,  for,  instead  of  one  heaven,  there  are  two ;   stars  are  above  us,  and  stars  are  below  us ;   we  sail  in  one 

sky,  while  we  look  upon  another.     We  sometimes  wonder  wliat   argosies   of  the  upper  air  look  down  upon  us, 

as  the  engines  beneath  us,  pulsing  like  great,  full-blooded  hearts,  propel  us  forward.     Is  this  scene  mirrored  in 

the  sky,  as  the  stars  are  mirrored   here  ?    So  we  dream,  till  cheery  voices  call  us  to  social  duties,  and  we  retire 

to  the  saloon  to  listen  to  anecdotes  or  songs,  and  to  add,  if  possible,  our  little  mite  to  the  general  entertainment. 

274 


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Interior  View — White  Star  Building. 


59TH   STREET   ENTRANCE. 

We  have  started  from  the  foot  of  Van  Buren  Street  and,  having  crossed  the  long  railroad  bridge, 
we  descend  a  flight  of  steps,  and  get  our  tickets  at  one  of  three  little  box-offices,  each  paying  ten  cents. 
Passing  thiough  the  turnstile,  we  find  ourselves  on  a  platform  with  cars  on  each  side,  that  are  open  at  tlie 
sides,  but  roofed  over,  and  with  canvas  shields  at  the  doors.  Except  for  the  sides,  these  cars  much  resemble 
the  third-class  carriages  on  English  railways.  The  seats  are  uncushioned  but  comfortable;  as  we  move  along, 
a  good  view  of  the  lake,  and  some  of  the  buildings  of  the  Exposition,  is  obtained.  The  cars  are  crowded  with 
eager  sight-seers;  here  is  tlie  bronzed  young  farmer  from  the  far  West,  usually  accompanied  by  his  wife,  and 
perhaps  the  old  fatlier  and  mother,  eager  to  feast  their  eyes  on  the  world's  wonders,  before  they  join  the 
"innumerable  caravan  that  moves  to  the  pale  realms  of  shade;"  sturdy  mechanics  are  here  also,  with  wide 
brows  and  thoughtful  eyes,  not  bringing  note-books  witli  them  apparently,  but  keen  to  remember  everything 
they  see  and  liear;  young  schoolmistresses  and  teachers  from  the  East,  as  well  as  the  West,  have  evidently 
availed  themselves  of  this  opportunity,  and  some  discuss  the  sights  they  have  witnessed  in  a  manner  not  only 
intelligent,  but  entertaining;  they  will  bring  back  to  their  scholars  much  food  for  thought,  and  point  many  a 
moral  from  their  experiences.  A  great  many  brides  and  grooms  are  attending  the  Fair,  thinking  that  no  better 
place  to  spend  the  honeymoon  can  be  found,  and  they  are  doubtless  riglit;  some  are  here  merely  for  pleasure 
and  recreation ;  tired  city  merchants  and  clerks,  weary  of  ledgers  and  of  bills,  have  escaped  the  humdrum  for  a 
while,  to  revel  in  this  new  experience,  and  assist  at  this  great  congress  of  the  nations.  Many  carry  their  lunch- 
baskets  with  them  and,  by  and  by,  will  be  seen  sitting  in  groups  about  the  grounds,  or  in  the  Bureau  of 
Public  Comfort,  seasoning  their  cold  fare  with  Inot  tea  or  coffee.  At  last,  we  reach  the  ^gth  Street 
entrance,  and  getting  out  on  the  long  board  platform,  we  walk  toward  the  turnstile,  through  about  half  a  block 
of  booths,  where   men   and   women   vend   trinkets   and   cooling   drinks.      We  pass  through  the  gates  and  find 

ourselves  near  that  wonder  of  modern  times,  the  Woman's  Building. 

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59th  Street  Entrance. 


WOMAN'S    BUILDING. 

The  women  of  America  have  nobly  come  forward  to  make  the  Exposition  a  success.  Fourteen  women 
architects,  none  of  them  over  twenty-five  years  of  age,  submitted  designs  for  the  structure.  That  of  Miss 
Sophia  G.  Hayden  of  Boston  was  accepted.  The  lagoon  directly  in  front  of  the  building  is  400  feet  wide,  and 
from  the  centre  a  landing  and  staircase  lead  to  a  terrace,  which  rises  six  feet  above  the  water.  Passing  this  and 
climbing  other  staircases,  we  reach  the  level  of  the  building,  and  about  100  feet  back  its  ivory  proportions  rise, 
a  most  fascinating  object.  It  is  situated  east  of  the  Midway  Plaisance.  It  is  199  feet  wide,  388  feet  long,  and 
cost  jj^i 38,000.  The  principal  face  has  a  length  of  400  feet,  and  the  building  is  about  200  feet  deep.  The  first 
story  rises  about  ten  feet  from  the  ground  line,  and  a  wide  staircase  leads  to  the  central  pavilion,  which  is 
flanked  by  corner  pavilions  connected  in  the  lower  story  by  open  arcades.  The  total  elevation  of  the  building 
is  sixty  feet,  comprising  two  stories.  The  corner  pavilions  have  each  an  open  colonnade  above  the  main  cornice, 
and  here  it  is  that  the  lovely  hanging-gardens  are  placed.  By  a  lobby  forty  feet  wide,  we  reach  the  open 
rotunda  70  by  61^  feet,  lighted  by  a  beautiful  skylight.  On  the  left  side  of  the  main  entrance  on  the  first  floor 
is  a  model  hospital  with  all  necessary  appliances,  and  on  the  left  is  a  model  kindergarten.  Each  occupies  80 
by  60  feet.  In  the  southern  pavilion  is  the  retrospective  exhibit,  while  the  northern  is  devoted  to  reform  work 
and  charity  organization.  Each  floor  is  80  by  200  feet.  The  second  floor  is  devoted  to  ladies'  parlors,  dressing- 
rooms,  and  committee-rooms,  that  of  the  north  pavilion  to  the  great  assembly  and  club-room,  while  the  same 
space  in  the  southern  pavilion  contains  the  model  kitchen,  refreshment-rooms  and  others  of  like  nature.  One 
of  the  principal  features  of  the  exhibit  is  found  in  the  library,  in  which  books  written  by  women  of  all  ages  are 
displayed.  They  make  a  goodly  show  and  speak  well  for  the  literary  activity  of  the  gentle  sex.  Many  of  the 
European  Royalties  are  contributors.  In  the  department  allotted  to  associations,  the  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  have  secured  the  largest  space.     The  room  is  very  tastefully  decorated,  particularly  the  booth 

for  tfie  La  Salle  Seminary  for  young  women.     It  is  in  ivory,  gold,  and  blue  tints. 

278 


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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Woman's  Building. 


CINCINNATI    ROOM,    WOMAN'S    BUILDING.     . 

If  there  is  any  one  person  who  well  deserves  the  plaudits  of  the  people  of   the    United   States,   even   of 

the  world,  it  is  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  the  Lady  President  of  the  World's  Fair.     From    the   inception    of   the   plan 

till  the  golden  nail  was  struck  into    the   Woman's    Building   by   her   own    fair  hand,  she  has  been    tireless   and 

indefatigable,  and  through  her,  all  womanhood  is  honored.     It  was  a  proud  day  for  America  when  on  May   ist, 

at  the    opening   ceremony,    she  sat  on   the   platform  near  President  Cleveland,  the  acknowledged  Queen  of  the 

Exposition.     It  was   eminently  fitting  that   she   should  have  a  room  suitable  not  only  for  the  discharge  of  her 

duties,  but  also  for  the  reception    of   her   numerous  guests    from   many    lands.       This   the   ladies   of   Cincinnati 

determined  to  tit  up  for  her  in  the  Woman's   Building,  and  hence  it  is  called   the  Cincinnati   Room,  and  a  very 

beautiful  room  it  is,  as  the  picture  will  show.     It    is    furnished   as  a  model  igth-Century  Drawing-room.      The 

artistic  work  is  all  done  by  women.    The  design  and  execution  of  the  frieze-work  is  by   Miss   Agnes    Pitkin  of 

Cincinnati,  assisted  by  Miss  Eva  Stearnes  and  Miss  Mary  Tiwett.     It  is  fully  six  feet  wide;   the  tower  design  is 

a  conventional   scroll   of   buckeye   in   shaded    reds.      The   band   of  tea   roses    is    3^   feet   wide    on  a  clouded 

back-ground.    Their  color  is  terra   cotta   and  a   pale   yellow,  making  a  very    beautiful   combination.     The  same 

design  is  carried  out  on  the  ceiling    without  being  sumptuous,  and  the  pictures,   all   of   which  are  the  work   of 

women,  are  excellent.     There  is  also  quite  a  large  quantity  of  bric-a-brac,  and  some  very  fine  china.     Kentucky 

also   has  a  very   interesting   and  attractive   room  which   is   filled    with   historical    records   and   souvenirs.     It  is 

generally   called  "The    Colonial    Parlor."     The    room    is   furnished   in    white   and   gold;    the   decoration  of   the 

pillars   are   sprays   of   wild   roses    beautifully    arranged.      The    furniture    is    antique,    of    solid    mahogany,  the 

property  of  old  and  prominent  families,  and  the  curtains  are  of  silk,  yellow  with  age.    The  sofa  has   once  been 

in  the  White  House.     It  was  the  property   of   General   Tyler  when    he  occupied  the  Presidential  chair.     These 

two  rooms  are  well  worth  seeing,  not  only  for  the  decorations,  which  are  certainly  beautiful,  but  for  the  many 

historic  associations  they   awaken    in    the   mind    of   the   intelligent. 

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Cincinnati  Room,  Woman's  Building. 


KENTUCKY    ROOM— WOMAN'S    BUILDING. 

An  old  lady,  going  into  the  Kentucky  Room  in  the  Woman's  Building,  said:  "Why,  it  is  just  as  home- 
like as  can  be;"  and  that  it  surely  is,  home-like  in  the  best  sense.  It  represents  an  old  colonial  parlor,  from 
the  famous  "Kentucky  Home;"  the  interior  decorations  are  in  white  and  gold;  the  ceiling  is  divided  by  great 
beams,  such  as  were  common  in  pre-Revolutionary  houses.  Ionic  columns  support  the  transoms,  and  are 
decorated  with  sprays  of  roses  that  climb  up  fully  a  third  of  the  height  of  the  pillars;  the  irons  in  the  fire- 
place are  a  loan  from  a  member  of  the  Clay  family.  The  two  pieces  of  beautiful  pottery  that  we  see  on  the 
mantel  were  decorated  by  Kentucky  ladies.  The  carpets  of  this  room  were  made  in  a  Kentucky  mill,  and  are 
of  the  celebrated  "jeans"  in  golden  and  brown  shades,  the  tone  being  relieved  by  a  rich  oriental  rug  in  the 
centre.  The  furniture  is  old-fashioned,  and  is  made  of  dark  mahogany,  the  exception  being  a  harpsichord, 
which  is  white  and  gold.  Almost  every  piece  is  a  relic  of  some  old  Kentucky  family;  one  chair  belonged  to 
Elder  Brewster  of  Plymouth  Colony,  and  was  loaned  by  a  descendant  of  that  good  man,  now  settled  in 
Kentucky.  The  curtains  are  of  time-stained  yellow  silk,  and  around  the  walls  are  many  pictures  of  the 
beautiful  women  of  the  State.  The  windows  are  quite  curious,  most  of  the  lower  panes  being  mirrors,  and  one 
entire  window  is  composed  of  them.  The  dormer  tops  are  in  colonial  style,  with  small  panes  of  glass  let  into 
the  frames.  An  old  piano,  none  the  worse  for  wear,  stands  in  one  corner  of  the  room,  and  is  often  used. 
The  decorations,  which  are  really  charming,  are  all  the  work  of  a  Kentucky  woman  artist,  who  received  the 
sum  of  l^ooo  to  reproduce,  as  nearly  as  possible,  a  typical  old-time  parlor.  She  has  certainly  succeeded  in 
making  a  lovely  interior;  the  whole  room  is  redolent  of  the  history  of  the  State;  furniture,  pictures,  bric-a- 
brac,  carpets,  ceiling— all  tell  the  pride  these  people  take  in  their  mother-land.  You  cannot  even  sit  in  a  chair 
without  drifting  off  on  the  sea  of  memory.  The  sofa  was  once  in  the  White  House,  and  belonged  to  President 
Tyler;    the  throne  of  a  king  could   not  be  held   in   greater    reverence   here.      With    Kentucky  beauties   looking 

from  the  walls,  and  the  Kentucky  atmosphere  all  about  us,  we  feel  as  though  we  belong  to  the   State. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Kentucky  Room — Woman's  Building. 


NEW    YORK    ROOM— WOMAN'S    BUILDING. 

This  is  a  large,  beautifully  furnished  room,  with  handsomely  decorated  ceiling,  by  a  New  York  woman. 
It  represents  the  library-room  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  shelves  are  filled  with  books  written  by  women 
worthy  of  the  State,  though  all  are  by  no  means  here.  Looking  over  the  shelves,  we  see.  the  poems  of  the 
Gary  sisters,  Alice  and  Phffibe.  Born  on  an  Ohio  farm,  they  went,  when  very  young,  to  New  York,  and  made 
themselves  a  reputation  in  literature  :  Horace  Greeley  was  one  of  their  most  intimate  friends ;  on  their  way  to 
New  York  they  stopped  to  see  John  G.  Whittier,  in  Amesbury,  Massachusetts,  and  in  his  poem  entitled  "The 
Singers,"  Whittier  speaks  of  the  elder,  Alice,  thus : 

"  Her  dark,  dilating  eyes  expressed 
The  broad  horizons  of  the  West ; 
Her  speech  dropped  prairie  flowers  ;  the  gold 
Of  harvest  wheat  about  her  rolled.' 

Looking  among  these  books,  one  soon  becomes  impressed  with  the  culture  and  diverse  intelligence  of  the  Amer- 
ican woman ;  no  subject  seems  to  have  been  too  difficult  for  her  to  grapple ;  astronomy,  art,  science  in  every 
branch,  even  architecture  and  theology  have  not  come  amiss  to  her  omnivorous  genius;  but  it  is  in  books  for 
children,  and  in  the  illustration  of  such,  that  her  true  glory  lies.  What  little  gems  these  books  arel  Many,  we 
note,  are  by  women  before  whose  names  we  see  Miss  placed,  yet  such  are  the  true  mothers  of  the  race,  taking 
the  little  ones  by  the  hand,  and  leading  them  gently  through  the  realms  of  beauty  and  delight;  educating  them 
by  a  process  so  gracious  and  easy  that  they  do  not  feel  the  strain.  Thank  God  for  such  women,  and  thank 
God  for  such  books  1  The  room  is,  in  itself,  a  fit  temple  for  such  literature.  Handsomely  carved  furniture  is 
scattered  about,  and  a  revolving  case  of  photographs  supplies  the  place  of  the  real  presences  that  we  would  be 
glad  to  see  here.  The  fireplace  and  mantel  are  simply  exquisite;  the  carving  done  by  women  is  as  fine  as 
that  of  Holland  or  Belgium.  Pots  of  lovely  ferns  fill  up,  but  do  not  crowd,  the  fireplace,  and  rich  draperies 
give  tone  to  the  room.     Many  a  woman  will  go  away  from  this  place  prouder  of  her  sex. 

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New  York  Room — Woman's  Building. 


GERMANY— WOMAN'S    BUILDING. 

In  our  picture,  we  see  a  small  part  of  the  section    in    which    German    art    is    exhibited.     We   should   be 

inexpressibly  thanl<ful  that  woman  has  so  bravely  invaded  this  domain,  for  she  has  brought  lieart   into   it.     We 

have  heard  mucli  of  the  German  school  of  art,  but  we  are  glad  to  see  that  these  pictures  represent   no  school, 

no   conventionalities,  no   fads.     They  are  just  such   pictures   as   we  would   expect   women    to    paint,  and   they 

prove  that  womanliness  is  not  destroyed  by  the  artistic  temperament.     Here  is  one  of  a  little   child   at   prayer — 

a  sv/eet  subject,  sweetly   treated,  and  near   by   is   a   Bavarian   farmer,  characteristic  enough,  but  tender  withal. 

The  spirit  of  Bavarian  rural  life  is  most  admirably  caught,  and  charms  us  by  its   homely  grace.     To  follow  this 

gallery,  picture  by  picture,  would  not  be  possible,  but  there  is   one  fine   faculty  given   to   man,  which   is,  with 

one   sweep   of    the   eye,  to    take    in    the   general    sentiment  of   what  he  sees.     The  motive  of  these  pictures  is 

homelikeness ;   women  with   children,  and   women   with   mother-faces,  Christ  pardoning  the   sinner,  flowers   of 

every  hue,  dogs  intelligent-looking  as  men,  and  cats  with  most  expressive  faces,  all  float  before  us  in  one  quick 

glance.     There   are,  of  course,  some   more   ambitious   scenes,  not   above,  but   differing   from,  the  general    tone ; 

and  two  or  three  imaginative  pieces,  quite  to  be  expected  of  the  German  cast  of  mind.    Among  these  latter,  are 

Titian's  pupil  and   Irene  von  Spilimberg  in  the  "  Gondola  of   Death  "   and  the   "  Virgin   in   the   Mist   of   Dawn." 

There  is  one  point  in  which  women  excel,  and  it  is  well  brought  out  here — namely,  the  study  of  flowers ;  some 

of  these  are   really  exquisite;   by  no   means  of  the   French   impressionist  school,  but  flowers  real  and    hearty; 

roses,  peonies,   pansies,  and   meadow-flowers,  such   as   star  the  fields   of   Germany,  are   faithfully  and  tenderly 

represented,  and  the  topaz,  green   and   crimson   of  the  autumn   leaves  live  on  these  canvases.     We  are  glad  to 

have  visited  this  place ;  we  have  seen  Germany  in  her  mastery  of  iron  and   steel ;   we   have  confronted   her  in 

the  grim  panoply  of  war,  in  the  museum,  on  the  Plaisance  ;  we  have  been  in  her  building,  and  in   the  titles  of 

the  books,  and  the  furniture  of  her  chapels  we  have  touched  her  literary  and   religious   life ;   we   have   listened 

to  her  music,  and  eaten  in  her  restaurants,  but  here  we  have  viewed  her  in  the  sweetness  of  her  art. 

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Germany — Woman's  Building. 


SI  AM— WOMAN'S    BUILDING. 

Woman,  in  the  "  Land  of   the  White  Elephant,"  has  dropped  the  veil  of  oriental  seclusion  and,  under  the 

leadership  of  the  Queen,  stands  beside  her  world-sisters,  to  claim   honorable  recognition  at  the,  great  Exposition. 

It  is  only  fitting  that  America  should  be  the  scene  of  Siam's  first  effort  to  touch  the  taste  and  commerce  of  the 

West,  for  the  grandfather  of  the  present  sovereign  had  an  American  lady  as  governess  for  his  children,  and  if  he 

had  had  his  own  way,  would  have  married  her,  and  perhaps,  given  to  Siam  a  king  with  American  blood  in  his  veins. 

This  room  in  the  Woman's  Building  is  a  sort  of  cabinet  in  itself;  it  contains  specimens  of  the  handiwork  of  the 

women  of  Siam,  and -some  of  it  is  very  beautiful;  in  the  centre  we  see  a  picture  of  the  Queen,  who  sent  her 

representative  to  convey  to  the   members  of  the  Women's   Congress,  her  deep   interest  in   their  v/ork,  and   her 

earnest  desire  that  Siam  should  be  brought  out  into  the  fuller  light  of  civilization.     On  either  side  of  this  picture 

we  see  the  royal  arms,  not  the  national  standard  of  Siam,  which  is  a  white  elephant  on  a  red  ground,  but  the 

special  arms  of  royalty.     Other  pictures  adorn  the  walls;  some  of  them  crude,  perhaps,  but  telling  of  the  ciawn 

of    art.      Many   articles   in    silver   are   here,   fanciful    in   design,    but   with   a   certain   grace   stealing   through   the 

conventional    grotesquerie.     The    rings   and   articles   in   gold   are   somewhat    more   chaste,    and    convey    an    odd 

reminiscence  of  the  articles  dug  up  from  the  graves  of  the  ancient  natives  of   Guatemala  and  Costa  Rica;  but  it 

is  the  work  of  the  women  that   specially  interests   us ;    here  are  silk-lined  bed-spreads,  with  figures   of  palms, 

elephants  and    birds,  worked  in  gold  thread,  and  mingled  with  pagodas  and  boats,  forming  pictures  of   out-door 

scenes  in  Siam.     Some  of  the  shawls  and  scarfs  are  very  handsome,  and  exhibit  a  wonderful  degree  of  patience 

and  skill   on  the  part  of  their   makers.     Girdles   and   children's   belts  of  twisted   silk  cord,  and  covered  with   a 

net-work   of  gold   and  silver,  would   be  beautiful   anywhere,  and   must  look  very   pretty  on  the  little   Siamese 

women.    Two   robes  of  state  are  especially  noticeable;  one,  the  court  dress  of  a  prince,  rich  in  gold  and   silver 

embroidery ;  and  another,  the  gold-embroidered  robe  of  a  nobleman ;  some   children's  dresses  are  exhibited  with 

these.     In  Siam  the  law  governing  precedence  is  very  strict,  and  is  observed  even  in  the  dresses  worn. 

288 


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FISHERIES    BUILDING. 

The    Fisheries    Building    is    a   fine    Spanisli    Romanesque    structure,   iioo   feet    long,   and   200   feet  wide. 

It    consists    of   a   large    central    edifice   with    two    small    polygonal    buildings    connected    by    arcades   with  the 

central  structure.      It  is   situated   on  the   eastern   side  of  the  large   island   north  of   the  Wooded    Island    in    the 

lagoon.      Its  cost  was   ;^224,ooo.     The  main   building  is    36^  feet  long,  by   16^  feet   wide.     The  two  polygonal 

buildings  are  each   13^  feet  in  diameter.     The  ornamentation  of  the  pillars  supporting  the  galleries  leading  from 

the  central  building  to  the  annexes   on  either  side  is  very   elaborate,  consisting  of  a   rich   encrustation  of   fish, 

frogs,  and   other  marine   forms,  exquisitely  interblent.     The   structure   is   wonderfully  adequate  to  the  purposes 

of   its  construction,  and  is  one  of  the  architectural  gems  of  the  Exposition.     It  covers  one  and  a  quarter  acres, 

to  which  must  be  added .  eight-tenths  of  an   acre  covered   by  the  annexes.     The  appropriateness  of  this  exhibit 

may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  not  only  is  a  large  army  of  men  employed  in  the  pursuit  of  the  finny  tribes, 

but  a  capital  of  ^^^3, 000,000  is  involved,  which  yields  a  raw  product  valued  at  upwards  of  ^40,000,000,  which, 

prepared  for  manufacture  or  sold  in  the   market,  reaches  a  value  of  over  5^100,000,000.     There  are  five  distinct 

groups  of   exhibits,  divided   into  fifty  classes.      In  the  main   buildings  are   shown  the  products  of   the  fisheries 

and  their   manipulation.     Nets,  traps,  boats,  harpoons,  methods  of   curing  fish,  with   huge   strings  of   the  dried 

article,   first    meet    the   view.     Oddly   enough    Japan    has    the    finest  and   most  curious  display,  while  Norway 

comes  next,   though    most   of   the    great    nations    are    well    represented.      In   the   central    pavilion  of    the   main 

building   Massachusetts    exhibits    the    fishing    industries    of    Gloucester.      Everything    from    a    lobster   pot    to   a 

dory  may  there  be  seen.     One  of  the  annexes  is  devoted  to  the  exhibition  of  fresh-water  fishing  and  angling, 

and   contains  a  display  of  splendidly    mounted    fishing-rods   of   every  style.     The  other  forms  a  great  aquarium 

in   which   both   fresh    and    salt  water  fish    are    kept    alive.      This    department    has    covered   itself    with  glory. 

An    immense    amount    of    both    fresh    and    salt    water    is    needed   to   keep  the  fish   alive.      This    is  supplied 

in  huge  tanks  at  great  expense,  and  enables  the  visitor  to  study  the  tlsh  in  their  native  element. 

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Fisheries  Building. 


SOUTH    PORTAL,    FISHERIES    BUILDING. 

God  first  spoke  to  the  architect  in  trees.      He  set  them  on  hill  and  in  valley,  broad,  buttressed,  beautiful 

and  strong.     He  made  their  broad  branches,  tints  of  glorious  changeful  green,  and  stripped  them  of  their  foliage 

in  the  winter  time,  that  their  branches  might  be  seen  and  their  outlines  studied.       He  grained  the  very  bark  in 

patterns,  to  teach  the  adaptation  of  beauty  to  strength.     From  the  tree,  the  hidian  caught  the  idea  of  his  flimsy 

wigwam.     The  pillar  was  evolved  in  more  cultivated  brains,  and  the  arch  followed  in  due  time.     Then. man  saw 

that  as  trees  bore  leaves,  arches  might  include  beautiful  ornamentation,  and  the  fluted  column,  tlie  groined  arch, 

and  the  floriated  capital  resulted.     All  this  passes  before  us,  as  we  stand  gazing  upon  the  south  entrance  to  the 

Fisheries  Building.     The  golden  door  of  the  Transportation  Building  is  grand,  and  the  detail  wonderful,  but  this 

is  simply  beautiful,  looking  as  though  done  in  alabaster.      Three  fretted   arches  are  supported   on  seven  double 

richly  ornamented  columns,  and  the  entrance  forms  a  pavilion,  reminding  one  of  an    old   church,    the   groins   of 

the  arches  rising  to  a  slight  Gothic  point.      This  beautiful  structure  stands  a  little   out   fn)m   the   main   building, 

and  is  relieved  by  small  towers  from  any  suspicion  of  squatness.       From  this  entrance,  stretches  on   either  side 

the  long  vista  of  the  curved  piazzas,  which  connect  the  centre  with  the  two  smaller  edifices.       if  this   erection 

were  of  more  durable  material,  it  might  be  taken  down  and  transferred  to  some  great  city  park,  or  to  an  island 

in  some  lake,  where  it  might  be  studied  with  comfort  and  advantage.     There  is  one  good  thing  in   human   life, 

namely,  that  thoughts  never  die,  but  that  for  every  building  erected,  for  every  statue  carved,  for   every   picture 

painted,  book  written,  or  idea  advanced,  there  is  a  better  and   a   nobler   in   the   mind  of  the  artist,  waiting  the 

opportunity  for  expression.    This  comforts  us  as  we  stand  here;  we  feel  that  this  is  only  a  seed  planted  in  the 

ground  of  American  architectural  genius,  and  that  it  will  grow  into  some  abiding  form  of  beauty  and  usefulness. 

When  its  attractiveness  can  so  win  upon  men  and  women  alike  who  are  not  purists  in  architecture,  what  must 

be  its  effect  upon  the  trained  mind  ?     Many  a  mental  photograph  of  it  has  been  carried  away,  and  we  shall  see 

its  like  again,  in  various  reproductions,  in  parts  or  in  its  completeness. 

292 


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South  Portal  Fisheries  Building. 


UNITED    STATES— FISHERIES    BUILDING. 

It  is  delightful  to  enter  this  building,  and  listen  to  the  plashing  waters,  and  see  the  gleaming  fish  disport 

themselves  in  their  native  element.     Fresh  and  salt  waters   have  been  provided   for  the  tanks   and,  in  the  walls 

around  some  of  the  exhibits,  small  tanks  are  set  like  panels,  the  pictures  being  of  living  fish,  with  specimens  of 

the  gravel  of   the  streams  which   tliey  inhabit,  and  of   the  vegetation   that  forms  their  natural  environment.     In 

some  of  the   large  tanks,  many  colored  fishes  dart  about,  making   reversed   rainbows  in  the  water.     Here  the 

United  States    Fish  Commissioner  shows   how  fish  may  be   propagated   in  lakes  and   rivers,  and   how  deep-sea 

work  is   done.     One  of  the  interesting   machines  is  used   in  cleaning  oyster-beds,  a  very  necessary  operation  if 

the  luscious  bivalve  is  to  be  kept  in  health,  and  the  number  increased.     As  the  discussion  of  the  Seal   question 

has  attracted   such   widespread   attention   lately.    Prof.    Elliott's   model   of   the   Fisheries  on    Pribylov   Island,  will 

afford  valuable  informafion.     It   shows   how  the  seals   land,  the  males  arriving  first,  while  the  older  bulls  settle 

in  a  well-arranged  encampment  near  the  shore ;  the  young  bachelor  seals  are  obliged  to  occupy  separate  quarters 

farther  inland.     When   the   females   arrive,  they  are   captured   by  those  near  the  water  and   soon   apportioned 

among  them,   the  strongest   succeeding  in   securing  the   best.     Long   lanes  are  left  open   through   the   camp  to 

enable  the  bachelors,  and  those  on  the  outskirts,  to  get  down  to  the  water.     Such   seals  as  are  to  be  killed  are 

separated   from  the  mass  at   regular  intervals,  those  being   chosen  among  the  males  which   have  the  finest  fur. 

They  are  driven  as  slowly  as  sheep  to  the  killing-ground  at  some  distance,  and   are  easily  dispatched.     Another 

model   represents  Gloucester   Bay,  the  principal   fishing   centre  on   the   Massachusetts   coast.     It   shows  the  fish 

docks,  with  all  their  requirements.     Gloucester  sends  out  a  very  large  fleet  for  deep-sea  fishing;  it  is  estimated 

that  four  hundred  boats  of  fair  tonnage .  are  engaged   in   the   industry.     A  scene  in    Boston    Bay,  showing  the 

depths  of  the  sea  and  the  nets  used  in  capturing  the  fish,  is  very  lifelike.      Many  models  of  sturgeon,  whales, 

sharks,  dog-   and   devil-fish   form   another  collection,  and  boats,  canoes,  fishing-smacks  and   brigs,  with   all   the 

accessories  of  the  fisherman's  train,  make  up  an  exhibit  startling,  wonderful,  and  infinitely  fascinating 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


United  States — Fisheries  Building. 


NEW    SOUTH    WALES— FISHERIES    BUILDING. 

New  South   Wales  forces  us  to  love   her,  because  she  has  done  so  much   for  this   Exposition,  and   it  is 

evident,  by  tlie  variety  of  her  productions,  that  she  is  a  favorite  of   Deity.      Here  in  the  Fisheries  Building,  we 

find  organic  brains  in  the  arrangement  and   thoroughness  of  the  display.      The  fishes  that. she  could  not  present 

to  us  in  life,  have  been   carefully  and   naturally  reproduced  on   canvas.      There  is   quite  a  little   marine  gallery 

here,  some  of  the  hsh  being  entirely  strange  to  our  waters.     A  large  number  are  preserved  in  alcohol,  the  finest 

specimens   having   been    chosen   to    assist   comparison   and   study.      At  first   flush,  some  would   hardly  see  the 

necessity  of  this,  but  hsh-culture  has  been  brought  to  such  perfection  in  our  day,  that  they  may  be  transplanted 

to  alien   waters,  with  a  fair   measure  of  success.      Our  own   government  was  the  first  to  put  a  fully  appointed 

vessel  at  the  disposal  of  her   Commission   for  this   purpose,  and  therefore  we  have  a  great  interest  in  the  study 

of  the  habits  and    edibility   of  fish.     We   see   here  teraglin,  rock,   cod,   morwong,   snappers,  and  others  which 

are  shore  fish,  or  at  least,  are  caught   within  a  few  miles  of   the  shore,  near  reefs   and  shoals.      Then   here  are 

also  line  tlsh,  comprising-  the  silver  bream,  whiting,  mullet,  the  sole,  gar  fish,  tailor  and  flounder.      There  is  one 

very  fine  collection  of  Australian   snakes  and  reptiles  preserved  in  bottles  ;  they  are  an  ugly  set,  and  only  go  to 

prove   that  the  fairest  spots  on  earth   cannot   be  all   flowers  and   fruits,  but   must  also   have  a  few   drawbacks. 

Adders,  sea  snakes, '  lizzards  and  stump-tails,  the  latter  a  demoniacal-looking  reptile  that  would  take  the  palm  for 

ugliness  anywhere,  bob  about   in  the  alcohol   in  which  they  are  preserved.      We  turn  with   pleasure  from  these 

to  the  well-mounted  aquatic  birds,  of  wliich  tliere  are  many,  that  are   now  harmless  to  the  fish  on  which  they 

preyed   in    life,  and    engender   the    reflection   that   death   makes   all   things   equal.       In  the  exhibit  of   Crustacea, 

oysters,  clams,  niollusks  of  all  kinds,  and  mutton  fish  appear,  and  the  government  has  sent  a  collection  of  pearl 

sea  shells  which  is  lovely.      The  salted   product  of  the  deep,  and  the  oils  extracted   from  fish,  are  made  much 

of,  and  seeing  so  much  of  this  prepared  edible,  we  feel  glad  that  the  Australian  miner  and  squatter  are  evidently 

no  longer  confined  to  the  old-time  diet  of  damper,  mutton  and  tea. 

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New  South  Wales — Fisheries  Building. 


ART   BUILDING. 

The  Art  Building,  deservedly  called  the  "  Palace  of  Art,"  is  situated  to  the  extreme  north  of  the  other 
Government  Buildings.  The  foreign  buildings  flank  it  on  the  east,  the  State  buildings  on  the  north  and 
west,  and  the  North  Pond  on  the  south.  Its  lovely  outlines  are  clearly  mirrored  in  the  water  as  though  nature 
wished  to  caress  lovingly  such  a  beautiful  creation  of  human  genius.  The  architecture  is  purely  classic,  of  the 
simple,  graceful  Ionic  order,  and  has  met  with  nothing  but  the  most  favorable  criticisms  from  tlie  very  best 
judges.  The  building  is  oblong,  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  It  is  intersected  at  the  four  cardinal  points  by  a  great 
nave  and  transept,  loo  feet  wide  and  70  feet  high.  The  intersection  is  capped  by  a  great  dome,  60  feet  in 
diameter  and  12^  feet  high,  surmounted  by  a  winged  Victory,  which  seems  to  bestow  a  benediction  upon  her 
sisters  farther  south.  The  main  building  is  320  by  ^00  feet.  There  are  eastern  and  western  annexes  120  by 
200  feet.  In  proportion  to  size,  this  is  one  of  the  most  expensive  buildings  erected  by  the  government,  the 
cost  being  ^670,000.  The  main  building  has  four  splendid  entrances  ornamented  with  sculpture,  and  reached  by 
wide  flights  of  steps.  The  loggia  and  colonnades  are  rich  with  mural  paintings  which  show  the  progress  of  the 
arts.  A  continuous  gallery  runs  around  the  outside  of  the  building,  which  forms  a  promenade,  enabling  all  to  view 
the  delicate  proportions  and  ornaments  of  the  exterior.  The  friezes  and  pediments  of  the  entrances  are  decorated 
with  sculptures  and  portraits  in  bas-relief  of  those  who  have  been  great  in  art,  in  ancient  and  modern  times. 
Within,  all  tine  great  nations  of  the  earth  are  represented  by  the  very  best  artistic  achievements  of  the  time. 
Old  masters  have  been  excluded,  so  that  each  nation  can  the  better  see  the  development  of  art  in  modern  times. 
The  great  names  of  the  world  are  on  the  record  rolls  of  exhibitors.  Not  only  pictures  are  to  be  seen,  but 
also  architectural  models  of  mediaeval  times,  as  well  as  our  own  era.  A  forest  of  statuary  gleams  on  every  side  like 
a  great  birch  wood  flooded  with  moonlight.  Small  rooms  are  devoted  to  private  collections.  One  of  the  very 
finest  exhibits  is  a  Japanese  screen,  10  by  24  feet,  and  entirely  composed  of  silk  embroidery.  The  front  repre- 
sents a  cherry  tree  in  full  bloom,  every  bud  and  leaf  wonderfully  natural. 

2q8 


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Art   Building. 


UNITED    STATES    GOVERNMENT    BUILDING. 

The  Government  Building  overlooks  Lake  Michigan,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Government  Plaza 
on  the  one  side,  and  the  great  lagoon  on  the  other.  To  the  soutli  is  the  great  Manufactures  Building,  and 
to  the  north,  the  charming  group  of  foreign  edifices.  The  cost  of  the  building  was  ^400,000.  It  covers  an  area 
of  41^  by  34^  feet,  and  iron  and  glass  were  used  in  its  construction.  It  greatly  resembles  some  of  the 
tine  buildings  at  Washington,  and  the  exhibits  contained  in  this  edifice  are  of  the  most  interesting  character ; 
23,000  square  feet  are  allotted  to  the  exhibit  of  the  War  Department  alone.  The  Treasury  Department  has  10,000 
square  feet,  while  the  Agricultural  and  the  Interior  Department  have  24,000  square  feet,  respectively.  The  Post- 
Office  and  the  Smithsonian  Institute  occupy  the  rest.  In  one  of  the  Departments  we  find  a  valuable  assortment 
of  historical  relics,  the  original  document  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  collection  of  presents 
surrendered  by  General  Grant  to  Mr.  Vanderbilt  after  the  Grant  &  Ward  failure  had  left  him  penniless, 
consisting  of  gold  boxes,  swords,  pearls,  diamonds,  and  many  lovely  souvenirs  of  his  visit  to  China  and  Japan. 
The  Mint  makes  a  truly  amazing  display.  All  the  coins  that  have  ever  been  made  in  the  United  States  are  on 
exhibition,  with  a  very  full  collection  of  foreign  coins  also.  The  Bureau  of  Printing  and  Engraving  exhibits 
samples  of  every  bill  turned  out  by  that  Department.  The  Coast  Survey  has  a  huge  map  of  the  United 
States,  400  feet  square,  made  of  plaster-of-paris,  while  also  in  front  of  the  building  is  a  thoroughly- 
equipped  life-saving  station  where  the  men  give  exhibitions  of  the  nature  of  their  heroic  toil.  The  United 
States  Government  Building  may  be  somewhat  behind  her  sister  edifices  in  exterior  embellishment,  but  there  is 
no  doubt  that  her  rooms  contain  treasures  to  make  the  cheek  of  an  American  flush  with  pride.  Every 
Department  in  this  building  is  interesting.  In  that  devoted  to  Fisheries,  everything  used  in  that  business  is 
shown.  The  exhibit  from  the  National  Museum  has  been  placed  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  building.  The 
Patent  Office  exhibit  shows  the  giant   strides  made  in  inventions   during  the  last  few  years.      There   is  also  an 

interesting  display  of   the  remains  of   pre-historic  animals.    Agriculture  is  also  fully  represented. 

^00 


Copyrighted  by  the  World  s  Columbian  Exposition. 


United  States  Government  Building. 


INTERIOR  DEPARTMENT— UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING. 

Entering  this  Department,  we  are  at  first  confronted  witli  some  curious  objects,  tlie  use  of  winicli  does  not 
immediately  stril<e  us,  but  we  soon  learn  that  they  are  plows  from  Mexico,  Java  and  China,  and  clumsy  enough 
they  are,  the  Chinese  being  especially  large  and  awkward.  In  contrast  with  these,  we  find  several  little 
models  of  plows,  from  the  old  share  to  that  which  is  now  run  by  steam,  with  harrows  and  other  implements. 
A  neat  collection  of  models  of  the  different  styles  of  desks  used  in  the  schools  of  the  United  States,  is  worthy 
of  attention.  Near  the  stairway,  we  see  a  library  of  five  thousand  volumes,  intended  as  a  model  for  the  use 
of  small  towns ;  the  books  were  selected  after  correspondence  with  forty-one  of  the  principal  librarians  of  the 
country;  they  divided  the  books  into  ten  classes,  and  then  compared  their  lists  until  tlve  thousand  of  the  best 
books  were  chosen.  A  very  interesting  feature  here  is  the  Holleriph  Electrical  Tabulating  System,  used  in  taking 
the  last  census;  the  process  is  shown  to  the  curious,  and  it  seems  to  work  with  wonderful  ease.  In  one  of 
the  rooms  of  this  exhibit,  we  can  look  upon  the  models  of  patents  secured  during  many  years;  some  of  them 
are  little  gems  of  art,  and  all  attest  the  wonderful  inventive  genius  of  tfiis  nation.  An  Alaskan  war-canoe  is 
hung  from  the  ceiling  in  this  building;  it  is  hewn  out  of  one  great  log,  and  a  figure  is  carved  at  the  prow,  and 
another — a  hideous  object  with  the  body  of  a  frog — is  at  the  stern ;  the  boat  is  painted  red,  black  and  white ; 
the  design  shows  no  little  skill  on  the  part  of  its  constructors.  This  canoe  is  kept  in  company  with  a  great 
many  others  suspended  near  it.  One  of  the  walls  of  the  Patent  Office  is  hung  with  a  collection  of  guns,  ancient 
and  modern ;  here  is  the  old  flint-lock,  side  by  side  with  the  latest  improved  repeating-ritle.  The  geological 
compartment  is  especially  rich  here  ;  one  room  is  entirely  filled  with  minerals,  noticeable  among  them  is  a  huge 
beryl.  Maps  in  profile,  showing  coal  deposits,  and  the  relative  heights  of  mountains,  are  very  instructive ;  they 
also  show  the  depths  of  seas,  lakes  and  rivers.  In  the  centre  of  one  of  the  rooms,  we  see  a  skeleton  of  a 
great  extinct  animal,  the  dinoceras,  somewhat  resembling  the  rhinosceros,  but  much  larger.  This  is  very  skill- 
fully mounted.     Other  splendid  exhibits  are  here,  worthy  of  the  attention  of  American  citizens. 

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Interior  Department— United  States  Government  Building. 


TREASURY    DEPARTMENT,  UNITED    STATES    GOVERNMENT    BUILDING. 

It  seems  odd  on  entering  the  Treasury  Department  in  the  United  States  Government  Building  to  see  high 

up  on  an  iron  frame  a  huge  iridescent  lamp  with   hyper-radiant  lens,  and  one  wonders  what  it  has  to  do  with 

the  Treasury  of  a  great   nation.      When  we  have   learned  that   all  the   lighthouses  on  our  coast    are   under  this 

department,  then  wonder  ceases.      Here  we  find  models  of   several    lighthouses,  with  wonderful    lanterns,  clear 

as  crystal,  whose  glass  reflectors  fling  back  the   rays  of   light   shattered   into  a  thousand   prismatic   hues.      After 

feasting  our  eyes  upon  these  guardians  of   our  native   shores,  we  turn  to  see  some  evidences  of   the  wealth  of 

the  United  States.     There  is  here  no  grand  display,  but  vast  material  for  thought  and  study.     We  find  specimens 

of   every  kind  of    money  ever  used  in  the  United   States,  from   the   infancy  of  the   government  to  the   present 

time,  as  well  as  medals,  notes,  bills,  silver  certificates  and  revenue   stamps  too   numerous  to  mention.      Among 

the  most  interesting  in  the  three  great  cases  containing  this  display,  are  a  few   Continental    notes  such  as  were 

paid  to  the  poor  soldiers  of  the  Revolution  after  years  of   hard   fighting  and    privation,  and  which   proved  of  so 

little  value  to  them.      Another  feature  is  that  the  paper  currency  of  the  United   States   forms  a  veritable  picture 

gallery  of  the  great  men  of  the  land.     The  engraving  on  the  notes  is  certainly  beautiful,  and  it  is  not  wonderful 

that  many  European,   and  some  Asiatic   nations,  have   their   notes    and   stamps    engraved    here.      The   coins   are 

splendidly  minted,  particularly  those  of  later  years,  and  the  milling  around  the  edges  is  sharp  and  clear.     It  may 

be  interesting  to  know  that  coin  was  first   milled  during  the  reign  of  William    III.,  King  of   England,  to  prevent 

the  clipping  of  money,  a  crime  which  had  become   so    common   that  it  was    made    punishable  by  death.     The 

cases  in  our  picture  show  many  coins  and  medals  of  great  interest.      In  contrast  to  these  there  is  another  case, 

or  rather  there  are  two  cases,  with  a  partition  in  the  centre,  filled  with  specimens  of  the  money  of  all  nations. 

Among  the  coins  we  find  the  wampum-belts  of  the  American    Indians;  the  cowries,  or  strings  of  small  shells,  of 

the  Africans,  and   bracelets,   rings,  buckles,  girdles,    brooches,   which   have  in  their   time  all   passed   as   currency 

between  human  beings.     With  these,  there  is  a  fine  ancient  numismatic  collection. 

•  304 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Treasury  Department,  United  States  Government  Building. 


SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTE— UNITED    STATES    GOVERNMENT    BUILDING. 

If  true  enjoyment  is  to  be  found   anywhere,  surely  it  is   liere.     We  are  in  a  little  world  of  interest,  and 

so  arranged  as  to  be  easily   scanned.    The  curious   phenomena   of  the   Glacial   period  are  seen ;   ocean's  gray 

immemorial   floor  gives   up   its  secrets,  and   volcanic   wonders  attract.      Here  are   specimens  of  cave   life ;  huge 

stalactites  and  stalagmites,  like  curiously  wrought  candelabra,  or  shaped  like  pillars,  pyramids  and  pagodas,  are  at 

one  side,  and   the  inhabitants  of  the  caves,  such  as  eyeless  fish,  beetles,  spiders  and   bats  are  near  them.     We 

turn  from   these  uncanny  objects  to  feast  our  eyes  on   little  groups  of  jewels  that  look   like  fruit,  so  deep   and 

rich  is  the  color.      Here  are  topazes  from   pale  pink  to  deepest   amber;  emeralds  and   beryl,  diamonds,  rubies, 

turquoises,  and  the  hnest  opals,  arranged  in  star  patterns  or  piled  in  little   heaps,  under  the  glass  of   the  long 

cases ;   they  are   so  placed  that  they  may  be  easily  studied.     It  is  odd   to  hnd  a  leather  exhibit  close  by  these 

gems;  at  first  we  are  about  to  pass  them  as  of  little  interest,  but  we  soon  note  that  a  great  variety  of  skins  are 

here,  some  made  into  gloves  and  fans,  and  all  showing  different  methods  of   tanning.     We  next  turn  to  articles 

in  bone  and  ivory;  some  are  even  made  of  vegetable  ivory,  and  others  of  the  bone  of  the  narwhal,  walrus  and 

whale.     Here  is  a  great  case  of  royal  birds,  peacocks  and  pheasants  being  most  prominent,  and  by  the  case  stands 

the  life-size  figure  of  a  hunter  fully  equipped.     We  are  now  in  the  Zoological   section ;  mirnic  cliffs   rise  beside 

us,  on  which  we  see   mountain   goats   and   chamois,  stuffed  to  resemble  their  action  while  living.     Here  a  big 

caribou  appears  in  the  act  of  grazing,  and  a  sportive  little  wombat  seems  thoroughly  interested  in  the  operation. 

A  walrus  appears  in  company  with  badgers,  foxes,  sea   lions,  wolves,  and  all   are  natural   enough  to   startle  us, 

if  they  stood  on  our  road   by  moonlight.     Here  is  afforded  us  the   best   possible  opportunity  to  study  the  facial 

characteristics  of  the  Indian  races,  as  also  their  dress  and  occupations;  whole  familes  are  represented  in  cases,  or 

singly,  both  men  and  women  appearing  to  be  engaged   in  some  useful   art.     One  woman   is   shown  weaving  a 

blanket,  of  the  kind   made  by  the  Navajoes  ;   another  is  cooking  a  fish,  and   one  looks  to  see  them   turn   their 

heads  and  speak.     Pottery  and  many  relics  of  the  mound-builders  and  cliff-dwellers  are  here. 

306 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Smithsonian  Institute — United  States  Government  Building. 


CONVENT    OF    LA    RABIDA. 

About  one  mile  and  a  half  from  Palos,  the  little  seaport  from  which  Columbus  set  out  to  discover 
America,  on  a  crag  that  stands  like  a  castle  above  the  surrounding  country,  enclosed  by  a  dense  grove  of  pines, 
stands  the  Convent  of  Santa  Maria  de  Rabida,  or  St.  Mary  the  Mad.  Over  four  centuries  ago,  a  stranger  clad 
in  shabby  garments  and  holding  a  little  boy  by  the  hand,  came  to  its  gates  and  besought  the  hospitality  of  the 
godly  Franciscan  friars.  This  was  readily  granted,  and  in  that  manner  Columbus  and  his  son  hrst  came  to  La 
Rabida.  The  Superior,  Fray  Juan  Pirez,  was  a  learned  man,  and  soon  became  interested  in  the  theories  of 
Columbus,  relating  to  the  existence  of  a  western  continent.  Through  his  efforts  the  Discoverer  was  introduced 
at  the  Spanish  Court,  and  his  business  brought  to  a  happy  termination.  This  convent  has  been  reproduced  in 
Jackson  Park.  It  is  erected  on  the  Lake  front,  just  east  of  the  Agricultural  Building.  It  is  two  stories  in  height 
and  has  a  chapel  in  the  eastern  end,  surmounted  by  a  small  belfry.  The  exterior  is  very  plain,  as  entirely 
barren  of  decoration  as  was  the  original.  The  western  portion  is  built  around  an  open  court,  which  is  almost 
surrounded  by  a  gallery  on  the  ground  floor.  From  the  gallery  a  number  of  little  cells,  such  as  were  used  by 
monks,  open  out.  There  are,  perhaps,  nineteen  or  twenty  rooms  in  the  entire  building.  The  rooms  are  hlled 
witn  relics  of  Columbus,  and  ancient  souvenirs  of  Spanish  history,  and  the  walls  are  covered  with  pictures  rep- 
resenting scenes  in  the  life  of  the  Great  Admiral,  as  also  of  Cortez  and  Pizzaro,  the  Conquerors  of  Mexico  and 
Peru.  A  great  array  of  maps  of  the  world,  from  the  rude  drawings  of  ancient  times  to  the  hnished  productions 
of  our  era,  will  also  engage  the  attention.  The  inner  court  is  filled  with  rare  plants  and  flowers,  and  furnishes 
delightful  warmth  and  color  to  the  sombre  building.  La  Rabida  brings  Columbus  very  near  to  us,  and  ably 
bridges  the  gulf  of  centuries.  The  very  bed  upon  which  the  Great  Admiral  slept  is  before  us;  the  cup  from 
which  he  drank,  the  articles  used  by  him  in  his  daily  life,  lie  here  to  draw  him  back  from  the  realms  of  shade, 
and   give  to  his  personality   a   vividness   and  reality  truly  delightful.      If  nothing  more  than  the  Convent   of  La 

Rabida  were  here,  it  would  be  enough  to  elicit  the  interest  and  the  admiration  of  the  observer. 

308 


Convent  of  La  Rabida. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


KRUPP   BUILDING. 

The  Ki'Lipp  Building  is  situated  on  the  Lal<e  shore,  to  the  south  of  the  peristyle  and  close  to  the  Leather 

Building ;  between  it  and  the  Convent  of  La  Rabida,  the  three  caravels  are  moored,  forming  an  interesting  adjunct 

to  tlie  building.    This  is  one  of  the  most   tastefully   constructed   pavilions  on  the   ground.     The  color  is  a  dark 

French  gray.    The  structure  is  slightly  castellated,  with  turrets  and  signal  towers.     Guns  protrude  from  each.    The 

arms  of    Germany  may  be  seen  over  the  main    entrance,  and  the  German  eagle  perches  proudly  on  the   corner. 

Shields  of  the  different  states  of  the  Fatherland  are  blazoned   brightly  on  panels  around  the  exterior.     Thougli  it 

looks   somewhat  grim    from    without,    its    severity  is  toned  and    modified  by  a  profusion  of   bright  flowers  and 

refreshing   greenery  in  the  windows.      On    entering,  the  building   appears  plain    enough.      There  is  no    apparent 

attempt  at  decoration,  unless  a  few  prints  on  the  wall  may  be  brought  under  that  title,  but  tliere  is  sufficient  to 

engage  the  attention  even     of  the  most  fastidious.      Of  course,  the  great    Krupp  Gun  is  the  centre  of  attraction, 

but  there  is  much  more  food  for  the  thoughtful  mind  than  tliis  grim  iron  monster.      The  steel  with  which  war 

vessels   are  sheathed    at  the    present  time  may  be  seen  in  huge  plates;    looking  at  them,  it  would  seem  almost 

impossible    that    any  shot  could  be  able  to  penetrate    them,  but  when  we  examine  a  group  of  shells  lying  near, 

when  we  try  to  move  the  liuge  spherical  masses  that  are  hurled  like  grains  of  corn  from  the  iron  lips  of  those 

murderous  guns,  our  opinion  is  changed,  and  we  feel  that  there  has  to  be  a  great  improvement  in  armor  to  meet 

the  destructive  power  of  the  modern  projectile.     The  wheels  of  gun-carriages  and  locomotives  lie  around  without 

any  apparent  arrangement;    several  smaller  guns,  looking  as  though   they  were  the  children  of  the   great    Krupp 

monster  in  the  centre,  stand  modestly  on  either  side.     The  really  interesting  point  in  the  exhibit  is,  however,  the 

movable  tower,  the  motion  of   which  is  secured  by  water-power.     As  it  revolves,  the  gun  is  either   elevated  or 

depressed  to  secure  accuracy  of  aim.     This  is  perhaps  the  first  time  that  the  mass  of  the  people  have  been  able 

to  see   how  these   huge   guns  are   operated  in  time  of  war.    The  tower   shelters  the  gunner   from  the  enemy's 

marksman,  and  the  ease  with  which  it  moves  seems  to  be  almost  a  miracle. 

310 


Krupp  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


KRUPP    GUN. 

We  owe  much  to  the  Emperor  William,  Germany's  young  "War  Lord,"  as  he  loves  to  call  himself.  Not 
the  least  of  our  obligations  is  the  interesting  artillery  exhibit  which  he  prevailed  on  Herr  Krupp,  the  great 
gunsmith  of  Essen,  to  make  at  the  Fair.  Germany  seems  to  have  taken  the  lead  in  heavy  artillery  among  the 
nations,  and  we  feel  it  would  be  rash  indeed  to  attack  a  nation  with  such  terrible  engines  of  war  at  her 
command.  A  large  building  has  been  erected  specially  for  this  exhibit,  between  the  Leather  Building  and  the 
Convent  of  La  Rabida  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  grounds.  Our  eyes  turn  to  the  giant  of  the  Exposition, 
an  enormous  rifled  cannon,  weighing  two  hundred  and  sixty-four  thousand  pounds,  or  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
two  tons,  it  is  said  to  be  the  largest  cannon  ever  cast,  and  it  is  certainly  the  longest.  It  is  a  breech-loading 
steel  rifle,  calibre  sixteen  and  one-half  inches.  It  is  forty-eight  feet  in  length.  Near  the  breech-block  it  has  a 
diameter  of  six  and  one-half  feet.  The  projectile  is  conical,  of  chilled  steel,  and  weighs  about  a  ton.  Such  a 
mass  of  metal  crashing  into  any  object  must  work  sad  havoc.  The  powder  charge  required  is  eight  hundred 
pounds.  It  costs  a  small  fortune  to  fire  one  of  these  guns,  so  that  frequent  practice  is  not  feasible.  Looking  at 
this  monster  from  Krupp's  great  foundry,  we  are  able  to  judge  where  the  money  of  a  nation  goes  to  in  time  of 
war,  and  to  value  the  economy  of  peace.  The  range  of  the  projectile  is  from  fifteen  to  sixteen  miles.  Steam  or 
water  is  required  to  hoist  the  shot  into  its  place  as  the  unaided  strength  of  man  would  be  unequal  to  the  task, 
particularly  in  the  heat  and  hurry  of  a  conflict.  It  was  no  easy  task  to  bring  this  steel  giant  to  Chicago.  A 
special  bridge  made  of  steel  and  special  cars  had  to  be  made  for  its  accommodation  in  Germany,  and  when  it 
was  landed  on  these  shores  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  had  to  construct  a  bridge  of  the  same  pattern,  and  also 
special  cars  for  its  transportation.  The  United  States  also  has  several  great  guns  on  exhibition,  but  they  are 
pigmies  compared  with  this  German  colossus,  yet  one  of  them  weighs  over  sixty  tons,  and  throws  a  thousand- 
pound  projectile,  needing  four  hundred  and  sixty  pounds  of  powder.  There  are  some  very  large  guns  in  the 
British  Navy.     H.  M.  S.  "Sans  Pareil"    and  the  "Victoria"  each  carried  two  no-ton  guns. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Krupp  Qun. 


SIAM    EXHIBIT— FORESTRY    BUILDING. 

Most  of  the  Siamese  at  the  Exposition  move  about  very  quietly,  as  if  they  had  hardly  been  long  enough 
in  contact  with  the  nations  round  them  to  judge  them  wisely.  It  may  be  that  tlie  recent  aggressions  of  France 
have  something  to  do  with  this.  They  are  not  a  large  race,  but  lighter  than  the  Chinese,  and  better-looking 
than  the  Malays.  Their  exhibit  in  this  building  is  mostly  of  woods  in  the  rough;  Siam  produces  many  kinds, 
some  of  them  very  valuable.  She  has  been  wise  in  showing  her  forest  wealth,  for  our  trade  with  the  country 
is  rapidly  growing,  and  she  will  probably  find  us  a  good  customer,  especially  in  the  line  of  dye-woods,  of 
which  many  are  here.  Teak-wood,  which  is  among  the  hardest  of  timber,  abounds.  We  use  it  for  spirit-levels, 
also  carpenters'  planes  and  tools  which  need  a  wood  that  will  never  shrink.  The  Siamese  use  it  very  much  in 
making  the  cabinets  for  which  they,  and  the  Chinese  also,  are  so  distinguished;  it  takes  a  high  polish,  and 
does  not  easily  chip;  the  color  slightly  resembles  that  of  black  walnut,  or  the  lighter  shades  of  ebony.  Its  specially 
close  fibre  renders  it  excellent  for  carved  furniture  and  ornaments.  The  oak,  pine  and  chestnut  reach  a 
high  state  of  perfection  here,  and  are  exported  to  the  less  wooded  regions  of  China,  for  building  purposes. 
Among  fruit  trees,  the  pear,  peach  and  apple,  particularly  the  latter,  attain  great  excellence  and  astounding  size. 
Sapan,  eagle-wood,  dye-woods,  iron-wood  and  many  resinous  trees  cover  parts  of  the  couiUry,  which  is  also 
rich  in  the  useful  bamboo,  the  vine,  and  a  large  species  of  honeysuckle.  But  it  is  in  the  variety  of  her  palms 
that  Siam  really  surprises  us;  these  have  long,  flexible  stems,  and  thick  leaves  of  lustrous  dark  green.  Under 
proper  management,  this  country  must  soon  come  to  the  front;  she  is  capable  of  exporting  rice,  silk,  cotton, 
tobacco,  indigo  and  sugar,  with  many  other  articles  of  commerce.  Her  people  are  not  remarkable  for  their  industry, 
which  is  due  largely,  no  doubt,  to  the  influence  of  the  climate  and  their  tenacity  to  ancient  customs.  There  are 
about  2,000,000  Chinese  in  the  country,  but  they  are  noted  for  their  industry  and  quiet  observance  of  the  laws 
of  our  land.  It  may  be  that  this  visit  of  so  many  Siamese  to  America  may  have  the  effect  to  rouse  their 
countrymen  from  their  lethargy.     They  can  at  least  become  missionaries  of  industry. 

314 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Siam  Exhibit — Forestry  Building. 


QUEBEC    EXHIBIT— FORESTRY    BUILDING. 

The  Forestry  Exhibit  of  this  great  Province  has  in  it  one  tremendous  log,  polished  to  reveal  the  knots  and 

lines,  which   serve  to  show  its  age  and   beauty.      Many   parts  of   Quebec   are  covered  with   dense  forests,  the 

product  of  which  forms  the  chief  revenue  of  the  inhabitants.     Among  the  principal  woods  are  pine,  spruce,  birch, 

elm,  maple,  butternut,  poplar,  cedar,  oak,  cherry  and  hickory.      To  these  great  forests,  the  eyes  of  many  of  our 

American    lumbermen    turn   longingly.      Large   tracts    of    woodland   are    owned   by   the   government,   and   many 

Americans,  especially  from   Michigan,  have  made  contracts  to   lumber  on   Canadian   soil.     They  cannot  buy  the 

land  outright,  as  the  government  exacts  ground  rent,  and  also  a  tax  in  proportion   to  the  value  of  the  logs  cut. 

A  special   officer  is  appointed  to   measure   the  timber  and   assess  the  tax,  but  even   with   these  drawbacks  the 

industry  is  found  profitable.     The  majority  of  the   population  of   Quebec  are  of   French  origin,  though  born   on 

the  soil.     A  patois  of  French  is  generally  spoken,  and  is  used  in  the  law  courts  and   the  churches ;    till  recently 

it  was  also  in  use  in  the  schools.     These  habitants,  as  they  are  called,  cling  with  great  tenacity  to  old  ways  and 

customs,  and  are  not  nearly  so  progressive  as  their  Scotch  and  English  neighbors.     Multitudes  of  them  are   now 

emigrating  to  America,  and   it   is   estimated   that   over  a  million  of  this  race  are  on  our  soil   to-day.     The  large 

manufacturing  towns  of  New  England  especially  attract  them,  and  it  is  found  that  here  they  are  industrious  and 

in  some  cases  enterprising,  while  their  great  frugality  gives  them  an  immense  advantage  over  the  average   mill 

laborer;  many  of  them   having  made  a  comfortable  sum   here,  return   to  their  native  towns,  and  their  improved 

attire,  command   of  money,  which   though   little,  seems   great   in   the  eyes  of  the  rural   habitant,  and  above  all, 

their  stories  of  the  great  wealth  of  the  United  States,  and  the  ease  with  which  large  fortunes  may  be  made  here, 

cause  many  others  to  come.    This  must  prove  an  advantage  in  the  end  both  to  Quebec  and   to  ourselves,  as  it 

will  bring  Canada  and  the  United  States  closer  together,  and   lead  to  good  commercial   relations  and  friendly 

comity,  a  state  of  affairs  which  has  long  been  anticipated  by  the  more  sanguine  of  both  countries,  and  which 

may  be  realized  in  the  near  future,  if  present  indications  do  not  mislead. 

316 


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CLIFF-DWELLERS. 

This  picture  represents  one  of  the  most  unique  exhibits  of  the  Fair,  and  most  interesting  to  the  American 

archaeologist.     It  seems  to  rise  right  up  from  the  level  road,  with   great   seams  and  fissures  in  its  sides,  two  of 

them   being  entrances.     The  people,  walking  on  top  of  it,  look  like  mere  pygmies,  the  height  is  so  great.     One 

can  hardly  believe  that  it  is  not  a  work  of  nature,  it  is  so  realistic.     It   is   modeled  after  Battle   Rock   Mountain, 

in  Colorado.     Entering,  we   find   ourselves   in   a   new  world ;   the   last   castles  of  an  extinct  race  are  before  us ; 

one  set  of   buildings  represents  the  ruins  found  in  Mancas  Canon,  and   is   so   placed   as  to  resemble,  as  neariy 

as  possible,  the   place   of   its   discovery.     It   is   high   up   on  a  rock,  the  only  way  of  reaching  it  being  by  fibre 

ladders.    The  structures  have  a  castellated  appearance,  and   are  many  storied.     The  walls  are  slit  here  and  there 

to  secure  light,  and  the  doors  are  without    the   arch,  the    lintels   being   long   blocks  of  stone,  or  heavy  logs  of 

wood,  laid  squarely  on  their  supports.     Mortar  and  cement  have  been  used  in  their  construction,  and  the  stones 

have  been  squared  by  some  unknown  instrument,  as  no  iron  has  yet  been  found  in  the  ruins,     Another  series 

of  these  buildings  is  high  up  in  the  cave,  and  set  in  a  lofty  rift.     It  resembles  some  cliff  dwellings  which  have 

never  been  entered  by  white  men,  as   no   means   of   approach   has  been  found.     On  one  side  of  this  structure, 

the  rooms  of  the  cliff-dwellers   are   shown ;   they  are   all    circular,  with    cemented   floors  and  curious  fireplaces, 

having  a  draught  peculiar  to  these  buildings.     The  cliff-dwellers  buried  their  dead  in  their  own  Inouses,  by  making 

a  sort  of  stone  chest  or  coffin,  and   putting  the   corpse   in  with   the  knees  doubled  up  to  the  chin  ;   sometimes 

the  limbs  were  broken  in  the  operation.     Several  mummies  were  found  in  these  curious  coffins.     One  of  these 

great  cliff  palaces  had  tv/enty-three  rooms,  twenty-two  feet  long.     The  buildings  had  store-houses  in  them  for 

grain    and    food;    the   floors  were   formed   by  laying   heavy  beams  over  the  walls  of  the  lower  story;   smaller 

timber  was  placed  transversely  over  these;   then  twigs  and  brush,  with  a  heavy  coating  of  cement,  were  placed 

over  all.     A  museum,  in  one  of  the   chambers,  contains    many  valuable    relics    of  the    race,  such   as    mummies, 

skulls,    bones,    pottery,    pieces    of    cloth,    weapons,   and    tools. 

318 


Cliff  =  Dwellers. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


RUINS    OF    UXMAL. 

In  the  department  of  anthropology,  there  is  one  great  exhibit  that  could  not  be  housed   in   the    building, 

called  in  the  catalogues,  "  The  Ruins  of  Yucatan,"  but  consisting  mainly  of  Ruins  from  Uxmal.     These  interesting 

remains   stand    in    front    of    the    Antliropological    Building,    and   look    weird   and   strange   amid    their    modern 

surroundings.     They  were  built  ages  before  Columbus  discovered  America,  probably  by  the  Toltecs  or  Chicmecs, 

and  prove  that  a  very  ancient  civilization  existed   on  this  continent.     The   original    materials   were   marble   and 

lime-stone ;  the  keystone  is  absent,  the  stone-work  being  kept  in  position  by  the  weight  of  the  stone  above  it. 

The  central  building  is  from  the  ruins  of  Labna,  and  is  a  good   illustration  of  the  nearest  approach  to  an   arch 

made  by  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Yucatan.      To  get  at  these  ruins,  a  jungle  tangle   had  to   be  chopped  away, 

but  their  state  of  preservation  is  wonderful.      The  House  of  the  Serpent  is  also  shown ;  the  body  of  the  great 

feathered  serpent,  Kukulkan,  is  carved  into  the  stone-work,  all  ab(xit  the  building.     In  another  place  we  see  the 

so-called  "  House  of  the  Governor,"  from  the  ruins  of  Uxmal,  then  "  The  House  of  the  Nuns,"  with  portions  of 

the  same  great  structure.     There  are  also  two  monoliths   here,  with  specimens    of   curious  carving,   and   tablets 

covered  with  hieroglyphics.    The  bases  of  the  buildings  are  covered  with  vegetation,  and   the  stones  which  we 

see  are  some  that  fell   from   the  original   ruins.     Looking  at  this  picture,  we  cannot  fail   to  be  struck  with  the 

skill   shown  in  tlieir  construction.     The  race  capable  of    erecting  such  edifices,  must  have  advanced    far  on  the 

road  to  civilization ;  the  architecture  is  entirely  original ;  no  buildings  yet  discovered  in  the  world  resemble  them. 

The   altars   are    riclily   decorated   with    conventional   sculpture,  and   in    some   cases    huge  tablets    covered    with 

inscriptions   prove   that  this  race  was  not  without  literary  capacity.      Deep   in   the   Central  American  wilderness, 

many  such  ruins  are  found;  of  course,  they  were  originally  the  great  structures  of   large  cities,  but   the   houses 

of  the   poorer  classes   have   perished,  leaving  only  palaces  and  temples.     We  know,  however,  that  these   cities 

were  inhabited  by  a  gentle   race,  whose  offerings  to  their  gods  were  water,  flowers  and  fruits ;  and  who,  unlike 

the  fiercer  Aztecs,  were  averse  to  bloodshed;  their  policy  was  communistic,  much  as  that  of  the  Zunis  to-day. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Coiunibian  Exposliiu 


MOVABLE    SIDEWALK. 

This  curious  structure  extends  the  full   length   of   the  pier  and,   when   crowded   with   people,   presents   a 

very  interesting  spectacle.       It  will  accommodate  ^6io  persons,  who  are  carried  along  at   various   speed;   part   of 

the  walk  moves  at  the  rate  of  three  miles  an  hour,  and  the  remainder  at  six  miles :  three   hundred   and   fifteen 

cars  suppoi't  the  structure,  making  a  chain  4300  feet   long ;   the   propelling  power  is  formied   by  ten   street   car 

motors,  and  the  wire  and  trolleys  are  concealed  beneath  the  platform,  so  that  we  move  along,  little  suspecting 

the  power  that  impels  us.      The  seats  will    hold   four   persons   and,  if  a  passenger   desires,  he  can   step   with 

comparative  ease  from  one  platform  to  another.      This  pier  is  large  enough  to  hold   about   40,000   persons,  and 

has  few  equals  in  length  in  the  world.       Its  construction  was    commenced  in    September   1892,  and   it   required 

over  three  months  to  finish  it;  it  covers  over  thirteen  acres  of  ground;  a  vast  amount  of  timber,  6^00  cords  of 

stone,  and  151  tons  of  iron  were  used  in  its  construction.      The  piles  on  which  it  stands  are  thirty-five   feet  in 

length,  the  water  about  the  pier  is  from  six  to  eighteen  feet  in  depth,  and   the   piles  are   driven   deep  into   the 

bed  of  the  lake.      There  are  two  or  three   other  curious   methods   of  locomotion   at    the   Fair ;  on   the   Midway 

Plaisance,  we  see  the  Sliding  Railway,  an  elevated  structure,  the  rails  of  which  are  broad  and  flat  on  top  ;  there 

are  no  wheels,  so  the  car  is  supported  on  iron  shoes,  hollowed  out  and  resting  upon  the  rail;   the  water  is  fed 

into  the  hollow  of  the  shoe  and  escapes,  by  pressure,  between  the  rails.     The  Ice  Railway  is  another   curiosity 

in  this  line ;   at  first  sight,  it  looks  like  a  great  toboggan  slide ;   it  occupies  a  space  sixty  by  four  hundred   feet ; 

real  ice  and  snow  lie   between   the  tracks,   it  is   made   by   the   refrigerating   machinery  of  a  great   New   York 

concern;   the  total  length  of  the  tracks  is  eight   hundred  and  seventy-five  feet;    the  sleighs  glide   merrily  along, 

filled  with  happy  people  whose  laughter  mingles  with   the  jingling  of  the  bells.       It  is   curious  to  see   people 

sleighing  with  the  thermometer  at  go  degrees,  but  we  are  so  cloyed  with   wonders  here   that  nothing  surprises 

us   greatly.       Everywhere  there  is   motion ;    electric    Launches,   Gondolas,    the   Intramural    Railway,   the   Sliding 

Railway,  the  Ice  Railway,  and  the  Movable  Sidewalk;  land  and  water  alike  are  alive  with  happy  people. 

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Movable  Sidewalk. 


TERMINAL    RAILWAY    BUILDING. 

At  last  we  have  reached  the  grounds ;  we  step  off  on  the  platform  and,  having  secured  oui'  tickets,  pass 
through  the  gates  on  to  a  wide,  covered  platform  with  several  entrances  opening  into  the  Terminal  Station. 
Thirty-five  tracks  run  into  this  station,  and  it  is  said  that  forty-three  thousand  passengers  may  be  loaded  at  once 
on  its  trains.  The  building  is  lofty,  its  aisles  stretching  in  long  avenues  on  either  side,  as  we  pass  through. 
Here  are  first-class  restaurants  and  refreshment-rooms,  with  cigar-stands  and  places  for  the  sale  of  trinkets  and 
souvenirs.  There  is  a  gallery  in  the  second  story  from  which  the  multitudes,  as  they  land,  may  be  conveniently 
seen  and  studied.  The  high,  white  walls  give  an  impression  of  coolness,  which  is  the  more  marked  from  the  glare 
without.  The  front  of  the  building  is  extremely  handsome,  entirely  in  keeping  with  the  splendid  architecture  of 
the  other  structures  on  the  grounds.  Passing  through,  we  are  directly  before  the  Administration  Building,  and 
the  glimpse  we  get  of  the  Grand  Basin  beyond,  and  the  great  buildings  on  either  side,  gives  us  a  very  fair 
momentary  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  this  Exposition.  To  the  south  of  us.  Machinery  Hall  looms  up,  not  only  a 
triumph  of  the  Fair,  but  a  tribute  to  the  mechanical  genius  of  the  whole  world.  To  the  north,  the  red  Trans- 
portation Building  appears,  while  that  is  flanked  by  the  structure  devoted  to  Mines  and  Mining.  Looking  upv/ard, 
the  golden  dome  of  the  Administration  Building  towers  far  above  us,  a  triumph  of  art  and  beauty.  We  pass 
through  this  building  and,  under  the  great  rotunda,  we  find  a  model  of  the  United  States  Treasury  Building  at 
Washington,  made  out  of  silver  coin.  This  is  really  the  only  exhibit  here,  as  all  the  other  rooms  are  devoted 
to  administrative  purposes.  Here  is  the  general  rendezvous  for  those  v/ho  have  arranged  to  meet  friends,  as 
the  vast,  empty  hall,  save  for  a  few  settees  at  the  sides,  enables  one  to  distinguish  persons  readily,  while  in  the 
other  buildings  we  are  lost  in  a  maze  of  avenues  and  lanes.  It  is  extremely  pleasant  to  be  thus  set  down  in 
the  very  heart  of  this  "White  City,"  and  from  this  point,  to  wander  out  to  glean  our  little  harvest  of  knowledge 
and  entertainment.    The  means  provided  to  bring  strangers  from  the  city  to  the  Fair  Grounds  are  as  ample  and 

as  excellent  as  could  be  desired.     By  land  and  water,  every  convenience  is  afforded. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Terminal    Railway  Building, 


CHORAL    HALL. 

Choral  Hall  is  sometimes  called  "  Festival  Hall,"  and  is  situated  between  the  Transportation  Building  and 
Horticultural  Hall.  It  is  one  of  the  plainest  buildings  on  the  ground,  and  is  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre 
surmounted  by  a  dome.  The  principal  entrance  is  from  the  lagoon,  though  there  are  three  other  porticoes  which 
project  from  the  building.  The  main  entrance  has  six  Doric  fluted  columns,  six  and  one-half  feet  in  diameter. 
It  is  reached  by  a  broad  flight  of  steps,  at  the  foot  of  which  may  be  seen  statues  of  the  two  great  masters  in 
musical  composition,  Handel  and  Bach.  Handel  was  born  in  i68^  and  lived  until  171^9.  Though  born  in 
Germany,  his  music  had  the  greatest  influence  on  England,  whicli  country  he  visited  in  1710.  An  old  song 
tells  us  ■ 

"  Great  Handel  'tis  said  could  eat  dinner  for  six, 
Wliicli  was  doubtless  his  reason  on  England  to  fix 
As  the  land  where  good  eating  with  music  they  mix." 

Bach  was  born  in  Eisenach  in  168^,  the  same  year  as  his  great  contemporary,  Handel.  He,  too,  won  deserved 
laurels  in  the  field  of  melody.  The  progress  of  music  is  represented  in  bas-relief  panels  on  the  side  of  the 
portico,  and  over  the  door  there  are  portraits  in  relief  of  Mozart,  Wagner,  Schumann,  Sheick,  Berlioz,  Beethoven, 
Bach  and  Handel — that  great  clioir  of  master-singers,  whose  soul-thriUing  productions  time  will  not  soon  allow 
to  die.  Inside,  the  Hall  is  arranged  very  much  on  the  plan  of  a  Greek  theatre,  except  that  the  part  used  for 
stage  purposes  is  here  devoted  to  the  choir  of  2^00  voices.  There  are  no  galleries,  only  a  foyer  or  promenade 
extending  around  the  building.  The  audience  room  will  seat  2^00  persons.  The  decorations  are  reliefs  in  color, 
showing  the  progress  of  music.  The  highest  class  of  music  is  performed  here,  and  frequently  throughout  the 
time  the  Exposition  continues,  great  crowds  will  hear  the  choicest  melodies  rendered  in  a  manner  worthy  of 
the  most  renowned  musical  centres  of  Europe.  The  taste  for  good  music  has  increased  in  this  country  in 
greater  proportion  than  in  any  other.  The  rising  generation  make  it  part  of  their  education,  and  many  native 
composers,  stimulated  by  the  emoluments  and  honor  to  be  obtained,  are  doing  good  work.      This  Hall  will  be 

the  Mecca  of  the  musically  inclined,  throughout  the  United  States. 

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Choral  Hall. 


ON    THE    BEACH. 

A  lovely  sheet  of  water,  this  clear,  pellucid  shading  between  blue  and  green.  In  the  sunlight  it  looks  like 
a  great  garden,  full  of  magic  flowers  that  one  might  pluck  and  bear  away.  Who  would  imagine  that  these 
waters  are  as  treacherous  as  any  known  to  man  ? — that,  in  a  few  minutes,  that  sleepy,  drawling  tide  can 
change  to  a  sudy,  swiding  flood  in  which  no  boat,  and  only  the  very  staunchest  vessels,  can  live  ? — that,  beneath 
this  diamond  breastplate,  many  a  still  heart  lies,  brought  to  untimely  doom  ?  Two  vessels  here  attract  our 
attention,  one  the  war-ship  "Michigan,"  which  patrols  the  lake;  the  other,  the  battle-ship  "Illinois,"  which 
ought  to  be  called  a  building  and  not  a  ship.  As  we  sit  here  and  see  the  white  sides  of  the  "  Michigan,"  we  feel 
proud  of  our  government.  Some  have  suggested  that  the  color  be  changed  to  black,  or  some  less  conspicuous 
hue  than  the  present,  but  we  think'  not.  By  all  means  let  us  show  the  world  that  these  United  States  mean 
peace,  and  not  war,  and  that,  if  war  must  come,  we  are  just  as  ready  to  be  shot  at,  as  to  shoot.  The  battle- 
ship "  Illinois"  is  a  wonder  to  strangers ;  they  cannot  unc^erstand  why  such  a  ship  should  have  been  built, 
when  a  real  one  might  have  been  kept  in  these  waters  at  little  expense,  but  they  have  overlooked  one  great 
fact;  we  needed  a  building  in  which  to  display  our  naval  exliibit;  in  any  shore  structure,  such  a  show  would 
have  been  almost  meaningless,  but  here  we  see  everything  in  its  place;  we  learn  the  dreadful  power  of  naval 
batteries,  hov/  they  are  worked,  and  the  amount  of  protection  afforded  the  men  who  tire  the  guns.  Many  a 
mother  will  go  home  and  sleep  more  easily  having  seen  this,  for  she  will  realize  that  her  son  who  has  joined 
the  navy  is  not  doomed  to  certain  death  from  the  dreadful  foreign  vessels  that  she  has  read  about,  but  that  he 
may  some  day  come  home  to  her,  witli  the  fresh  'aurels  of  victory  on  his  brow.  But  we  have  had  enough 
of  war-ships.  The  view  before  us  is  all  peace,  all  beauty.  The  little  sailboat  yonder  fascinates  us ;  now  it 
dances  into  the  sunlight  and,  when  a  cloud  passes  over  the  sky,  the  shadow  touches  its  sail  tenderly,  and 
softens  its  whole  outline.     Even   lovers  who  sit  here   do   not   speak  to  eacli   other,   but  all   gaze  with   dreamy 

rapture  on  that  quivering  floor,  over  which  innumerable  ships  may  plough  and  never  leave  a  track. 

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On  the  Beach. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


BATTLE-SHIP    "ILLINOIS." 

Grim  and  stern,  white  as  thougii  pale  through  long  and  arduous  struggles  with  a  desperate  foe,  the  war- 
ship "Illinois"  stands  at  the  pier  eastward  of  the  Light-house,  and  almost  in  front  of  the  great  building  devoted 
to  manufactures.  Its  turrets  armed  with  formidable  guns,  seem  to  keep  guard  over  the  fair  white^  city  so  rich 
in  the  world's  treasures  and  marvels  of  ingenuity.  So  perfectly  is  the  ship  constructed  that  it  seems  to  be 
floating  on  the  pellucid  waters  of  the  lake,  while  in  reality  it  is  made  of  brick,  and  built  on  a  secure  foundation. 
It  is  by  no  means  a  play-ship,  a  mere  toy  to  amuse  the  passing  curiosity  of  a  gaping  crowd,  but  an  exact 
model  of  all  that  a  man-of-war  is,  and  ought  to  be;  showing  how  the  officers  and  men  of  our  greatest  naval 
vessels  live,  the  system  of  discipline  maintained,  the  various  drills  necessary  to  secure  perfection  in  action,  and 
the  latest  improvements  in  marine  artillery.  While  the  other  departments  are  represented  in  the  United  States 
Government  Building,  the  "Illinois"  serves  to  contain  the  naval  exhibit  of  this  country.  We  owe  the  idea  of  such 
an  exhibit  to  Commodore  R.  W.  Meade,  U.  S.  N.  The  vessel,  modeled  on  the  lines  of  the  "Indiana,"  the  "Mass- 
achusetts" and  the  "Oregon,"  is  ot  10,300  tons  measurement,  and  cost  only  $80,000,  exclusive  of  armament  and 
exhibits.  Her  length  is  148  feet,  and  she  is  69  feet  wide.  Those  who  never  go  "down  to  the  sea  in  ships," 
who  never  heard  the  thunder  of  cannon,  when  each  iron  mouth  speaks  in  dread  earnest,  can  here  see  something 
of  what  war  on  the  water  really  means.  The  "Illinois"  carries  all  the  guns  usual  with  ships  of  tlie  class  she  rep- 
I'esents,  many  of  them  real  and  capable  of  use  in  actual  war,  a  few  of  them  imitations,  because  the  extreme 
weight  of  the  genuine  guns  would  destroy  such  a  structure.  The  way  in  which  the  guns  are  worked  is  shown, 
as  also  the  magazines,  and  the  shell-rooms.  Nothing  is  omitted  to  give  the  visitor  a  clear  idea  of  how  the 
genius  of  murder  has  been  cultivated.  The  torpedo  service  is  also  illustrated  in  a  most  interesting  manner,  and 
not  the  least  instructive  feature  of  the  exhibit  is  the  manner  in  which  ammunition  is  carried  to  the  guns  by 
machinery.  The  United  States  Government  has  made  no  vain  display  here,  for  most  of  the  objects  on  exhibi- 
tion will  be  transferred  to  vessels  in  actual  service,  thus  benefiting  the  country  in  a  double  capacity. 

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Battle=Ship  "  Illinois. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


LOOKING    SOUTH    ALONG    THE    BEACH. 

The  beauty  of  this  Exposition  lies  in  one  fact,  which  is  that,  though  one  may  be  a  part  of  a  great  crowd, 
and  drift  with  its  impetus  hither  and  thither,  there  are  places  in  which  solitude  may  be  enjoyed;  not  in  the 
sense  of  loneliness,  for  there  are  always  many  people  about,  but  in  the  sense  of  personal  seclusion;  nowhere 
is  this  so  manifest  as  on  the  beach.  People  on  the  water  are  always  sociable,  but  by  the  water  it  is 
different.  We  dream  in  sympathy  with  the  murmurs  of  the  waters.  Here,  however,  we  cannot  dream,  and 
turning  from  the  expanse  of  lake  before  us,  we  look  southward  and  enjoy  a  wonderful  view.  Before  us  is  the 
great  building  of  France,  our  old-time  ally,  and  still  loved  by  all  who  revere  this  fatherland.  We  know  that  in 
that  building  the  Spirit  of  La  Fayette  is  enshrined,  that  many  of  the  documents  which  he  signed,  and  the  things 
that  were  dear  to  him  in  common  life,  are  within,  and  so  we  feel  that  we  are  looking  on  a  temple,  sacred  to 
the  genius  of  our  national  life.  Where,  in  the  picture,  we  see  the  bushes,  just  south  of  the  French  Building, 
lies  the  little  structure  erected  by  brave  old  Norway;  it  is  not  a  noble  pile,  but  it  just  fits  into  its  place;  its 
dark  wood  accords  admirably  with  the  surrounding  green,  its  quiet  rooms  are  full  of  restfulness  and  peace; 
here  we  can  forget  the  Fair,  and  feel  as  though  by  some  deep,  dark  fjord,  rich  in  tradition  and  old  in  story. 
But  to  stay  here  would  not  meet  the  demands  of  this  picture.  Yonder,  where  the  tower  kisses  the  sky,  is  the 
great  building  of  the  German  nation,  architecturally  indescribable,  as  the  nation  itself  is  politically  indescribable. 
Within,  German  brains,  German  religion,  German  taste,  and  the  whole  cosmos  of  German  genius  reveal  them- 
selves. Surely  she  is  a  great  land  and  a  good  land,  a  home  land  and  a  heart  land,  and  a  land  to  be  loved  by 
friends  and  to  be  feared  by  foes.  Beyond  Germany,  we  see  the  building  of  Spain,  that  gallant,  chivalrous  land 
which,  in  this  Fair,  has  forgotten  self,  and  reached  her  strong  hand  to  place  another  jewel  on  Columbia's  brow. 
Let  us  not  forget  that,  in  honoring  ourselves,  we  have  also  honored  Spain,  and  Spain  has  honored  us,  in 
lending  her  ancient  renown  to  our  fresh  young  fame.      In  the  extreme  distance,  we  see  the  Victoria  House,  the 

building  of  the  Bntish  Government,  and  like  all  things  English,  it  is  sound  and  good. 

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Copytighted  by  the  World's  Columbicn  Exposition. 


Looking  South  along  the  Beach. 


MARINE    CAFE. 

Of  the  many  restaurants  scattered  throughout  the  Exposition  grounds  this,  situated  near  the  Swedish 
Building,  is  the  most  attractive;  at  the  noon  hour,  we  find  ourselves  pushing  up  the  broad  steps  in  the  midst 
of  a  great  crowd.  On  entering,  there  is  nothing  remarkable  to  attract  us,  unless,  perhaps,  the  fact  that  only 
marine  food  is  sold.  However,  if  fish  is  a  brain  producer,  the  people  are  evidently  anxious  for  brains;  and, 
though  the  waiters  Hash  about  like  rifle-shots,  they  wait  with  great  patience  and  good  humor.  There  are  many 
really  pleasant  cafes  here.  The  Bureau  of  Public  Comfort  has,  in  the  lower  story,  a  telegraph  office  with 
writing-tables  and  note-paper,  convenient  for  all;  the  restaurant  is  above,  in  a  wide  gallery,  which  passes 
round  the  building,  opening  out  into  balconies  where,  because  of  the  coolness  and  the  extended  view, 
many  love  to  sit  and  dine.  As  a  large  number  of  people  bring  their  lunches  with  them  to  the  grounds,  they 
can  purchase  a  cup  of  coffee  or  tea  here,  and  sit  at  tables,  which  is  better  than  lunching  "al  fresco."  The 
Swedes  also  have  a  very  pleasant  restaurant,  where  Swedish  dishes  are  sold,  and  one  is  waited  on  by  bright- 
faced  Scandinavians,  in  the  Polish  restaurant,  those  who  love  a  good  dish  of  gollosh  may  be  found;  and  on 
the  Plaisance  one  may  dine  in  as  many  languages  as  he  choses — Chinese,  Turks,  Algerians,  Germans,  Javanese, 
Persians,  all  desire  him  to  try  their  dishes,  and  expect  him  to  consider  them  the  finest  in  the  world.  There  are 
many  good  restaurants  in  the  large  edifices,  and  that  in  the  Woman's  Building  seems  to  hold  the  favor  of  the 
ladies,  probably  because  of  the  excellent  ice  cream  dispensed  there.  The  most  pretentious  of  all  is  probably 
the  White  Horse  inn,  built  to  represent  a  famous  English  hostelry  often  patronized  by  Charles  Dickens.  A 
large  number  of  English  bar-maids,  such  as  any  one  conversant  with  the  inns  of  London  has  often  seen,  have 
been  imported  to  attend  here,  and  it  is  amusing  to  note  the  difference  between  them  and  the  American  wait- 
resses; there  is  a  large  dining-room  on  the  right  side  of  the  hall,  opposite  the  tap-room.  All  these  restaurants 
form  an  interesting  feature  of  the  Exposition,  and  minister  to  the  needs  of  a  motley  crowd,  at  the  same  time 
introducing  many  visitors  to  a  Bohemian  mode  of  life  with  which  they  were  wholly  unacquainted. 

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Marine   Cafe. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


GROUP    IN    ESQUIMAU    VILLAGE. 

We  present  in  this  admirable  picture  a  faithful  view  of  the  population  and  huts  of  the  Esquimaux  near 
the  Midway  Plaisance.  Since  the  annexation  of  Alaska,  2^,000  or  30,000  of  these  interesting  people  have 
become  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  as  such  they  must  have  a  deep  interest  for  us.  Clad  in  their  curious 
fur  garments  with  hooded  capes,  their  squat  figures  look  even  more  stunted,  and  the  women  and  children  one 
sees  among  them  are  the  veriest  mites  of  humanity.  In  spite  of  the  oddity  of  the  costume,  a  similar  outfit 
would  be  rather  expensive  in  this  country.  The  soft,  gray  tints  of  the  sealskin,  spotted  here  and  there  with 
flecks  of  darker  color,  being  really  handsome.  No  better  costume  could  be  conceived  for  the  land  of  perpetual 
ice  and  snow  in  which  they  live.  The  dress  worn  by  both  sexes  is  almost  similar.  An  under-garment  of  fox- 
skin  with  the  hair  turned  inward,  a  frock,  trousers,  moccasins  and  hood  make  a  complete  outfit.  The  hoods 
worn  by  the  women  are  larger  and  are  used  as  receptacles  for  babies  when  the  mothers  travel.  During  the  winter 
when  the  Esquimaux  have  to  abandon  the  upper  air  and  live  in  their  igloo  or  snow  cave,  the  heat  is  so  great 
that  the  family  discards  all  garments  and  uses  them  only  as  mattresses.  The  Esquimaux  of  this  village  are  not  from 
Alaska,  but  are  natives  of  Labrador,  a  still  more  inhospitable  clime.  They  are  one  of  the  oldest  races  on  earth, 
an  interesting  survival  of  the  Stone  Age,  with  little  if  any  admixture  of  foreign  blood.  Once  this  race  extended 
as  far  as  Greenland,  and  it  was  in  an  attack  of  the  Skralingers  or  Esquimaux  that  Lief  the  Unlucky,  the  son 
of  Eric  the  Red,  who  the  Norse  sagas  tell  us  preceded  Columbus  in  the  Discovery  of  America,  lost  his  life. 
Thus  the  curtain  fell  for  neady  five  centuries  on  the  destinies  of  the  New  World.  It  is  strange  to  think  that 
perchance  a  spear  flung  by  the  hand  of  an  ancestor  of  the  i'ace  we  gaze  on,  wrought  this  wonder.  It  is  thus 
we  see  how  intimately  each  race  is  connected  with  others.  Looking  at  those  odd,  squat  figures,  with  good- 
natured  faces,  it  is  very  hard  to  realize  that  they  ever  rubbed  shoulders  with  Europe,  or  had  any  influence  on 
its  history   and  destiny.      They   have    proved    valuable    assistants,  with   their   dogs   and    sledges,   to  the  many 

Arctic  exploration  parties  of  the  last  fifty   years,  sent   out   from    Europe   and   America. 

336 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Group   in   Esquimau  Village. 


ESQUIMAU    HUT. 

The  Esquimau  Village,  called  by  some  the  Innuit  Colony,  or  the  Hasky,  is  situated  at  the  extreme  north- 
western corner  of  the  Exposition  grounds,  near  the  ^yth  Street  entrance.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  green  fence,  and 
a  small  admission  fee  is  charged.  The  fence  encloses  several  acres,  with  a  pond  near  the  centre.  There  are  ten 
families,  numbering  sixty  persons,  in  the  entire  colony,  the  youngest  being  a  tiny  mite  of  a  baby,  born  in  this  country. 
There  are  ten  cabins  covered  with  bark  or  moss,  and  a  central  Topek  in  which  is  stored  all  that  an  Innuit  needs 
when  hunting  on  land  or  water.  The  Topek  is  built  of  walrus  hides  laid  over  birchen  poles;  but  the  really  great 
show  of  the  Innuit  Village  is  not  its  human  occupants,  but  the  noble  dogs  that  live  in  pens  on  the  north  side  of 
the  enclosure.  Gazing  into  their  intelligent  faces  one  is  somewhat  inclined  to  agree  with  the  caustic  remark  of 
Chateaubriand:  "The  more  I  see  of  men,  the  better  I  like  dogs."  Usually  eight  of  these  dogs  are  harnessed 
abreast  to  one  sledge.  They  can  travel  very  rapidly,  and  endure  cold  and  hunger  uncomplainingly.  The  Esquimaux 
are  very  skillful  in  the  manufacture  and  management  of  the  articles  necessary  to  their  existence.  The  Kayak  of 
which  we  have  spoken  is  a  shuttle-shaped  canoe  covered  with  hairless  sealskin  stretched  on  a  whalebone  frame 
with  a  small  hole  in  the  centre  for  the  paddler.  The  paddles  used  are  tipped  with  bone,  and  the  Innuit  handles 
them  with  remarkable  ability.  He  has  an  ingenious  arrangement  consisting  of  a  water-proof  suit  fastened  to  the 
Kayak  to  keep  himself  dry.  The  word  "Esquimau"  means  "The  man  who  eats  raw  flesh."  They  call  themselves 
"Innuits,"  which  means  "people."  There  are  probably  not  more  than  40,000  in  existence.  They  never  go  to 
war  among  themselves,  but,  though  having  a  great  dislike  for  the  shedding  of  blood,  will  often  secretly  and 
treacherously  injure  one  another.  They  are  easily  moved  to  mirth,  and  their  flat  faces  break  into  smiles  on  the 
slightest  provocation.  That  they  are  a  comparatively  honest  people  none  who  have  had  dealings  with  them 
doubt.  If  one  of  their  number  finds  a  lot  of  driftwood  and  piles  it  together,  he  has  only  to  lay  a  heavy  stone 
upon  it,  and  it  is  recognized  as  his  property.     The  same  is  true  of  game  and  other  objects.     This  regard  for  the 

rights  of  others  is  a  quality  of  heart  that  might  be  imitated  with  profit  by  many  more  civilized  people. 

338 


Esquimau  Hut. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


VIKING    SHIP. 

"Skaoul  to  the    Norseland   Skaoul."      The   centuries   have  rolled   back   and   we   stand   upon    such  a  ship 

as  carried  Eric  the  Red,  and  Leif  the  Unlucky  up  Massachusetts  Bay,  when    Spain    was   not  yet  a   nation   and 

Ethelred  II.  the  Unready,  sat  upon  the  English  throne.     The  reason  this   vessel    was    built   by   the    Norwegians 

was  to  prove  to  the  world  that  the  Vikings  did  discover  Amenca;  that  their  stauncli   ships    were    quite    capable 

of  the  voyage,  and  those  hardy  mariners  as  staunch  as  the  ships    they    navigated.     It    can    now   no    longer   be 

said  that  the  feat  was  impossible,  or  even  improbable.     It  has  been  accomplished,  and  as  nearly  as  possible  over 

the  same  route,  by  Captain  Magnus  Anderson  and  twelve  worthy   descendants   of  the  Viking  race.     With   only 

one  mast  and  a  single  sail,  with  a  broad  oar  for  a  rudder,  without  cabin  accommodation  of  any  sort,  and  hardly 

room  to  stow  away  their  provisions,  these  men  have  made   the    voyage.     No    modern    invention    was    used   to 

simplify  the  task.     As  their  fathers  did,  so  did  they,  and  right  hearty  the  welcome   we   gave   them    when    they 

touched  our  shores,  and  right  well  they  deserved  it.      The  Viking  is  modeled  exactly  after  the  vessel    unearthed 

at  Sandjeford,  and  which  is  preserved  in  the  museum  at  Christlania,  Norway.     Her  prow  sweeps  upward  in  the 

shape  of  a  dragon's  neck  and  head,  and  her  stern-port,  which  is  very  high,  is  formed  like  the  tail  of  a  dolphin. 

Sixteen  black  and  yellow  shields,  made  to  protect  the  oarsmen  from  the  arrows  of   the  enemy,  hang  on    either 

side,  and  under  the  shields,  loop-holes  have  been  made  for  oars.     Two  pairs  of  crotches,  looking  like  the  frame 

on   which   gypsy-kettles  are   hung,  hold   the   booms   that   shelter  the  crew.      There  is  one  at  each   end   of   the 

craft.    The  rudder  or  steering  gear  is  very  simple,  resembling,  as  we  have  said,  a  broad  flat   oar.     The    keel    is 

fastened  into  the  boat  by  roots  and  strong  thongs.      The  "  step  "  of  the  mast  is  a   huge    piece    of   oak    shaped 

like  a  whale ;  provisions  were  the  only  ballast.     They  were  kept  in  boxes    and   barrels,  lashed    to    the    side    of 

the  ship  under  the  booms.     The  ship  is  built  of  oak  planks  over  half  an  inch  thick.      It   is   seventy-seven   feet 

long,  sixteen  feet  beam,  and  from  gunwale  to  keel    is    six   feet.     A   star   banner   flies   at   the   bow,   and   a  ■  red 

standard  at  the  stern  with  a  gilt  lion  in  the  red.    The  black  raven  ensign  of  the  "Vikings"  is  also  carried. 

340 


^^ 


?f%  ■ 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  txposnion. 


Viking  Ship, 


SANTA    MARIA. 

Chicago  has  no  more  interesting  exhibit  in  Jacl\Son  Parl\,  or  on  the  waters  of  the  lal<e,  than  the  repro- 
duction of  the  mimic  fleet  in  which  Columbus  sailed  to  the  discovery  of  America.  As  we  gaze  upon  them,  we 
are  moved  with  admiration  for  the  courage  of  those  undaunted  men  who,  in  such  frail  vessels,  could  sail 
unknown  seas,  which  the  popular  mind  and  the  legends  of  old  sailors,  had  filled  with  forms  of  terror  and 
shapes  of  direst  dread.  Phantom  ships  manned  by  ghostly  crews;  islands  that,  on  near  approach,  sank  out  of 
sight  with  a  wailing  population,  fearful  shrieks  ringing  out  from  unseen  shores,  monsters  whose  iron  grasp  and 
terrible  maws  crushed  and  dragged  down  ill-fated  vessels;  such  were  the  stories  told  these  hardy  mariners,  and 
sucli  the  rumors  everywhere  rife.  Above  all  was  the  sense  of  the  unknown.  Ships  had  sailed  out  into  that 
ocean,  and  had  never  been  heard  of  more ;  perhaps  they  lay  in  ocean's  unfathomed  depths,  perhaps  they  still 
sailed  on  and  on,  manned  by  ghastly  skeleton  crews,  grinning  with  fleshless  jaws  at  the  immensity  before 
them.  It  was  an  age  of  superstition,  and  little  wonder  was  it  that,  v/hen  Columbus  came  down  from  Court 
to  Palos  with  the  royal  requisition  for  three  vessels,  men  turned  pale  and  hesitated.  The  Magistrates  of 
Palos  shrank  from  the  task  before  them.  Women  clung  to  their  husbands,  and  would  not  let  them  go ;  and 
Columbus  was  looked  upon  as  a  monster  ready  to  devour  or  devote  their  loved  ones  to  certain  destruction. 
Repeated  royal  mandates  had  to  be  issued  before  the  authorities  bestirred  themselves.  But  Palos  was  not 
wanting  in  bold,  superstition-defying  men,  who  entered  heart  and  soul  into  the  plans  of  the  great  Admiral. 
Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon  and  his  brother  Vincente  Yanez  Pinzon  came  to  the  help  of  Columbus.  They  were 
wealthy  and  enterprising  men,  who  owned  vessels  and  had  seamen  in  their  employ.  They  furnished  two  of 
the  vessels  required,  the  "Santa  Maria"  and  the  "Nina."  A  third  vessel,  the  "  Pinta,"  with  its  crew,  was  pressed 
into  the  service.  They  were  light  barques,  called  caravels,  no  better  tlian  our  coasting-vessels  at  the  present  timio. 
The  "Santa  Maria"  v/as  the  largest  of  the  three,  but  in   no  sense  less   liable  to  the  dangers  of  the  deep  than 

her  smaller  consorts,  though  a  little  more  comfortable  on  account  of  the  fact  that  she  was  decked  over. 

342 


Santa  Maria. 


Copyrighted  by  the   Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


NINA. 

The  vessels  were  built  high  at  the  prow  and  stern,  with  forecastles  and  cabins  for  the  crew.  Only  the 
Santa  Maria  was  decked  over,  and  upon  her  Columbus  placed  his  flag.  The  Nina  had  lateen-sails,  which  looked 
like  three-cornered  mats.  They  were  hung  on  a  cross-tree  and  fastened  diagonally  to  the  mast.  The  Nina  was 
commanded  by  Yanez  Pinzon :  his  brother,  Martin  Alonzo,  was  captain  of  the  Pinta,  and  with  liim  as  pilot,  he 
took  a  younger  brother,  Francisco  Martin  Pinzon.  The  other  pilots  were  Sancho  Ruiz,  Pedro  and  Alonzo  Nino,  and 
Bartholomew  Roldan.  The  whole  number  embarked  was  one  hundred  and  twenty  men.  Columbus  and  his 
men,  before  starting,  confessed  to  the  worthy  Father  Perez  and  partook  of  tlie  communion.  The  entire  population 
of  Palos  came  down  to  the  shore  to  see  them  off.  Tears  and  groans  were  heard  on  every  side.  The  hearts 
of  the  sailors  sank  within  them,  and  with  heavy  forebodings  they  slipped  anchor,  and  set  out  on  that  memorable 
voyage.  They  steered  straight  for  the  Canary  Islands,  then  the  outermost  limit  of  discovery.  The  third  day 
out,  the  Pinta  broke  her  rudder,  an  accident  due,  it  was  thought,  to  the  fears  of  the  owners,  who  wished  her 
to  be  left  behind.  Columbus  spent  several  days  cruising  among  the  Canaries,  trying  to  replace  her,  but,  failing, 
managed  to  patch  up  a  rudder,  thus  enabling  her  to  continue  the  voyage.  Leaving  the  Canaries,  the  little  fleet 
sailed  out  into  Neptune's  untried  domain ;  for  three  weary  days  they  were  becalmed,  the  sails  hanging  idly 
from  the  masts.  When  out  of  sight  of  land,  many  of  the  seamen  broke  down  utterly.  They  flung  themselves 
into  the  bottom  of  the  vessels  and  moaned  and  wept  continuously.  Columbus  did  his  best  to  cheer  them.  He 
caused  two  reckonings  to  be  kept,  tliat  they  might  remain  in  ignorance  of  the  great  distance  between  them  and 
Spain.  At  last,  even  his  iron  heart  began  to  quail.  The  needle  varied  from  the  usual  point.  It  seemed  as  if 
even  the  laws  of  nature  were  against  the  rash  discoverer.  He  could  not  understand  it,  but  commending  himself 
to  God  still  kept  upon  his  way.  The  ships  now  began  to  move  through  large  masses  of  drifting  weed  that 
clung  to  the  caravels,  and  in  some  measure  retarded  their  progress.  Aristotle  had  spoken  of  such  a  sea,  and 
Columbus  supposed  that  it  was  this   he  had   now  reached. 

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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Nina. 


PINTA. 

The  first  heralds  of  land  were  curious  enough,  but  slight  as  they  were,  they  were  seized  by  the  mariners 
with  eagerness  and  the  avidity  of  hope.  One  day  a  live  crab  drifted  by ;  on  another  occasion  a  white  bird  which 
never  ventures  far  from  shore,  was  seen.  A  pension  of  thirty  crowns  had  been  promised  to  whoever  should 
first  descry  land,  and  so  every  eye  was  strained  eagerly  through  the  mists  which  now  began  to  gather  about 
them ;  but  it  was  weary  waiting.  Day  after  day  passed  and  no  land  appeared,  and  the  men  thought  that 
they  would  have  to  sail  on  and  on  until  they  perished.  A  mutiny  was  the  result.  Columbus  quelled  it  with 
great  difficulty,  and  just  as  it  was  ready  to  break  out  afresh,  land  was  sighted,  to  the  great  joy  of  all.  When 
the  day  dawned,  a  lovely  island,  rich  with  variegated  verdure,  appeared  before  the  discoverer,  and  thus  the  new 
world  was  unveiled.  Memorials  of  this  wonderful  voyage  are  now  before  us  in  these  three  caravels,  brought 
by  the  sons  of  the  same  gallant  and  chivalrous  nation,  to  our  shores.  No  object-lesson  could  be  more  striking, 
no  nobler  proof  afforded  of  the  great  trutli  tlnat : 

"  God  moves  in  a  mysterious  way. 
His  wonders  to  perform  ; 
He  plants  His  footsteps  in  the  sea. 
And  rides  upon  tlie  storm." 

Side  by  side  with  the    monsters  of   modei'n  marine  invention  these   fi'ail    shells   lie,  speaking  of  the   undaunted 

heroism  of  the   mariners  of  olden   days.      No    wonder   the   men    of   that   time  looked   upon    Columbus  as  an 

enthusiast  and  a  dreamer,  yet  great  was  the  marvel   he  wrought  with  such  slight  material.      They  lie  before  us 

on  the  watei's  of    Lake   Michigan,  one   thousand   miles   from    the   ocean   Columbus  navigated,  looking  more  like 

toys  than  ships  once  bosomed  with  the  destinies  of  a  world.     Their  very  presence  increases  the  cordial  feelings 

this  nation   cherishes  for   Spain,  and  also  for  the  Spanish-speaking   Republic  south   of  us.      We  dwell  on  the 

heroism    of   the    Light   Brigade,  but  the  courage  of  the   one  hundred   and   twenty   mariners  who  day  after  day 

faced  death  on  an  unknown  sea  was  greater,  because  their  trial  was  longer. 

346 


i_. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Pinta. 


ARKANSAS    BUILDING. 

The  State  of  Arkansas  lias  not  a  very  large  building,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  was 
erected  by  private  subscription,  at  a  cost  of.  ^16,000.  The  entrance  is  from  a  large  circular  veranda, 
which  extends  the  whole  width  of  the  building  on  the  hrst  floor.  It  is  in  the  French  style,  and  is  intended 
to  recall  the  fact  that  the  first  settlers  of  Arkansas  were  of  that  nation.  As  we  enter  we  pass  almost 
immediately  under  the  rotunda.  In  the  centre  of  the  ground  floor,  which  is  made  of  native  hard  wood 
and  yellow  pine,  there  is  a  fountain  of  Hot  Springs  crystals,  a  donation  of  the  ladies  of  Hot  Springs.  The  basin  is 
ten  feet  in  diameter,  and  at  nigint  presents  a  very  attractive  scene  when  illuminated  by  electricity.  The 
decorations  of  the  walls  are  extremely  pretty.  Sprays  of  roses  and  vines  give  the  impression  of  finished 
v/ater  color,  while  here  and  there  prettily-painted  birds  on  the  wing  lend  life  to  the  interior.  Silken  banners 
hang  from  the  gallery.  Just  beyond  the  fountain,  under  the  central  arch  below  the  rotunda,  there  is  a  beautiful 
marble  figure,  by  Caroline  S.  Brooks,  intended  to  represent  the  water-lily  she  had  modeled  in  butter.  There 
are  also  two  busts  of  General  Albert  Pike,  who  died  recently  at  a  great  age.  In  one  of  the  side  rooms 
stands  a  Corean  cabinet,  beautifully  inlaid  with  mother-of-pearl,  and  also  a  lovely  screen,  intended  to  represent 
Paradise,  which  was  sent  from  Canton  to  the  Emperor  of  China,  and  given  by  him  to  one  of  our  ministers 
to  Corea.  It  is  valued  at  #1000,  and  appears  cheap  at  that  price.  On  the  second  iloor  we  are  brought  face  to 
face  with  the  mineral  wealth  of  Arkansas ;  large  quantities  of  ore  and  minerals  are  displayed,  wliile  wonderful 
stalagmites  and  stalactites  fill  one  of  the  cases.  Marbles  of  great  and  nch  variety,  the  product  of  the  State 
quarries,  may  be  seen  on  every  hand.  In  one  department  there  are  no  less  than  seventy  kinds  of  valuable 
woods  made  into  book  form,  with  the  Latin  names  in  gilt  upon  the  covers.  They  form  a  very  attractive 
library.  On  the  wall  highly-polished  slabs  of  beautiful  woods  are  fastened ;  they  are  pictures  in  themselves 
of  Nature's  delicate  tracery  and  gracious  prodigality  of  color.  There  is  also  a  large  case  of  singing-birds  in 
the  gallery,  many  of  them  very  beautiful,  and  all  of   them  natives  of  the  State. 

348 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Arkansas  Building. 


CALIFORNIA    BUILDING. 

California  evidently  believes  that  "what  is  worth  doing  at  all,  is  worth  doing  well."  She  has  erected  a 
massive  structure,  second  in  size  to  the  great  Illinois  State  Building,  it  is  intended  to  represent  one  of  the  old 
adobe  Mission  Churches  built  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  when  California  formed  a  part  of  the  mighty  dominion  of 
Spain.  The  severity  of  the  architecture  is,  however,  most  happily  relieved  by  the  injection  of  several  Moorish 
details,  accentuated  by  the  flat  central  dome.  Each  of  the  four  corners  is  flanked  by  a  tower  resembling  the 
belfries  of  old  Spanish  churches,  wliile  tlie  main  tower  is  as  nearly  as  possible  a  reproduction  of  that  of  the 
old  church  in  San  Diego.  Old  Spanish  bells  are  hung  in  the  belfries,  their  brazen  tongues  still  vocal,  though 
the  good  Fathers  and  their  churches  have  crumbled  into  dust.  The  building  is  4^0  feet  in  length  by  1^0  in 
width.  To  the  top  of  the  eaves  is  tlfty  feet,  while  the  dome  rises  eighty  feet  above  the  ground.  The  floor 
area  within  is  100,000  square  feet.  The  appearance  of  age  has  been  secured  by  darkening  and  seaming  the 
walls.  The  ceiling  is  of  red  California  tiles.  A  lovely  roof-garden,  rich  with  tropical  verdure,  forms  a  pleasant 
feature  of  the  building,  while  several  fountains  on  the  ground  tloor  form  fitting  centre-pieces  for  the  display  of 
California's  vast  wealth  of  fruit  and  wines.  All  the  exhibits  of  the  "Golden  State"  have  been  duplicated,  that 
a  more  beautiful  exhibition  might  be  secured,  and  though  she  is  represented  in  every  one  of  the  Department 
Buildings,  notably  in  Horticultural  Hall,  she  has  done  well  to  shrine  her  treasures  in  her  noble  State  edifice. 
Under  the  Spanish  rule,  California  may  be  said  to  have  been  asleep  for  nearly  two  centuries.  The  life  of  her 
people  was  purely  pastoral.  Mexico  did  not  improve  this  state  of  affairs.  The  Garden  of  the  World  was  lying 
idle,  sparsely  populated,  and  given  over  to  a  few  drowsy  shepherds  and  vaqueros.  True,  a  gracious  hospitality 
prevailed,  patterned  nowhere  on  the  face  of  the  earth ;  but  in  1848,  gold  was  discovered,  and  in  1849,  like 
eagles  to  a  banquet,  the  men  of  the  United  States  flocked  thither,  and  the  slumber  of  centuries  was  broken. 
For  fifty-four  years  California  has  been  awake,  and  may  point  with  conscious  pride  to  her  v/onderful  advance- 
ment in  all  that  pertains  to  true  American  culture  and  refinement. 

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i 


California  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


INTERIOR    VIEW— CALIFORNIA    BUILDING. 

Let  us  enter  this  building  at  the  eastern  portal;  the  first  objects  that  confront  us  are  magnificent  date 
palms,  quite  as  tine  as  one  would  see  in  Arabia,  the  home  of  the  date  palm.  A  rather  fiery  kind  of  wine  is 
made  in  that  country,  called  date-palm  wine,  which  is  made  from  the  sap  of  the  tree.  Luscious  fruits  are 
found  on  every  side;  it  is  wonderful  that  such  a  collection  could  be  gathered  together  so  far  from  the  place 
of  their  growth.  Pears,  large  as  the  largest  turnips,  may  be  seen  in  glass  jars;  some  of  delicate  green,  others 
mottled,  as  are  some  early  apples.  The  variety  of  plums  causes  one  to  stand  aghast;  the  wild  red  plum, 
looking  like  a  great  ruby,  is  shown  in  its  perfection.  Some  are  a  deep  purple  with  skin  fluffy  as  velvet,  and 
others  several  shades  of  green,  varying  from  the  well  known  greengage  to  paper  mulberry.  Unfortunately, 
these  fruits  are  not  tabulated,  so  that  we  find  it  difficult  to  mention  the  vaneties.  Great  golden  apricots  till 
many  jars,  some  of  them  large  as  oranges,  while  the  grapes  are  particulady  fine,  and  tine  varieties  are  bewil- 
dering, ranging  from  deepest  purple  to  lightest  green.  The  building  in  which  we  find  ourselves  is  well  worth 
study.  It  is  modeled  after  one  of  those  old  Spanish  missions,  v/hich  were  built  long  before  the  adventurous 
Anglo-Saxon  could  claim  a  single  foot  of  California  soil,  and  when  that  glorious  territory  was  the  ideal  land  of 
the  agriculturist  and  fruit-grower;  when  the  original  of  this  building  was  erected,  life  in  this  great  State  was 
purely  patriarchal,  and  the  planters  were  wonderfully  hospitable;  every  door  was  open,  and  the  stranger  and 
wayfarer  found  a  warm  welcome.  As  banks  were  few,  money  was  often  left  in  piles  in  the  corner  of  the 
room,  and  the  guest  was  expected  to  help  himself  to  the  fair  limit  of  his  necessities.  It  was  only  when  the 
Americans  began  to  pour  in,  that  this  gracious  custom  ceased,  because  it  was  abused.  Old  bells  hang  in  the 
tov/ers,  the  same  as  v/ere  used  by  the  Spaniards  more  than  two  hundred  years  ago.  We  think,  as  we  gaze 
upon  them,  of  how  many  christenings,  marriages  and  deaths  their  sweet  tones  chronicled.  This  building  has 
100,000  square  feet  of  floor  space,  and   enshrines  a   display  in   fruits  and   products  v/orth   at    least   ^1,000,000. 

No  one  can  enter  this  building  without  feeling  how  great  must  be  the  State  that  can  produce  such  a  display. 

352 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Interior  View— California  Building. 


RECEPTION-ROOM— CALIFORNIA    BUILDING. 

This  is  one  of  tlie  handsomest  reception-rooms  in  any  of  the  State  Buildings,  and  does  great  credit  to 
the  taste  of  the  women  of  California.  The  furniture  and  draperies  are  rich  and  handsome,  and  the  pictures  are 
really  artistic.  Though  this  is  a  young  State,  comparatively  speaking,  the  social  sense  is  strongly  developed  in 
its  population,  and  they  have  established  an  order  called  the  "  Native  Sons,"  which  helps  to  keep  alive  the 
memory  of  the  early  pioneers  of  '48  and  '49.  To  have  been  a  pioneer  is  considered  a  great  honor,  but  the 
number  of  these  is  rapidly  growing  less,  and  soon  all  will  have  passed  to  the  great  majority.  To  be  the  son 
of  one  of  these  men,  and  to  have  been  born  in  California,  is  esteemed  a  stroke  of  good  fortune,  and  this 
Order  has  been  founded  by  such.  They  form  the  backbone  of  the  social  life  of  California,  and  as  we  listen  to 
the  conversation  of  some  of  them  in  this  room,  we  soon  observe  that  they  consider  their  State  the  grandest  in 
our  great  galaxy  of  commonwealths.  The  California  women  have  a  room  of  their  own  in  the  Woman's 
Building,  which  is  very  lovely.  It  is  furnished  in  redwood,  and  the  tone  of  the  walls  and  drapery  is  a  very 
peculiar  shade  of  green ;  the  walls  are  covered  with  pictures  of  historic  interest,  and  the  room  contains  a  bust 
of  Mary  Anderson  Navarro,  the  attractive  young  actress,  who  was  born  in  the  "Golden  State."  One  of  the 
great  beauties  of  the  room  in  our  picture  is,  that  furniture  has  not  been  crowded  into  it.  In  this  respect,  we 
can  learn  much  from  the  Japanese,  who  never  over-crowd  their  rooms,  as  we  so  often  do.  Here,  each  hand- 
some piece  of  furniture  can  be  easily  seen  and  admired.  It  is  all  of  California  wood,  and  the  covering  of  some 
pieces  is  of  silk,  made  in  that  State.  The  screens  are  all  hand-painted  in  artistic  fashion,  and  are  mostly  the 
work  of  women.  In  the  great  bowl  on  the  centre-table,  flowers  such  as  grow  in  the  "Golden  State"  are  seen, 
and  the  vase  beside  these  is  especially  handsome.  The  piano  here  is  for  use,  not  show,  and  many  are  the 
visitors  who  sit  down  to  it,  and  play  the  songs  of  home,  while  the  multitude  surge  without.  Sometimes  a 
group  of  young  people  will  gather  around,  and  sing  the  old  familiar  hymns;  many  of  them'  have  never  met 
before,  and  may  never  meet  again,  but  music  draws  them  together,  and  holds  them  with  its  subtle  charm. 

354 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Reception=Room — California  Building. 


RAISINS— CALIFORNIA  BUILDING. 

The  exhibit  in  this  picture  is  of  raisins,  and  forms  part  of  the  display  in  tlie  California  Building  There 
is  a  great  deal  of  dried  fruit  here,  the  most  imposing  being  a  gigantic  horse  made  of  prunes,  astride  of  which 
sits  a  warrior  of  heroic  size,  composed  of  the  same  dried  fruit.  Raisins  have  been  in  use  from  remote 
antiquity;  tliey  are  mentioned  several  times  in  the  Bible.  In  Numbers,  vi :  3,  we  read  that  when  a  man  took 
the  vow  of  the  Nazarite,  he  should  eat  neither  fresh  grapes  nor  dried,  and  in  i  Samuel  xxv:  i3,  we  learn  that 
Abigail  brought  to  David  clusters  of  raisins,  and  cakes  of  figs,  after  her  husband  Nabal  had  surlily  refused  to  assist 
the  outlawed  hero.  Raisins  are  made  in  various  ways;  sun  raisins  are  grapes  which  are  allowed  to  remain  on 
the  vines  after  they  have  reached  maturity,  and  to  dry  on  the  stalk;  another  way  is  to  partially  cut  the  stalk 
and  thus  prevent  the  flow  of  sap  to  the  fruit  before  it  is  quite  ripe;  and  stiil  another  is  to  sever  the  clusters 
of  ripened  fruit,  and  expose  them  to  dry  in  the  rays  of  the  sun,  covering  them  at  night  from  the  dew,  and 
taking  good  care  that  the  rain  does  not  injure  them.  Currants,  wliich  arc  so  dear  to  the  heart  of  the  house- 
wife and  cook,  are  dried  in  this  way;  they  are  small  grapes,  largely  grown  near  Corinth  in  Greece,  from  which 
they  derive  their  name,  though  it  has  been  corrupted  into  currants ;  when  gathered,  they  are  spread  out  on  the 
sea-sliore  on  sheets  of  canvas,  and  this  in  a  great  measure  accounts  for  the  sand  and  grit  we  find  among  them. 
They  are  also  grown  largely  on  Corfu,  and  on  Zante,  two  of  the  Ionian  Islands.  Greece  yearly  exports 
millions  of  dollars'  worth,  mostly  to  England  and  France.  They  are  good  specimens  of  sun-dried  fruit,  and  are 
really  raisins.  An  attempt  is  being  made  to  raise  this  small  Corinth  grape  in  California,  but  as  yet  little  success 
has  waited  on  the  experiment.  Grapes,  dried  indoors,  lose  their  flavor,  and  do  not  bring  so  high  a  price  in 
the  market.  In  some  countries,  the  grapes  are  dipped  in  boiling  water  or  a  strong  solution  of  potash  lye  to 
soften  the  skin  and  to  give  the  raisins  a  glossy  appearance ;  and,  in  Asia,  a  litfle  olive  oil  is  poured  upon  the 
water,  to   produce   the   same   effect.     The   California    raisins   are  mosfly  dried   in   the   sun;    the   same    method 

being  used  as  in   the  case   of   currants,  of   which   we   have   spoken. 

356 


ORANGES— CALIFORNIA    BUILDING. 

This  mighty  globe  of  oranges  is  seen  near  the  main  entrance  to  the  California  Building;  as  the  oranges 
of  which  it  is  formed  decay,  they  are  replaced  daily  with  fresh  fruit,  sent  direct  from  this  State.  The  variety 
now  being  brought  in,  is  the  "Tardif,"  by  some  called  the  "Valencia  late,"  which  ripens  in  July.  The  orange 
orchards  of  California  are  very  profitable;  one  represented  here,  brought  to  its  owner  a  profit  of  ^i5'oo  an  acre. 
The  crop  was  sold  for  four  dollars  per  box,  the  number  of  trees  was  130,  their  age  eight  years.  Another 
orchard  nets  its  owner  from  $30,000  to  $5'o,ooo  a  year,  and  consists  of  110  acres,  which  is  all  planted  in  orange 
and  lemon  trees.  Other  fruits  pay  equally  well.  One  man  raised  300  tons  of  green  apricots,  which  he  dried 
himself.  This  left  him  fifty  tons  which,  when  disposed  of,  netted  him  over  $^00  per  acre.  Large  numbers  of 
apricots,  dried  and  green,  are  shown  in  this  exhibit.  An  apricot  orchard  of  five  acres  situated  near  Lordsburg, 
California,  bore  this  year  about  90,000  pounds  of  fruit  which,  when  dried,  weighed  14,833  pounds.  The  fruit 
was  sold  for  twelve  cents  a  pound,  and,  after  paying  all  expenses  for  picking,  drying  and  shipping,  the  owner 
found  himself  in  possession  of  a  clear  profit  of  $1738.  From  a  prune  orchard  of  three  acres,  consisting  of  240 
trees,  seven  years  old,  twenty-seven  tons  of  fruit  were  gathered,  which  sold  green  for  $^0  a  ton ;  these  brought 
in  $138^;  this  orchard  was  irrigated  only  twice  in  four  years,  and  the  entire  cost  of  culture  did  not  exceed  $24 
per  acre,  for  the  year.  Apples  also  are  plentiful;  one  orchard  of  300  trees,  "best  Spitzenbergs,"  yielded  3180 
boxes;  these  trees  are  thirty-two  years  old,  and  have  never  borne  a  better  crop  than  this.  The  "  Bellflower " 
trees  are  just  as  fruitful  as  the  "Spitzenbergs"  and,  as  we  look  upon  these  apples,  our  mouths  water,  and  we 
think  a  trip  to  California  would  pay,  if  only  to  revel  for  a  time  in  the  enjoyment  of  her  fruit.  To  omit  the 
peaches  would  be  a  great  oversight ;  the  following  is  the  record  of  eleven  trees :  480  pounds  of  fruit  were 
preserved,  $10  worth  of  ripe  fruit  sold,  and  $12.^0  of  the  dried;  if  the  dried  fruit  was  sold  at  two  cents  per 
pound,  the  eleven  trees  would  bring  in  $2.7^  each,  which  would  make  the  yield  of  a  hundred  trees  average 
$275'  per  acre.     It  will  be  seen  from  these  figures  that  fruit-growing  in  California  is  extremely  profitable. 

358 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Oranges — California  Building. 


MINING    EXHIBIT— CALIFORNIA    BUILDING. 

Dazed   with   the   marvelous   display  of   California   fruits  and  vegetation,  we  turn   to   the   product   of   her 

mines.     The  central   tlgure   is  a   miner  in   his  working-dress;     we  gaze  at   his  rugged   face  for  a  moment  and 

think   how  many  such,  who  went   out  to  California  in    "49,"    have  become  millionaires,  and  even  now,  though 

they  are  old  men,  direct  and  control  the  financial  interests  of  the  country.     California's  mining  exhibits  are  very 

various.     In  the  Mines  and  Mining  Building,  she  has  a  most  beautiful  pavilion.     The  front  is  of  marble,  and  the 

wings  of  dark  colored  and  green  marbles,  with  pillared  gilt  recesses.     One  wall  is  painted  black,  and  upon  it,  in 

great  gilt  cubes,  the  gold  yield   of  the   State   is  shown;    these  cubes  are  of  the  actual  size  of  the  bullion  gold 

mined,     in  1880,  hydraulic  mining  was   prohibited,  and   the  yield   of  gold  was   ^27,000,000.      In  1892,  the  gold 

product  of  the  United  States  was  $32,84^,000,  of  which  California  alone  produced  J^iy, 160,000.    The  most  curious 

feature  of  the  exhibit  is  a  number  of  pieces  of  pictured  onyx,  from  a  mine  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California. 

These  pieces  show  faithful  representations  of  mountains,  forests  and  lakes;    even  waterfalls  are  depicted  by  the 

hand  of   nature   in  the  translucent  stone,  and   the   branches   of  the   trees  are  very  realistic.      Such   have  never 

before  been  found  in  the  world;    some  of   the   pieces  are  oval,  others  square;    we  take  them  in  our  hands  and 

feel  them  carefully  to  see  if  the  landscapes  have  been  etched  upon  them,  but  soon  discover  that  a  greater  hand 

than  man's  has  wrought  the  wonder.     One  large  block  of  rubellite  seen  here  is  worth  attention.     It  is  of  granite 

nature,  with  little  pencils  and   bosses   of  red  scattered  through  it,  much  as  tourmaline  crystals  are  found.     This 

would  make  a  splendid  building  stone,  and  if  the  cost  of  transportation  were  not  too  great,  would   probably  be 

very  generally  adopted.      Gems  cut  and  uncut,  abound,  with  piles  of  silver  ore  and  galena.     The  pampas  grass, 

seen  in  our  picture,  should  also  be  noted;    it  is  grown  by  a  California  lady,  who  colors  it  and  exports  a   large 

quantity  to    Europe.     The  grass  is   used   for  decorative   purposes,  and  is   practically  a  new  article  of  commerce. 

Many  of  the  sumptuous  rooms  of  the  nobility  of  Europe,  and  the  wealthy  of  this  country,  are  adorned  with  these 

feathery  plumes,  looking  much  like  ostrich  feathers.     Quicksilver,  copper,  tin,  iron  and  coal  are  extensively  mined. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Mining  Exhibit— California  Building. 


COLORADO  BUILDING. 

The  Colorado  Building  does  not  depend  upon  its  external  appearance  for  its  attractiveness.  Two  tall 
towers  erected  on  either  side  of  the  entrance  somewhat  relieve  the  white  monotony  of  the  facade.  The  second 
story  may  be  reached  by  winding  flights  of  broad  stone  steps  beside  the  principal  entrance.  Colorado  is  one 
of  the  greatest  mineral-producing  states  of  the  country.  The  material  for  its  building  was  contributed  by  the 
Colorado  Marble  and  Mining  Co.  The  women  of  Colorado  have  nobly  come  to  the  front ;  they  subscribed 
^10,000  for  the  purchase  of  the  marble  statue  entitled  "The  Last  of  His  Race,"  by  Powers,  who  is  well  known 
by  his  beautiful  statue,  "The  Greek  Slave,"  and  by  many  other  noble  works  in  marble  and  in  bronze.  On  entering 
the  lov/  door,  a  beautiful  marble  fireplace  meets  our  view.  The  columns  of  the  building  are  wrapped  around'  with 
grain,  of  which  there  are  said  to  be  over  three  hundred  varieties.  The  frieze  surrounding  the  lower  story  is  com- 
posed of  a  series  of  pictures  also  composed  of  grain,  and  very  effective  against  the  Egyptian  red  which  is  the 
prevailing  color.  One  would  hardly  look  for  a  large  display  of  vegetables  and  fruit  from  this  State,  but  the  size  of 
the  fruit,  and  not  alone  the  size  but  evident  fineness  of  quality,  is  a  pleasant  revelation  to  the  uninitiated. 
Highly  polished  specimens  of  native  woods  form  a  pleasing  display,  while  the  great  variety  is  a  matter  of  surprise. 
In  the  second  story,  we  gain  a  good  idea  of  the  landscape  of  Colorado  from  two  large  pictures  that  hang  in 
the  v/riting-room.  One  is  Platte  cainon,  a  narrow  passageway  between  two  mighty  mountains,  which  seem  to 
pierce  the  sky  on  either  side.  Another  picture  is  the  Currecanti  Needle,  which  rises  like  the  spire  of  a  cathedral, 
built  of  huge  blocks  of  variegated  colors.  The  scenery  of  Switzerland  pales  into  insignificance  beside  these.  On 
this  floor,  there  is  a  large  audience  hall  in  which  concerts  are  given  daily,  at  the  hour  of  noon.  The  remainder 
of  the  rooms  are  devoted  to  the  use  of  ladies  and  gentlemen,  and  are  very  comfortably  furnished.  Tlie  State 
has  done  itself  great  credit  in  its  other  exhibits.  It  has  a  beautiful  pavilion  in  the  Mines  and  Mining  Building, 
and  its  display  of  minerals  and   ores  is  second  only  to   that    of    Pennsylvania.     In    other   departments   of   the 

Exposition  the  flora  and  fauna  of  the  State  are  exhibited.      The   educational   value  of  the  display  is  very  great. 

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Colorado  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


CONNECTICUT    BUILDING. 

The   colonial  style   of  building  seems  to  prevail   among  the   States,  and    Connecticut  is  not   an  exception. 

The  edifice  is  constructed  entirely  of  Connecticut  material,  and  is  a  museum  of  antique  treasures.      To  the  right 

of  the  entrance  there  is  a  large  picture  of  the  Charter  Oak,  the  rude-looking  frame  of  which  is  made  of  wood  from 

the   original    tree.      Close   by  is  a  heavily   carved   chair   which   dates   from    178^,  and  a  legend  over  it  tells  the 

curious  tliat  all  tlie  Presidents  of  the  United  States  from  Andrew  Jackson  to  General  Grant  have  sat  in  it,  as  also 

many  other  eminent   men ;   the  principal   interest  it  has  lies   in  the   fact  that   Chief  Justice  Taney  sat  in  it  when 

the  Dred  Scott  Decision  was  delivered   by  the  Supreme  Court,  of   whicli  he  was  a  member.      There  is  also  an 

old  settle  once  used   in  an  open   fireplace,  reminding  us  of  the  ideas  of  comfort  enteitained  by  our  forefathers. 

Against  the  wall  on  the  left  is  a  large  troplny  of  guns,  horse-pistols,  carbines  and  blunderbusses.     The  guns  used 

by  the  Hessians,  who  fought  against  us  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  are   side  by  side  with  old  queens'  arms  and 

the  horse-pistols  of  Governor  Jonathan  Trumbull,  who  ruled  Connecticut  from  1769  to  178^.     Next  to  this  is  a 

framed  letter  fr(im  George  Washington  to  General   Huntington,  written  October  16,  1783.      There  are  several  old 

chests  and  coffers  in  the  rooms ;  the  oldest  is  a  bridal  chest  of  dai'k  oak,  richly  carved,  said  to  be  three  hundred 

years   old.      It  is  solid  enough  to   bid  defiance  to  the  ills  of  railroad   travel   and   large  enough  to  put  a  modern 

Saratoga  trunk  to  shame.     Another,  once  the  property  of  Thomas  Robinson,  is  certainly  two  hundred  and  eleven 

years  old  and  it   may  last  for  many  centuries  yet.     But  we  must  not  overlook  a  life-like  portrait  of  that  gallant 

son  of  the  "Nutmeg  State,"  General  Israel  Putnam,  jocosely  called  "Old   Put"  by  his  admiring  men.      Upstairs, 

there   are  several    rooms   roped   off    from    the   eager   public.      This  v/as  done  to  preserve  the  old   quilts  on  the 

antique  four-post  beds,  which  were  in  danger  of  destruction  by  frequent  handling.     In  one  of  these  rooms  is  a 

chair  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  old,  once  used  by  Parson  Newell.     The  stencil  work  in   one  of  the  rooms  is 

in  imitation  of  the  wall  paper  of  the  apartment  in  which  George  Washington  slept  when  he  occupied  the  Webb 

house,  in  Weathersfield,  Connecticut.     The  other  wall  decorations  are  done  in  leather. 

3(54 


Connecticut    Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


DELAWARE    BUILDING. 

TI^e  little  State  of  Delaware  has  a  very  creditable  building,  representing  a  colonial  cottage,  very  pretty 
without  and  very  comfortable  within.  As  we  enter,  close  by  the  door,  on  a  piano,  there  is  a  very  beautiful 
stuffed  silver  fox,  a  native  of  the  State,  though  now  very  rare  and  valuable.  On  the  mantel-shelf  there  is  some 
china  brought  from  Staffordshire  in  England  in  the  year  1688;  it  is  carefully  fastened  down  so  that  no  light- 
fingered  individual  could  possibly  appropriate  it.  The  mantel  is  itself  very  attractive,  of  white  and  gilt,  with  a 
fireboard  of  mosaic.  Close  by,  there  is  a  cabinet  of  very  beautiful  blue  Delft- ware  over  1^0  years  old,  and  of 
Ihat  rich  color  now  so  very  difficult  to  obtain.  The  room  is  finished  in  pine;  the  walls  are  colored  Egyptian 
red ;  in  an  adjoining  room  hangs  an  ancient  banner  presented  by  the  ladies  of  Wilmington  ;  it  was  carried  by 
a  Delaware  regiment  in  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  where  Washington  and  La  Fayette  were  obliged  to  retreat 
before  the  rude  valor  of  Von  Knyphausen  and  his  Hessians.    The  inscription  on  the  banner  reads: 

"What  constitutes  a  State  ? 

High-minded   men,   men   who   tlieir  duties   know, 

But  know  their  rights,   and   knowing  dare   maintain." 

We  pass  under  this  banner  into  another  small  room,  on  the  wall  of  which  hangs  a  great  number  of  old  clothes 
worn  over  100  years  ago,  and  samplers  worked  at  least  a  century  and  one-half  ago.  There  is  also  an  old 
warming-pan,  such  as  was  used  by  the  housekeepers  of  days  long  gone  by,  to  take  the  chill  off  the  bed  to 
be  occupied  by  guests  or  travelers.  A  good  old  custom,  which  might  still  be  followed  with  great  advantage  to 
the  traveling  public  in  some  of  the  best  chambers  and  houses  in  the  New  England  States.  There  is  also  a 
picture  of  the  old  Swedes'  Church  in  Wilmington,  Delaware,  in  the  graveyard  of  which  many  members  of  the 
Bayard  family  are  interred.  The  church  is  nearly  2^0  years  old,  and  is  one  of  the  prettiest  sights  in  that  busy 
city.  It  is  still  used  for  divine  worship.  It  v/ill  be  remembered  that  the  Swedes  were  the  colonists  of  Delaware, 
and  many  of  the  best  families  of  the  State  are  descendants  of  these  sturdy  sons  of  the  North. 

^56 


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Delaware    Building. 


FLORIDA    BUILDING. 

Florida  is  represented  at  tlie  Fair  by  a  building  intended  as  a  reproduction  of  Old  Fort  Marion  built  by 
the  Spanish  in  St.  Augustine,  Florida.  The  original  Fort  was  built  by  Aviles  de  Menendez  in  i66^,  and  covered 
four  acres  of  ground.  It  required  looo  men  for  its  defence.  The  replica  is  1^5'  feet  square  and  carries  out  the 
plan  of  the  original  fortress  to  tine  minutest  details.  Four  bastions  give  it  an  appearance  of  solidity  and  strength. 
There  is  a  moat  around  it  such  as  characterized  the  castles  of  mediseval  times,  and  a  heavy-looking  barbacan  gate 
frowns  on  the  intruder.  The  walls  represent  solid  masonry  and  are  loopholed  for  musketry.  In  fact,  its  aspect 
is  grim  and  inhospitable  in  the  extreme.  Once  past  the  gate,  however,  all  is  changed.  Lovely  pariors  and  recep- 
tion-rooms offer  a  grateful  contrast  to  the  grim  exterior.  Some  rooms  are  devoted  to  exhibitions,  and  all  are 
paneled  with  beautiful  woods  of  native  Floridian  growth,  polished  to  show  the  delicate  veining  and  tracery  which 
the  artist  Nature  has  bestowed  upon  them.  But  there  is  another  treat  in  store.  The  rooms  open  upon  an  inner 
court-yard  adorned  with  orange  trees  and  flecked  with  feathery  palm-like  bamboos,  while  parterres  of  bright 
flowers  star  the  grounds,  their  varied  hues  reminding  one  of  the  beautifully  dyed  rugs  dear  to  every  lover  of  art. 
Florida  deserves  our  gratitude  for  the  good  taste  she  has  shown.  As  we  gaze  upon  this  mimic  fort,  we  are 
carried  back  to  the  days  of  the  Puritan  fathers.  It  was  begun  the  very  year  they  landed  on  Plymouth  Rock, 
1620,  and  took  over  thirty  years  to  complete  in  its  present  form.  Since  its  foundations  were  laid,  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race,  a  mere  handful  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  struggling  to  exist  amid  the  most  inclement  surroundings,  has  increased 
to  tens  of  millions,  while  the  glory  of  Spain  has  declined,  and  the  mighty  banner  of  Castile  has  given  place  to 
the  stars  and  stripes  of  a  nobler,  broader  freedom.  Florida,  from  being  a  mere  hunting-ground  for  Indians,  has 
become  one  of  the  leading  States  of  a  great  Union,  and  in  this  wonderful  Exposition  has  given  the  most  tangible 
proofs  of  progress  and  development.  The  orange  groves  of  this  state  are  famous  for  the  extent  and  excellence 
of  their  production.  Florida  enjoyed  an  almost  world  wide  reputation  as  a  winter  resort  for  invalids  until  the 
building   of  railroads   made   California   so   easy   of  access   and   therefore   so   desirable. 

368 


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Florida  Building. 


IDAHO    BUILDING. 

How  tliese  buildings  revolutionize  one's  ideas  of  the  different  States  and  Territories!  We  laugh  at  for- 
eigners because  they  know  so  little  about  us,  and  yet  we  ourselves  are  ver}/  slightly  conversant  with  the  distant 
sections  of  our  Union.  The  Idaho  Building  is  colonial  in  style,  though  the  territory  was  unknown  when  our 
fathers  were  early  connected  with  Great  Britain  by  colonial  ties.  Over  the  door  is  "  Idaho,  the  Gem  of  the 
Mountains,"  a  very  felicitous  title.  Idaho  is  said  to  produce  the  largest  amount  of  mica  in  the  country,  only 
one  other  State,  North  Carolina,  producing  the  pure  article.  Mica  then  enters  largely  into  the  ornamentation  of 
the  building.  It  has  a  large  Mica  Hall,  some  of  the  sheets  used  being  12  by  20  inches,  and  as  clear  as  glass. 
The  windows,  panels,  wainscoting  and  other  parts  are  made  of  ore.  Some  lovely  agates  are  on  exhibition. 
The  people  of  Idaho  are  very  proud  of  their  State,  and  claim  that  its  lofty  mountains  and  numerous  deep  blue 
lakes  far  surpass  those  of  Switzerland.  The  exhibits  of  Idaho  claim  attention ;  Custer  County  has  sent  a  beautiful 
specimen  of  onyx,  far  surpassing  the  Mexican  variety  in  delicate  wave-like  color.  Some  fine  sapphires  are  also 
in  this  collection.  Palladium,  a  metal  of  twice  the  value  of  gold,  is  also  exhibited  by  klaho.  It  costs  I38 
an  ounce,  and  is  used  for  tipping  scientific  and  astronomical  instruments.  A  stone  of  pink  and  green  color,  harder 
than  jasper,  and  which  will  cut  glass  more  readily  than  any  diamond,  is  among  the  exhibits;  even  emery  has 
little  effect  upon  it,  so  adamantine  is  its  fibre.  It  was  sent  from  Lewiston.  Genuine  fire  opals  of  superior 
quality  have  been  sent  from  the  mines  of  Latah ;  a  petrified  tree  from  Custer  County,  which  distinctly  shows 
the  bark  and  grain  of  a  species  of  pine,  is  on  view-  All  kinds  of  dried  fruit  and  many  green  varieties,  kept 
cold  for  preservation,  make  a  fine  display.  Interesting  specimens  of  the  handiwork  of  the  Lapwai  Indians  are  to 
be  seen;  bows,  arrows,  baskets,  moccasins,  spears,  fishing-tackle,  and  many  rare  Indian  relics  comprise  this 
exhibit.  One  is  astonished  at  the  progress  of  this  almost  infant  community.  There  is  a  popular  impression  that 
grizzly  bears.  Rocky  Mountain  sheep,  and  a  medley  of  foreign  miners  inhabit  Idaho,  but  a  visit  to  the  Exposition 

soon  dispels  this  illusion.     The  wealth  of  this  new  State  has  vastly  increased  within  recent  years. 

370 


Idaho    Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


INTERIOR  VIEW— IDAHO  BUILDING. 

This  room  in  tine  Idalio  building  is   ceiled   with  great  cedar  logs,   colored  to   present  the  appearance  of 

great  age;  it  is  intended   as  a   model   of  a   miner's  cabin.     Idaho  is  one  of  the  greatest   mining  States  of  the 

Union,  and  on  many  a  mountain  slope,  and  in   many   a   gulch,   these   cabins   may  yet   be   seen.     The  country 

abounds  in  game,  and  many  men  follow  hunting,  fishing,  and  trapping,  for  a  livelihood,   and   spend  the  greater 

part  of  their  time  in  such  log  huts.     At  one  end  of  this  room,  there  is  a  large  fireplace,  made  of  ores  in  which 

a  large  proportion  of  the  precious  metals  is  visible,  and  the  andirons  represent  a  miner's  pick  and  shovel,  while 

other  mementos  of  his  occupation   are  seen  in  the  handles  of  the  doors,   and   in   the  window-latches.     A  very 

curious  room  in  this  building  is  set  apart  for  men ;  it  is  macie  in  imitation  of  a  hunter's  and  trapper's  cabin,  and 

is  rudely  fitted  up ;  the  fireplace  here  is  a  curiosity ;  the  material  was  brought  from  Idaho,  and  looks  something 

like  lava  ;  the  andirons  are  in  the  form    of  fish   spears,   arrows,   nets,   bows,   and   other   metal-work,   illustrating 

the  weapons  of  the  Indians.     In  rooms  such  as  these  the  miner  or  the  trapper  must  spend  a  solitary  existence; 

very  few  of  them  are  married,  and  so  they  cook  and  wash  for  themselves,  unless,  there   may  be  Chinamen   in 

camp.     The    Chinaman    is    literally    the    maid   of  all   v/ork,   and   frequently   receives   more   censure  than   cash. 

'Indians  will  not  do  their  work  and,  in  fact,  are  seldom  permitted  to  come  near  the  mines ;  should   they  do   so, 

they  have  to  be  on  their  good  behavior,  as  the   busy   miner  will   stand   no   nonsense   from   the   noble   redman. 

The  rafters  here  remind  us   of  some  of  the   ceilings   in   old   European   hostelries ;   huge   flitches   of   bacon,   and 

strings  of  onions,  with  sides  of  jerked  beef,  and  smoked  tongues  often  depend  from  them,  and  not  infrequently 

culinary  utensils  go  to  make  up  the  decorations.     It  is  well  that  the  children  who  come   here   should   see   these 

rooms.    They  teach  the  lesson  of  the  growth,  of  our   national   civilization,    and   how,    step   by   step,    men    have 

made  their  way  in  life,  as  well   as   something    of    the   cost   of   the   luxuries    that    we    now    enjoy.     When    the 

foundations  of  a  nation's  civilization  are  bared  before   our  eyes,  we  are  apt  to  judge,  with   greater   acumen,  the 

value  of  the  superstructure.     The  foundation,  then,  is  here  before  us,  in  the  cabin  and  log  hut. 

372 


Interior  View — Idaho  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


ILLINOIS    BUILDING. 

Illinois  comes  proudly  to  the  front  with  the  largest  and  costliest  of  all  the  State  Buildings.  ^2^0,000 
were  expended  in  its  construction,  and  it  occupies  one  of  the  most  charming  sites  on  the  Exposition  grounds. 
The  grand  entrance  to  the  building  faces  a  beautiful  water-way  sixty  feet  wide,  while  in  the  north  and  east  it 
is  flanked  by  the  foreign  buildings  and  the  charming  edifices  erected  by  other  States.  The  building  is  erected 
upon  a  terrace  four  feet  high,  which  gives  it  a  very  commanding  appearance.  In  front  of  the  entrances  there 
are  stone  terraces  ornamented  with  statues.  The  matenal  used  in  the  building  is  Illinois  stone,  brick  and  steel, 
and  the  design  followed  is  severely  classical.  Fountains,  statuary  and  flowers  decorate  the  surrounding  grounds. 
The  statues  are  made  of  carefully  prepared  blocks.  A  Memorial  Hall  and  School  are  attached  to  the  building. 
A  generous  exhibit,  shov/ing  the  industrial,  political  and  educational  progress  of  the  State  is  found  within  the 
buildings.  Illinois  contributed  ^300,000  toward  making  her  exhibits  worthy  of  her  greatness.  One  object  of 
interest  is  a  thoroughly  equipped  Common  School  room  under  the  management  of  the  Superintendent  of  State 
Education.  Here  the  various  methods  of  normal  training  are  shown.  Natural  History,  Architecture,  Archaeology, 
are  all  represented  by  casts  and  drawings.  A  visit  to  the  Illinois  Building  cannot  fail  to  delight.  The  building  is 
160  feet  wide  by  4^0  long;  the  school-house,  7^  by  60;  the  dome,  72  feet  in  diameter  and  200  feet  high,  with 
a  lookout  80  feet  high,  and  a  lantern  17^  feet  high.  The  side  walls  rise  to  47  feet,  while  tlie  central  wing  on 
the  south  is  72  feet  high.  Lorado  Taft,  who  is  the  best  known  sculptor  in  Chicago,  is  the  author  of  the  figure 
which  crowns  the  entrance.  It  represents  "  Illinois  Welcoming  the  Nations,"  and  is  draped  in  easy  flowing 
garments.  Another  group  represents  the  "  Birth  of  Chicago,"  and  there  are  two  others,  "  Education  "  and  "  La 
Salle  and  His  Companions."  The  seven  figures  used  as  decorations  in  the  rooms,  were  designed  by  six  young 
v/omen  of  Illinois;  they  represent  Maternity,  Justice,  Charity,  Faith,  Learning,  Art  and  Welcome;  while  all  the 
others  are  of  staff,  the  last  is  of  Parian  marble.  It  is  a  great  pity  that  all  these  figures  are  not  in  the  latter 
material,  as  they  would  be  enduring  monuments  of  the  skill  and  genius  of  our  female  sculptors. 

374 


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Illinois  Building. 


RECEPTION-ROOM— ILLINOIS    BUILDING. 

This  room  gives  us  a  peep  at  wlnat  we  might  call  the   home  life  of  the  Fair.      It   is  the   reception-room 

in  the  Illinois  Building,  and  as  such  it  is  naturally  the  headquarters  of  the  citizens  of  the  State.     The  main  object 

of  interest  in  the  room  is  a  battlepiece,  in  the  foreground  of  which  General  Logan  is  seen  on  horseback  cheering 

on  his   men.     He  was  immensely  popular  with   his  soldiers,  and   looked  closely  after  their   comfort.     One  very 

good  story  is  told  of   him  ;  in  the   South,  the  fences  are  formed  of  twelve-foot  rails,  built   up  in  zigzag  style, 

called  snake-fence;    the   soldiers   found   the   wood   very   convenient   to   light    their    camp    fires,   and    generally 

demolished  the  fences  in  the  neighborhood  of  their  stopping-places.     Orders  were  issued  from  headquarters  that 

this  must  cease,  as  the  property  of  the  enemy  was  to  be  respected.      Logan  had,  of  course,  to  issue  the  order 

to   his  men,  but  as  he  did   not  believe   in   letting  them  suffer,  he  decreed  that  while  they  must  not  burn   the 

fences,  they  might  use  as  much  twelve-foot  split  wood  as  they  chose.     The  soldiers  fully  appreciated  the  point, 

and  blessed   Logan  over  their  pannikins  of   coffee,  after   many  a  hard   day's   march.     This   picture  is   a  lifelike 

portrait  of  the  brave  General  who  was,  indeed,  one  of  Illinois'  favorite  sons.     Close  by  this  picture  is  a  portrait 

of  General  Grant ;  he  is  represented  in  the  full  vigor  of  his  manly  strength ;  looking  at  it,  we  cannot  wonder  at 

the  success  of  the  man.     "  I'll   tight  it  out  on  this  line,  if   it  takes  all   summer,"  he  said  at  Vicksburg,  and  the 

face  shows  here  inexorable  tenacity  of  purpose.     It  is  strange  that  Fortune  should  be  pictured  as  a  blindfolded 

woman  turning  a  wheel,  when  the  man  and  the  purpose  in  him  have  so  much  to  do  v/ith  gaining  success.     The 

small  picture  to  the  right  is  of  President  Andrew  Jackson,  the  stern,  unyielding  man,  who  crushed  the  Nullification 

movement  at   its   birth,   and   threatened   to   hang   Calhoun   as   high  as   Haman.      These  three   men   are  typical 

Americans;  Jackson,  dogged  and   implacable;  Grant,  far-seeing  and  persistent;  Logan,  brave  and  generous.     We 

stand  and  look  into   their  faces,  and   in  a  dim  way  realize  the  value  of  the  stern  training  that  made   such  men 

possible.     It  is  a  glorious  thing   that   the    "  Heaven-born    skill    of   the   artist's  fingers"  can    preserve,  for   future 

generations  to  study,  the  faces  of  men  who  acted  greatly  in  great  times. 

376 


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Reception = Room — Illinois  Building. 


AGRICULTURAL    EXHIBIT— ILLINOIS    BUILDING. 

It  should  be  remembered  that,  while  nearly  all   of  the  States  have  exhibits  in  the  great  buildings,  many 

have  even   finer  'ones,  in    certain   departments,    in   their   own.     Illinois   is   among   the   number,   having   divided 

her  agricultural  display  into  two  sections.     This  beautiful  picture  gives  a  very  good  idea  of  how  tastefully  these 

displays  are  arranged.    The  rural   scene  in  the  background   is   made  of  corn   and  wheat,  and  the  frame-work 

and  wall  are  of  cobs  and  grain,  skillfully  manipulated.     The  delicate  tracery  on  the  upper  part  of  the  frame  is  of 

grains  of  corn,  colored  to  add  to  the  effect,  and  the  design  upon  the  section  of  the  booth  visible,  is  wrought  of 

cobs  cut  into  sections  and  glued  in  place.    The  panels  of  the  booth  are  decorated  with  a  repousse  of  wheat 

and  grasses,  producing  a  charming  effect.    Specimens  of  the  seeds  of  the  State  may  be  seen  in  the  glass  globes 

to  the  left,  and  fruits  are  ranged  on  shelves  in  tempting  piles.     Illinois  is  a  great  State,  and   has  worked  nobly 

to  make  all  of  the  departments   of  her  exhibit  perfect   in   their  way.     The  artistic   sense   must   be   very  highly 

developed  among  her  ladies;    they  sent  in  many  pictures  to  the  Fair,  over  a  hundred  of  whicli  were   accepted. 

It  is  not  many  years  since  it  would  have  been  hard  to  find  fifty  good  women  artists  in  America,  whereas  now 

our  schools  of  art  and   design   are   producing   a   thoroughly  accomplished    class.    This,  and  the   development  of 

such  good  taste  as  is  shown  here,  must  have  a  good   effect   throughout   the   country.     Once   the  beautiful  was 

almost  banished   from    our   homes;    the   blinds    of   the   front    windows   were   kept    down,    except   on   the   rare 

occasion  of   company,  and  the  rooms  were  damp,  musty  and  ungarnished,  except  perhaps  for  a  few  rude  daubs 

of  no  artistic  merit  on   the  walls;    the  family  lived   in   the  kitchen,  or   in   an   unattractive   living-room,  and   no 

effort  was  made  to  cultivate  the  esthetic   sense;    the   revolution   in   this   respect  is  almost  startling.     Now  nearly 

every  farmer's  daughter  can  paint,  and  often  very  well.     Young  ladies  of  this  class  have  decorated  many  of  the 

booths  here,  and  have  helped  to  make  the  walls   of   the   Woman's    Building   beautiful    with    their   productions. 

We  are  like  a  new   nation   in   this   respect ;    our  eyes  are   now   wide   open  to  the  beauty   surrounding  us ;  we 

have  learned  that  it  does  not  detract  from  our  usefulness  in  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life. 

378 


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Agricultural  Exhibit — Illinois  Building. 


INDIANA    BUILDING. 

The  Indiana  State  Building  is  next  to  the  splendid  structure  erected  by  Illinois.  The  edifice  is  quite  im- 
posing, having  a  series  of  red  Gothic  towers,  which  rise  above  the  gray  walls  of  staff,  greatly  heightening  the 
effect.  Its  erection  cost  ^37,000.  In  front  there  is  a  circular  balcony  with  a  pale  blue  roof.  As  we  enter, 
the  object  that  first  strikes  our  attention  is  a  magnificent  fireplace  done  in  pale  blue  tiles,  with  gilt  tleur-de-lis 
and  bands.  The  massive  andirons  are  of  highly  polished  brass.  The  work  was  done  by  the  Indianapolis 
Domestic  Tile  Co.  There  are  two  beautiful  statues  in  the  hall;  one  by  Retta  T.  Mathews,  is  a  studious-faced 
muse  with  portfolio  in  hand;  the  other,  by  Miss  Francis  Goodwin,  represents  a  nymph.  The  hall  is  finished  in 
oak  and  the  prevailing  color  of  the  wall  is  blue.  There  is  a  second  fireplace  on  the  lower  floor  admirably 
carved,  and  presented  by  the  women  of  La  Fayette,  Indiana.  Up  a  broad  staircase  we  ascend  to  a  second 
story.  To  the  left  there  is  a  large  reading-room,  with  a  cool,  cosy  balcony  attached,  and  across  the  hall  from 
it  are  committee  and  smoking-rooms.  The  third  floor  is  devoted  to  rooms  for  the  employees,  and  signs  in  the 
halls  inform  the  public  that  luncheons  can  be  eaten  only  in  a  room  on  the  third  floor.  There  are  a  great  many 
curiosities  in  the  building,  bearing  on  the  history  of  Indiana,  and  some  of  the  portraits  of  her  more  eminent 
men  adorn  the  walls.  There  is  a  very  curious  souvenir  of  the  quarries  of  the  State,  consisting  of  the  life-sized 
figure  of  an  elephant,  carved  out  of  a  single  solid  block  of  stone.  The  whole  place  has  an  air  of  comfort  and 
sociability.  The  broad  balconies  are  filled  with  easy-chairs;  the  carpets  of  the  floors  correspond  with  the 
prevailing  color  tone  of  the  walls.  There  is  an  Information  Bureau  to  which  all  the  residents  of  Indiana  may 
come  for  such  information  as  they  need,  which  is  given  with  a  readiness  and  cheerfulness  that  goes  far  to 
prove  that  the  citizens  of  each  State  'represented  in  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  regard  themselves  as 
members  of  one  great  common  family.  Another  very  noticeable  feature  is  the  delightful  odor  of  pine  throughout 
the  building.     It  comes  to  one  like  the  breath  of  a  wind-swept  resinous   forest.     Nature,  the  grand   perfumer, 

has  diffused  through  every  room  a  matchless  odor  beyond  the  power  of  all  earthly  chemists  to  reproduce. 

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Indiana    building. 


IOWA    BUILDING. 

The  Iowa  Building  is  a  model  of  the  capitol  of  that  State.  It  is  made  of  a  steel  frame-work  into  which 
much  glass  is  set.  The  main  objects  of  interest  are  the  exhibits  ot  grains,  grasses,  and  agricultural  productions  by 
the  farmers  of  Iowa.  The  Corn  Palace  adjoins  the  main  building.  It  is  the  old  Jackson  Park  Pavilion  meta- 
morphosed. Here  truly  corn  is  King.  It  is  in  the  sides,  in  the  columns,  on  the  ceiling,  in  myriad  decorations 
everywhere.  Over  three  carloads  of  corn  in  the  ear,  besides  other  grains,  were  used  in  the  embellishments.  In 
the  Woman's  Building,  the  ladies  of  Iowa  have  surpassed  even  this  great  display.  Their  booth  is  a  marvel  of 
art,  within  and  without.  One  end  is  decorated  with  pansy  panels,  into  the  hearts  of  which  kernels  of  corn  are 
wrought  with  strikingly  natural  effect.  A  row  of  women's  heads,  done  in  corn,  may  be  seen  on  another  side. 
The  hair  is  of  the  silken  tassels  of  the  corn,  and  the  dress  is  of  the  husks.  The  frieze  surrounding  the  room 
is  intended  to  represent  the  old  Greek  story  of  Ceres,  the  goddess  who  first  brought  corn  to  Attica.  It  is  a 
beautiful  legend,  beautifully  illustrated.  Pluto,  the  god  of  Hades,  was  unable  to  find  a  mate  among  the  bright 
goddesses  of  Olympus,  so  he  applied  to  Zeus,  who  could  not  openly  help  him,  but  advised  him  to  carry  off  a 
bride.  Ceres  had  a  beautiful  daughter,  Proserpine,  and  upon  her  the  choice  of  Pluto  fell.  He  stole  her  from 
her  mother  and  bore  her  off  to  his  gloomy  home.  The  complaints  of  Ceres  reached  Juno,  and  Zeus  was 
obliged  to  placate  the  motlner  and  husband  also.  He  therefore  decreed  that  for  six  months  of  the  year  Proserpine 
must  dwell  with  Pluto  in  Hades,  and  for  the  next  six  months  with  her  mother  on  Olympus.  The  meaning  is 
that  the  grain,  which  is  typihed  by  Proserpine,  must  lie  in  the  ground  before  it  springs  to  upper  air.  A  picture 
hanging  upon  the  wall  of  this  booth,  called  the  "Water-Carrier,"  is  a  woman  made  of  the  different  parts  of  corn; 
the  foreground  is  formed  of  grasses,  the  trees  of  sorghum.  The  mat  is  made  of  hominy,  and  the  frame  of  ears 
of  corn.  A  great  many  natural  fruit  designs  are  made  of  seeds  and  spices.  The  ceiling  is  of  woven  pampas  ■ 
grass  and  millet  seeds.     All   this  wonderful  work  was  done  by  the  ladies  of  Sioux  City.     In  other  departments 

Iowa  is  also  fully  represented,  particularly  in  the  Agricultural  Building. 

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Iowa  Building. 


KANSAS    BUILDING. 

Kansas  has  a  building  resembling  in  some  respects  that  of  California.  The  material  used  in  its 
construction  came  entirely  from  Kansas.  The  building  is  cruciform  in  design,  two  stories  high,  and  cost  ^20,000. 
The  floor  area  is  13,924  square  feet.  Part  of  the  building  is  devoted  to  club  purposes,  but  ample  room  is  left 
for  one  of  the  most  unique  displays  of  the  Exposition.  The  Kansas  University  has  contributed  a  remarkable 
exhibit  of  the  wild  animals  of  North  America.  The  mounting  is  especially  line,  and  speaks  well  for  the  progress 
of  the  taxidermists'  art  in  this  country.  There  are  two  female  pumas  or  mountain  lions,  each  with  a  group  of 
kittens  about  her,  and  all  looking  very  lifelike ;  wild  big-horn  sheep,  much  like  the  moutons  of  Corsica ;  white 
Rocky  Mountain  goats ;  the  moose,  which  is  now  nearly  extinct  except  in  Maine  ;  the  bison,  whose  kind  has 
diminished,  within  the  memory  of  man,  from  herds  numbering  millions  to  a  wretched  remnant  of  seven  hundred. 
Foxes,  wolves,  elk,  and  deer,  the  pantlier,  wild-cat  and  lynx  form  groups  almost  terrifying  on  account  of  their 
lifelike  appearance.  The  great  agricultural  wealth  of  the  State  is  also  displayed,  and  her  mineral  treasures  form 
a  very  creditable  exhibit.  Doubtless  the  Kansas  Building  will  prove  the  Mecca  towards  which  the  eager  feet  of 
the  children  will  turn,  for  it  contains  within  its  walls  such  material  for  instruction  as  is  rarely  presented  to  the 
public.  Too  much  praise  cannot  be  bestowed  upon  the  women  of  Kansas  for  the  generous  part  they  took 
both  in  securing  money  for  the  building  and  getting  together  the  exhibits.  Many  who  visit  the  Fair  will 
gratefully  remember  them.  Kansas  has  an  area  of  81,318  square  miles,  or  about  ^3,043, po  acres.  The 
surface  is  generally  flat,  and  much  of  the  soil  is  admirable  for  grazing  and  agricultural  purposes.  Inexhaustible 
beds  of  bituminous  coal  exist  in  tlie  eastern  part  of  the  State.  A  great  deal  of  it  lies  very  near  the  surface. 
Magnesium  limestone,  a  very  beautiful  material  for  building,  is  plentiful.  Large  lead  mines  exist  in  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  the  State,  and  are  largely  worked.  A  very  pure  quality  of  salt  is  also  found.  A  large 
variety  of    timber  grows  in  the  eastern  part.      A  few  years  ago  Kansas  was   practically  a  terra   incognita.      She 

now  has  a  population  exceeding  half  a  million  and  is  one  of  the  most  progressive  States. 

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Kansas    Building. 


KENTUCKY    BUILDING. 

Outside  of  the  Kentucky  Building  a  colossal  statue  of  Daniel  Boone,  the  old  hunter,  is  very  appropriately 

placed.      He  was  probably  the  first  white   man   to   set  foot   within   the  present   borders   of  the  State,  and   his 

battles  with  the   Indians  and   hairbreadth  escapes  form  one  of  the  most  thrilling  chapters  in  the  early  history  of 

Kentucky.    The  State  Building,  which  cost   )?io,ooo  to   erect,  typifies  the   southern   colonial  mansion.      Without, 

the  building   is  of  a  cream   color,  and  very  attractive.     As  we   pass  the  portal,  we  observe  that  the  roof  of  the 

entry  is   of  a  dull   shade   of  green,     in  the  centre  of  the  reception-room  there  is  a  large  statue  of  Henry  Clay 

in  the  attitude  generally  assumed   by  him  when  delivering  a  speech  in   the   House.     An   old-fashioned   colonial 

fireplace,  with   heavy  iron  andirons,  is  at  one  side  of  the  hall.     A  whole  log  could  be  burnt  in  it  at  once,  and 

we  can  well   imagine  how  cheerful   the   Lilliputian  flames,  dancing   on  the  prostrate  giant  of  wood  and  making 

grotesque  figures   on  the  wall,  must  have  been   enjoyed   by  our  ancestors,  and  have  formed  a  pleasant  centre 

for  family  gatherings.     It  is  amusing  to  hear  people  talk  now  of  bringing  up  their  children  around  their  family 

hearth  when,  as  a  usual   thing,  the  said   hearth  is  only  a  register  set  into  the  wall.     Part  of  the  lower  floor   is 

devoted  to   a  ladies'   parlor  and   toilet-rooms,   the   former  decorated   in   red  and  green.      The  second   floor    is 

surrounded  by  a  gallery,  from  which  we  pass   into  the  gentlemen's   rooms,   one   for   reading  and  writing,  and 

another  for  smoking,  besides  various  committee-rooms.    This  floor  seems  almost  like  a  picture  gallery.    There  is 

a  splendid  portrait  in  oil  of   General  Lee,  its  calm,  grave  face  wonderfully  lifelike.     The  strong  face  of  Secretary 

Carlisle  looks  from  another  canvas,  and  a  long  array  of  pictures  of  eminent  men,  in  which  Kentucky  appears  to 

have  been   particularly  rich,  decorates  the  walls.      On   one   of  the  tables  there  is  a  machine  showing  how  the 

planets  revolve  around  the  sun.     It  is  easily  set  in   motion   and  gives   a  practical  object-lesson  in  astronomy. 

There  are  some   marble  busts  and  a  goodly  number  of  old   family  portraits.      A  very  interesting  exhibit  is  a 

trophy  of  Indian  arrow  and  spear  heads  of  jasper,  sardonyx,  flint  and  chrysolite.    They  are  in  an  excellent  state 

of  preservation  and  are  all   found  in  Kentucky.     A  large   picture   of  the   Mammoth  Cave  is  one  of  the  exhibits. 

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Kentucky  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Cotumbtan  Exposition. 


LOUISIANA    BUILDING. 

This  State  has  for  its  headquarters  a  reproduction  of  an  old  plantation  mansion,  with  great  doors,  wide 
piazzas,  and  dormer-windows.  It  cost  somewhat  over  5^10,000.  The  interior  is  finished  in  pine  and  cypress, 
and  is  very  attractive.  It  is  a  typical  Southern  home,  and  as  such  is  much  enjoyed  by  the  people  who  seek 
its  hospitable  shelter.  The  furniture  is  antique  Spanish,  most  of  it  nearly  200  years  old;  it  came  from  many  of 
the  old  mansions  in  the  State.  One  room  is  finished  entirely  in  curly  pine,  a  rare  wood  and  extremely  beauti- 
ful, susceptible  of  a  high  polish  and  of  very  odd  grain.  The  second  story  is  devoted  to  pictures  and  curios,  of 
which  there  is  an  ample  store.  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  latter  is  George  Washington's  account-book 
which  shows  the  practical  bent  of  the  mind  of  the  "  Father  of  His  Country."  President  Zachary  Taylor  is  quite 
well  represented  by  relics.  His  gripsack,  a  well-worn  article,  his  hat  worn  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  which 
would  in  this  refined  age  be  denominated  "shocking,"  his  sword  and  other  articles  help  to  add  interest  to  the 
display.  Those  who  have  read  Longfellow's  poem,  "  Evangeline,"  may  not  be  aware  that  the  exiled  Acadians 
sought  refuge  in  Louisiana;  but  such  is  the  fact,  and  it  is  quite  fitting  that  a  picture  of  the  home  of  that  ill- 
fated  heroine  should  be  seen  in  the  building  of  this  State.  The  descendants  of  this  gentle  people  are  to-day 
called  "  Cajuns,"  in  the  southern  vernacular.  The  attraction  is  rich  in  military  relics.  Among  them  a  sword 
presented  by  the  State  of  Louisiana  to  Lieutenant  Nichols,  the  first  American  soldier  to  mount  the  walls  of  the 
Bishop's  palace  at  Monterey,  during  the  war  with  Mexico.  There  are  several  pictures  which  belonged  to  the 
Spanish  rulers  of  Louisiana,  two  bearing  date  1498.  A  large  map  of  the  State  beautifully  framed  in  grasses, 
forms  an  attractive  centre  in  the  gallery  and  close  by  it  is  a  case  containing  rock-salt  which  looks  much  like  an 
aggregate  of  quartz  crytals.  Several  old  books  lie  loose  on  a  side  table,  among  them  a  Bible  from  the  St.  Louis 
Cathedral  bearing  date  1794,  and  still  in  excellent  preservation.  One  room  is  filled  with  old  furniture,  oddly 
jumbled.  It  contains  an  old  cotton-loom,  spinning-wheels,  and  a  bed  of  the  olden  time,  square  and  comfortable, 
with   some   ancient  sofas,  admirably  preserved,  and  valuable  as  relics. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Louisiana  Building. 


MAINE    BUILDING. 

Maine,  the   largest   in   territory  of   the    New  England  States  has,  as  is   fitting,  placed   her   building  at  the 

extreme  east  of  the   New  England  group.     It  is  a  very  oddly-built  structure,  but  presents  a  neat  appearance.     It 

is  octagon   in   form,  two  stories  high;   the  central   dome,  which   is   crested  by  a  lantern,  is  surrounded  by  four 

miniature  towers.    The  cost  of  the  edifice  was  ^20,000.     The  lower  story  is  built  of  various  kinds  of  granite,  in 

which  the  State  is  very  rich.    To  the  uninformed  the  various  colors  and  graining,  the  delicate  veining  and  tracery 

of  this   story  are   a   pleasing  revelation,  while  the  different   methods  of   treatment  shown  in  the  work,  form  an 

excellent   lesson   in   the   dressing   of   such    material.     Most   of   the   large  quarries   of   the   State  have  contributed 

toward  this  part  of  the  building.    The  second  story  has  several  balconies  which  are  separated  from  one  another 

by  the  tower-like  projections  at  the  corners,  the  whole  forming  a  very  pleasing  effect.     The  roof  is  slated  with 

beautiful   material   from  the  Monson  quarries.      Maine  has  probably  more  excellent  slate  within  her  borders  than 

any  other  State  of  the  Union.     Passing  into  the  building   between  beautiful   pillars  of  polished  granite,  we  find 

ourselves  beneath  the  rotunda,  which  rises  to  a  height  of  nearly  eighty  feet.    The  interior  is  devoted  to   offices, 

smoking-,  reading-  and  committee-rooms.     It  is  evident,  from   a  glance  at  the  walls,  that  the  children   of   the 

Pine  Tree  State  are  very  proud   of  her,  for  there  are  many  pictures  showing  the  scenery  of  the  region,  as  well 

as  maps  in  profile  and  otherwise.     Maine  has  an  area  of  31,000  square  miles,  and  is  therefore  about  the  size  of 

Greece.      Her  population'  is  about  700,000.     The  territory  of  Aroostook,  which  is  about  11,000  square   miles   in 

extent,  or  larger  than  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  combined,  is  the  seat  of  her  great  lumber  industry.     She 

has   1600  lakes  within   her  borders,  and  water-power  equal   to   the  working-force   of   34,000,000  of  men  toiling 

day  and   night,  or   in   other  words   almost  the  entire  labor-power   of   Europe   and   America.     The   sweet  corn, 

fishing,  and  granite  industries  are  great.      Portland,  with  a  population  of  about  40,000,  is  the  capital,  and  is  most 

beautifully  situated   on   the  ocean   shore.      It  was  long  the  residence   of  the  poet   Longfellow,  who  was   born 

there  in  1809,  the  same  year  in  which  John  G.  Whittier  first  saw  the  light. 

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Maine  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


MARYLAND    BUILDING. 

Maryland  has  not,  as  many  of  the  other  States,  attempted  a  building  in  the  colonial  style.    The  architecture 

is  what  is  known  as  the  "free  classic."   The  greatest  dimensions,  including  the  porches,  are  142  feet  long  by  78 

feet   deep.      The  building   is    entered    by   three   handsome   portals,    rendered  imposing   by   beautiful    Corinthian 

columns.     \n  the  rear  there  is  a  wide  piazza,  the  roof  of  which  is  also  supported  by  columns  of  the  Corinthian 

order.     Over  the  central  entrance  is  a  belvedere,  which  offers  a  good  vantage-point  to  those  who  wish   to  lootc 

over  the  grounds.     \n  the  tympanum  of  the  gable  of  the  main  portico    there   is   a   beautifully  modeled  coat-of- 

arms    of   the  State   of   Maryland.      The   building   was    designed   by   the    architects,    Baldwin    &    Pennington,    of 

Baltimore.    The  inside  is  of  finished  white  pine,  the  color  a  dainty  cream.     The  lower  floor    is   occupied    by  a 

grand   staircase,  a    Bureau  of  Information  and  a  Reception  Room.     There  is  also  an  Exhibition    Hall    filled    with 

articles  of  woman's  work,  2^  by  26  feet.     Leading  out  of  this    room    is    a    Ladies'  Parlor,  11  by   20    feet.     The 

general  Exhibition  Hall  on  the  same  floor  is  36  by  26  feet.     This   room  is   practically  two   stories   high.     There 

are  tliree  fine  parlors  on  the  second  floor  communicating  by  large  folding-doors.     The  rest  of  the  rooms  on  the 

floor  are  devoted  to  a  club  for  gentlemen.     The  tinird   story    is    used   as    servants'  quarters.    The    building   cost 

1519,999.99.    Marylanders  may  well  feel  proud  of  their  attractive  headquarters.     This  State  has  1200  feet  of  space 

in  the  Agricultural  Building,  where  she  makes  a  splendid  exhibit,     in  the  Transportation    Building,  the  Baltimore 

and  Ohio  Company,  a  Maryland  corporation,  have  a  most  admirable  display,  and  the   Johns  Hopkins  University 

has  also  done  excellent  work.    The  total  area  of  the  State  of  Maryland  is  12,000  square  miles,  and  her  population  at 

the   present   time   nearly  900,000.     Tobacco,  Indian   corn  and  wheat  are  among  the   greatest    of   her   agricultural 

productions.     She  has  also  excellent  fisheries,  m  which  a  very  large  amount  of   capital   is    invested.     The  Johns 

Hopkins  University,  which  has  done  so  much  to  make  the  Maryland  exhibit  interesting  and   instructive,  is    one 

of  the  youngest  but  best  scholastic  foundations  in  the  country.    The  contents  of  her  museum  have  been  placed  at 

the  disposal  of  the  committee  on  exhibits,  and  the  best  brains  in  the  State  were  used   in   their  arrangement. 

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Maryland    Building. 


MASSACHUSETTS    BUILDING. 

The  Old  Bay  State  has  done  herself  infinite  credit  in  the  building  she  has  erected.  It  is  a  reproduction 
of  the  old  Hancock  Mansion,  once  to  be  seen  on  Beacon  Street,  Boston.  The  exterior  has  the  appearance  of 
gray  stone  and  the  windows  are  of  the  old-fashioned  order,  with  green  jalousies  or  blinds.  The  approach  is 
by  broad  stone  steps,  which  lead  up  to  a  wide  piazza.  Entering,  we  find  ourselves  in  a  wide  oblong  room 
with  fireplaces  on  each  side  of  the  portal;  over  one  is  a  picture  of  Governor  Endicott,  who  was  born  early  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  was  governor  of  the  colony  almost  continuously  from  1644  to  1668.  He  was  a 
stern  Puritan  and  a  brave  man.  Over  the  other  mantel  we  see  the  portrait  of  Governor  Simon  Bradstreet,  with 
whose  administration  British  domination  ended.  There  are  many  cases  scattered  through  the  rooms,  filled  with 
relics.  One  case  has  a  collection  of  ancient  manuscript  sermons,  and  side  by  side  with  these  the  affidavits 
made  by  some  of  the  witch-troubled  residents  of  Salem,  and  also  the  indictments  drawn  against  the  supposed 
offenders.  The  building  is  rich  in  antique  furniture,  some  of  it  dating  from  16^4.  There  is  a  particulariy 
rich  display  of  china  also,  in  those  corner  cupboards,  which  lent  so  much  charm  to  odd  houses,  and 
which  we  would  be  glad  to  see  again  in  fashion,  instead  of  the  showy  cabinets  now  in  use.  The  Massachu- 
setts committee  must  have  ransacked  the  State  pretty  thoroughly  to  secure  so  many  examples  of  antique  house- 
goods;  some  of  the  china  was  the  property  of  Susanna  Ingersol,  who  occupied  the  "House  of  the  Seven 
Gables,"  immortalized  by  Hawthorne  in  his  story  of  that  name.  Upstairs  there  is  a  rich  array  of  dresses  worn 
by  the  grand  dames  of  past  times,  notably  that  in  which  Mrs.  John  Adams  appeared  when  her  famous  husband 
delivered  his  credentials  as  first  Minister  from  the  United  States  of  America  to  the  Court  of  George  III.  While 
visiting  these  State  buildings,  we  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  with  the  excellent  work  done  by  the  clock-makers  of 
more  than  a  century  ago;  here  is  one  that  must  have  been  made  between  1744  and  1769,  keeping  excellent 
time,  and  looking  very  trim  and  respectable.  A  very  tine-looking  quilt  is  made  of  pieces  of  a  petticoat  worn  by 
Mrs.  Henry  Quincy,  the  material  of  which  is  over  200  years  old;  she  was  an  ancestress  of  John  Quincy  Adams. 

394 


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Massachusetts  Building. 


MICHIGAN    BUILDING. 

The  Michigan  State  Building  may  be  regarded  merely  as  the  casket  of  a  most  beautiful  collection  of 
natural  gems,  it  is  fitted  up  in  modern  style,  having  reception,  reading,  assembly  and  private  rooms,  with  a 
special  department  for  women.  It  has  in  it  an  organ  beautifully  illuminated  with  five  hundred  incandescent 
lamps.  As  we  enter,  we  notice  on  both  sides  of  the  hall  a  profusion  of  the  wonderful  agates  from  the  Lake 
Superior  region;  some  of  tliem  are  a  rich  dark  green,  flecked  with  red,  others  have  imprisoned  within  them 
the  marvelous  satin  gray  of  cloudy  winter  skies.  The  reception-room  is  filled  with  easy-chairs,  and  the  wide 
hall  is  indicative  of  comfort;  it  is  finished  in  Michigan  pine.  A  broad  staircase  leads  to  the  upper  story.  At 
the  head  of  the  stairway  there  are  beautiful  stained  glass  windows  of  mellow  green  and  yellow  tone.  As  we 
ascend,  the  portrait  of  General  Custer  confronts  us,  his  long  yellow  hair  streaming,  and  his  hand  upon  his 
sword.  Close  by  is  that  of  General  Lewis  Cass,  a  massive  imperial  figure,  with  firmly  set  jaws,  and  deep 
thoughtful  eyes  looking  from  the  canvas  with  a  glance  of  stern  command;  and  to  our  right  a  well-executed 
picture  of  Abraham  Lincoln  is  seen.  All  these  portraits,  in  fact,  are  of  much  better  than  ordinary  artistic  merit. 
It  is  curious  to  see  how  often  the  picture  of  Lincoln  is  met  with  in  the  State  buildings.  The  second  story  has 
a  great  fascination  for  the  multitude;  in  the  gallery  there  are  two  gigantic  figures;  the  one  of  a  moose,  and  the 
other  of  an  elk;  these  are  splendidly  mounted,  and  one  cannot  look  upon  them  without  experiencing  a  feeling 
of  awe.  The  room  to  the  left  is  filled  with  objects  of  natural  history,  surrounded  by  a  railing;  wild  grasses 
and  gnarled  trunks  of  trees  form  a  mimic  jungle,  filled  v/ith  the  wild  animals  peculiar  to  the  State  of  Michigan. 
Graceful  red  deer,  the  cunning  lynx,  the  supple  panther,  the  sly  red  fox,  the  fierce  wolf,  black  and  brown  bears, 
and  many  others  are  there.  In  one  of  the  hollow  trees  a  little  family  of  bears  may  be  seen,  while  the  mother 
stands  without,  on  guard.  The  arrangement  of  this  exhibit  is  full  of  life,  and  evinces  excellent  taste.  Next  we 
come  to  the  birds;  in  a  large  glass  case  extending  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  long  room,  we  stand  bewil- 
dered for  a  moment.     Michigan  is  the  State  for  birds,  and  all  are  there — the  inhabitants  of  botli  water  and  forest. 

3q6 


Michigan    Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


MINNESOTA    BUILDING. 

This  great  State  has  one  of  the  handsomest  buildings  on  the  grounds,  though  it  cost  only  $3^,000   in   its 

erection.    The  State,  however,  appropriated  $1^0,000  for  its  exhibits  in  the   several    departments.     The   building 

is  two  stories  high,  and  in  the  style  of  the  Italian  renaissance.     A  statue  of  Hiawatha,  for  the  erection  of  which 

the  school  children  of   Minnesota  contributed  largely,   stands   in   front   of  the  building;    it   represents    Hiawatha 

bearing  Minnehaha  in  his  arms,  from  the  ravages  of  famine;  he  is  dressed  in  the   most  approved   Indian   style, 

with  the  eagle's  feather  in  his  hair,  and  the  fringed  moccasins  indicative  of  rank.    It  is  a  characteristic  and  valuable 

group.     The  quiver  on  the  back  of  Hiawatha,  filled  with  arrows,  is  especially  well  done.     Entering  the  building, 

we   find  ourselves  in  a  pillared  hall,  with  a  drinking-fountain  in   the  centre  from   Mankato,  Minnesota.      To   the 

right  of  the  entrance,  in  a  spacious  room,  we  note  a  beautiful  collection  of  the  flora  of  North  America,  in  circular 

cases,  arranged  by  the  students  of  the  State  Normal  School  and  other  cognate  institutions.     A  case  in  the  corner 

contains  an  attractive  trophy  of  corn  and  wheat.     Over  a  mantel  in  the  right-hand  room,  or  hall,  is  a  lambrequin 

of  shells  and  beads  strung  by  little  children  not  over  six  years  of  age,  pupils  at  the   Hendrick  School,  St.  Paul, 

Minnesota.    Specimens  of  the   woods   of   Minnesota  line  the   wall,   and    cases   of  birds  and  animals,  admirably 

mounted,  abound.     The  various  genera  of  native  grasses   occupy  circular  cases   down   one   side   of  this   room ; 

there  is  one  very  interesting  case  containing  all  the  varieties  of  the  squirrel  family,  with  ermine,  muskrats,  red  fox 

and  cubs,  beneath.     Bears,  owls  and  large  water-birds  form  an  interesting  part  of  the  exhibit;  in  fact,  there  is  a 

wonderful  collection  here.     Probably  the  most  valuable  articles  in  the  building  are  a   number   of  books   owned 

by  Mr.  Alfred  Bull,  of   Chicago,  who   collected   them   in   Minnesota.     They  consist  of  volumes   relating  to   the 

discovery  of  America,  and  immediately  preceding  that  event;  the  oldest  is  dated  147^,  while  two  bear  the  date 

of  1478 ;   one  of   1482,   and   another   148^.     The   entire  collection  covers  the  time  between   1475'  ^^'^^^  '749-      '^''• 

Bull  has  a  collection  of  over  1^,000  volumes  of  like  nature;   one  of  the  books,   a  psalter,  is  bound   in   human 

skin.     An  engine  made  of  the  red  pipe-stone,  which  works  admirably,  is  a  great  curiosity. 

398 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Coiumbian  Exposition, 


Minnesota    Building. 


MISSOURI    BUILDING. 

Missouri,  one  of  the  richest  southern  states,  has  for  her  special  building  a  miracle  of  delicate  and  beautiful 

architecture.     As  we  gaze  at  it  we  are  reminded  of   those   words   of   the   great    Ruskin:   "Architecture  is  frozen 

music."    The  cost  of  this  beautiful   edifice  was   ^40,000,  and  every  dollar  was  expended  in  a  manner  to  bring 

out  its  fullest  worth.     It  is  go  by  no  feet  and  rises  to  a  height  of  60  feet,  with  a  tower  140  feet  high.     In  the 

style   of  the  Spanish  Renaissance,  the   lines   of  the  building  have   been   made  more  broad  and  flowing  without 

any  sacrifice  of  the  picturesque.     The  main  entrance,  with  two  small  flanking  cupolas,  is  a  thing  of  beauty.     But 

our  attention   is   especially  directed   to   the   dome.     It   looks   like   a   huge   inverted  water-lily,   the  petals  clearly 

outlined  throughout  its  circumference.     The  two  wings  give  an  impression  of  simplicity  and  solidity,  relieved  by  the 

balconies  jutting  out  from  the  second  story,  the  delicate  tracery  of  their  balustrades  operating  something  like  the 

old  "Greek  form  of  decoration.     The  offices  of  the  State  Commission,  and  State  and  City  Bureaus  of  Information 

are  within,  and  there  is   also  an   auditorium  which  will  seat  2^00   persons.     Pleasure  is  not  forgotten,  for  those 

who  enter  will   find   every  requisite   of  an   elegant   club-house.      Missouri  is  admirably  represented  in  the  larger 

departments  of  the   Fair.     She  exhibits  the  largest  lead  works  in  the  world,  and  was  the  hrst  with  her  display 

in  the   building  devoted   to   Mines  and   Mining.     Her  appropriation  was  at  first  only  ^2^0,000,  but  it  was  soon 

increased   to    ^^00,000.     Missouri    has   made   gigantic   strides   of    late   years,    and   her   Exposition    Building   is   a 

revelation  to  the  country.    There  are  thirty-two  rooms  in  this  building,  mostly  devoted  to  exhibits.     The  rotunda 

has  a   mosaic  tile   floor,  and   there   is  a  beautiful  fountain  on  either  side.     A  promenade  balcony  with  a  marble 

floor   overhangs  the   main   entrance.     All   the   ornamentation   of  the   building  is  chaste  in  the  extreme.    Though 

Missouri   was    only  a  few  years  ago  a  western  state,  she  is  now  in  the  central   part  of  the  Union.     Her  area   is 

65',3^o  square   miles;   the  extreme   length   from   north  to  south,  282  miles;  the  extreme  width,  348  miles.     Her 

population  exceeds  2,300,000.     Indian   corn,  wheat,  oats   and   tobacco   are    her   staple   agricultural   products.     St. 

Louis,  one  of  her  principal  cities,  is  a  formidable  rival  to  Chicago  in  western  spirit  and  enterprise. 

400 


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Missouri  Building. 


MONTANA    BUILDING. 

The    Montana    Building    is  of   Romanesque    architecture    and    is    one    story  high.      It  is  a  frame  building 

covered  with  staff.      The  interior  decorations  are   Roman  pilasters,  caps  and   bases.     Arches  in  the  Roman  style 

give  tone  to  the  structure.      It  is  crowned  with  a  glass  dome,  twenty-two  feet  in  diameter,  and  thirty-eight  feet 

high.     There  are  two  side  wings  facing  the  south,  and  a  finely  arched  central  entrance.     There  is  a  large  panel 

on  either  side  of   the  great  entrance;  one  bears  the  date,  1892,  the  other  the  motto  of  the  State,  "Oro  y  Plata," 

which  means  "  Gold  and    Silver."      The  panels  are  covered  with   sheets  of    pure  gold.      Inside,  the  building  is 

fmished  in  Georgia   pine.     The  color  of    the  walls  and  ceiling  is  in  oil.      The  main  rooms  all  open  out  upon  a 

rotunda  under  a  central  dome.     The  banquet  liall  is  in  the  rear.      As  some  of    tlie  largest  elk  in  the  world  are 

found  in  Montana,  that  State,  justly  proud  of  these  animals,  has  placed  three  gigantic  specimens,  hnely  mounted, 

in  the    centre  of    the  banquet    hall.      There    is   no    exhibit    in    the    building.      In    other    Departments,  however, 

Montana  is  splendidly  represented.     Her  display  in  the  Mines  and  Mining  Building  ranks  among  the  best  of   the 

States  and  Territories ;   it  is  in  the    south    section  of   the    building.      The    celebrated   silver  statue  is  one  of  the 

leading  attractions  in  this  department.      The  hgure  is  seven  feet  high,  and   stands  on  a  globe  resting  on  the  back 

of  an  eagle  made  of    solid   silver.      The  statue  rests  on  a  plinth  of  solid  gold,  with  a   base  of    mineral-bearing 

rock.      Eighty  thousand   ounces  of    silver,  valued  at  ^6^,000,  were   used  in  the   cast.      The   golden   plinth   cost 

}^2 ^0,000,  the   metal  for  which  was  furnished   by  the  Spotted    Horse  Mine,  at   Maiden,  Montana.      It  is    the  first 

time  in  history  that  Justice  has   been    depicted  with  her   eyes   open.      Miss  Ada    Rehan,  after   whom   the  statue 

was  modeled,  was   born    in    Limerick,  Ireland,  but   removed   with   her   parents   to   this   country  when   only  five 

years  of  age.      She  is  an  actress  of  pronounced  talent,  and  very  beautiful.      Mr.   R.  H.  Park,  the  sculptor,  made 

a    model  of   the   figure    in    clay,  and    on    the    i8th  of    March    the   statue    was    cast   by   the   American    Bronze 

Company,   at   Grand   Crossing.       Montana   has    ^000   feet  of     space    in   the    different   departments — Agriculture, 

Horticulture,  and  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts,  all  making  a  creditable  display. 

402 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Montana    Building. 


NEBRASKA    BUILDING. 

The  State  Headquarters  of   Nebraska  is  an  edifice  in  staff  surrounded  by  porticoes.     It  is  60  by  100  feet 

and  occupies  6000  square  feet  of  area.    As  we  enter,  a  little  white  pagoda  arouses  our  curiosity;  approaching  it, 

we  find  that  it  consists  of  beet  sugar  in  long  cylindrical  glass  jars.     Over  the  entrance  to  one  of  the  rooms,  in 

letters  made  of  corn,  we  read  the  legend,  "Corn  is  King  and  Sugar  is  Queen."      Designs  in  grasses  are  to  be 

seen  on   the  wall,  while  the  pillars  are  ornamented  with   grasses  and   corn.     In   the  centre  there  is  a  statue  of 

an  antelope,  the  gift  of  the^  ladies  of  Antelope  County,  Nebraska.     In  the  second   story  there  is  a  fine  case  of 

water-birds.     A  table  made  of   corn,  costing   ^2^0,  is   the  gift   of   the   ladies  of   Cumming   County.     A   really 

admirable  statue  of  "Justice"  holding  the  scales  in   her  hand,  the  work  of  a  boy  fourteen   years  of  age,  who 

had  never  been  instructed  in   the  art,  is  in  one  corner  of  the  room.     To  the  right  side  of  the  entrance  we  see 

a  large    Indian   tepee  ornamented  with  grotesque  figures  in  red.     Stuffed  figures  of  the  bison  and  the   buffalo 

are  on  either  side.     In  the  reception-room  there  is  another  table  carved  by  a   Lincoln    University  girl,  intended  to 

represent  the  beet  sugar   industry  of-  the  State.     The  mantel,  which   is  finished   in  cherry,  and   cost  ^^00,  was 

the  gift  of  the  women  of   Pawnee  County,  and  was  carved  by  the  women  students  of   Lincoln.     The  design  is 

very  delicately  executed,  and   is  of  woodbine  and  corn.    The  frieze  around   the  room  is  of  the  sunflower,  done 

in  corn.     One  of  the  great  curiosities  of  the  exhibition  is  the    United  States  flag  in   tlshing-net   pattern  made  of 

corn.     It  is  the  work   of  one  hundred  ladies  of   Blair,   Washington   County,  Nebraska,  and   is  a   real   work  of 

art.     At  every  turn  in  the  Nebraska  Building,  we  are  confronted   by  the  work  of  the  women  of  the  State;  the 

neatly  carved  secretary  is  the  work  and  gift   of  one;  the  bookcase  represents   the  industry  and  generosity  of 

another;  the  cabinet,  the  work  of  a   third.     They  have  taken  great   pride  in   their  work,  and   the  result  is  very 

creditable.     The  beet  sugar   in   the  exhibition   is   of  a   remarkable  whiteness  and  fineness  of  granule.     When 

Napoleon   the  Great  issued   his   Milan    Decrees  he  little  thought  that,  in   shutting  out  the  sugar  of  the  English 

Colonies  of  Europe,  he  was  laying  the  foundation  of  an  industry  that  would  here  be  brought  to  perfection. 

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Nebraska    Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


NEW    HAMPSHIRE    BUILDING. 

New    Hampshire    gives   us  a  genuine  surprise.     We  did  not  expect    much    from   this    little   rock-seamed 

State,  but  those  who  enter  her  building  will  have  a  rich  treat,     it  is  a  colonial  cottage,  bright  with  flowers.     In 

the  Main  Hall  or  Reception  Room,  there  are  many   pictures  of  governors  and  noted  men.      Old  John  Stark,  the 

hero  of  the  Battle  of   Bennington,  looks  as  grimly  from  the   canvas  as  when   he  cheered   his  soldiers  on  against 

the  British,  by  telling  them  that  he  "would  win  or  leave  Molly  Stark  a  widow."    Isaac  Hill,  who  has  the  proud 

distinction  of  being  the  first  man  who  ever  read  a  speech  in  Congress,  looks  from  another  frame,  and  stern  old 

Levi   Woodbury  faces  him.      To  the  left  is  a  ladies'  parlor,  very  neat  and  cheerful  looking.      Passing  through  a 

low  door,  we  find   ourselves  in  a  long  room,  dimly   lighted,  a  veritable  rustic  retreat.      The  walls  are  covered 

with  grasses,  the  pillars  are  all  of  wood   with  the   bark  still  on,  and  yet  smelling  of  the  forest.      In  the  centre 

there  is  a  beautiful  panorama  of  the   Livermore  Falls,  on  the  Pemmigewasset   River,  surrounded  on  three  sides 

by  a  rustic  wall,  into   which  are  set   scenes  of  noted    places  of    the  State.      The   only  light  in  the  room  is  that 

which  illuminates  the  panorama,  and,  as  all   these  pictures  set  into  the  walls  are  on  glass,  they  form  charming 

transparencies.     One  of  these  pictures  has  a  pathetic  interest  to  all  who  have   been  in  the  White   Mountains ;   it 

represents  the  monument  erected  to  Lizzie  Bourne,  a  daughter  of  Judge  Bourne  of  Kennebunk,  Maine,  who  lost 

her  life  in  a  snow-storm  within  a  few  yards  of  the  Mountain  House,  September  14,   18^^;  she  was  only  twenty 

years  of   age.     Ascending   the    stairs,  we  enter  a  wonderful   grotto   made  to  represent  a  large  cavern ;  the  floor, 

except  a  narrow  passage-way  around  tlie  walls,  is  taken  up  with  a  huge  profile   map  of   New  Hampshire.      Set 

into   the   walls   of   this   room,  numerous   colored   photographs   on   glass    not    only  let   in  a  chastened    light,  but 

furnish  a  continuous  panorama  of  the  splendid  mountain  scenery  of  the  "Granite  State."      The  walls  are  thickly 

matted  with   sweet-smelling  grasses,  and   make  a  beautiful   framework  for  the  pictures.      Yankee   ingenuity   has 

certainly    triumphed   here ;    these   two   rooms   are    not   only    models   of   artistic   taste,  but   also    of   well-judged 

economy.    The  Exposition  presents  few  objects  of  greater  interest. 

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New   Hampshire   Building. 


NEW    JERSEY    BUILDING. 

The  New  Jersey  State  Building  is  a  reproduction  of  Washington's  headquarters  at  Morristown.  Tlie  cost 
was  ^i5',ooo.  It  is  40  by  60  feet,  two  stories  high,  and  has  a  wing,  which  is  about  16  by  20  feet  in  area.  The 
State  Legislature  of  New  Jersey  appropriated  |5 130,000  to  meet  the  expenses  of  its  exhibits.  The  building  is  a 
very  pretty  cottage  with  a  wide  piazza.  It  is  one  of  tine  most  interesting  structures  on  the  ground,  and  the 
original  exists  to-day  in  Morristown,  New  Jersey,  having  been  purchased  and  cared  for  by  the  American  His- 
torical Association.  Outside  of  the  Houses  of  Congress,  probably  more  eminent  men  have  gathered  under  its 
roof  than  in  any  other  building  in  the  country.  It  was  occupied  by  Washington  during  the  winters  of  1779  and 
1780.  Alexander  Hamilton  once  lived  here,  and  met  and  courted  the  lovely  daughter  of  General  Schuyler,  who 
afterwards  became  his  wife.  General  Green,  who  conducted  such  a  successful  campaign  against  Cornwallis  and 
Tarleton  in  the  South;  Knox,  who  was  Washington's  first  Secretary  of  War;  the  noble  La  Fayette;  Baron 
Steuben,  who  had  once  been  aid-de-camp  to  the  "  Iron "  Frederick ;  Kosciusko,  the  hero  of  Polish  liberty ; 
Schuyler,  "Light-Horse  Harry"  Lee,  "Mad  Anthony"  Wayne,  old  Israel  Putnam,  and  the  traitor  Arnold,  have 
all  been  guests  in  that  house.  Here  Washington  planned  many  of  his  campaigns,  and  here  originated  many  of 
those  far-reaching  plans  which  foiled  the  British  at  every  turn.  Over  the  reception-room  there  is  a  circular 
gallery;  to  one  side  is  a  high,  old-fashioned  fireplace  which  looks  as  though  it  had  seen  service.  It  is  not  so 
handsome  as  those  in  some  of  the  other  buildings,  but  as  it  exactly  represents  that  around  which  Washington  and 
his  generals  sat,  it  has  a  greater  interest  and  a  deeper  significance.  There  are  not  a  great  many  relics  in  the 
building.  It  is  sufficient  in  itself  to  satisfy  tine  desire  of  every  lover  of  American  history.  Many  of  its  rooms 
are  devoted  to  social  and  committee  purposes,  and  all  of  them  have  an  air  of  solid  old-fashioned  comfort  about 
them.  The  exhibits  of  New  Jersey  are  very  various  and  extensive  in  the  different  departments,  particularly  in 
the  Manufactures  and   Liberal  Arts   Building,  where  she  has  a  magnificent  display  of  pottery  from   her  Trenton 

manufactories,  which  would  rouse  the  envy  of  any  nation  in  the  world,  not  even  France  excepted. 

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Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  ExDOsltlon. 


New  Jersey   Building. 


NEW    YORK    BUILDING. 

New  York  is  represented  by  a  reproduction  of  tl^ie  old  Van    Rensselaer  mansion,  a  relic  of  early   Colonial 

times,    when    the    great    metropolis    was   but   a  struggling    village,   and    the   good    herrs     strolled   with    their 

ponderous  fraus  along  the  Bowery,  at  that  time  a  lane  among  fields  and  gardens.    The  building  is  200  feet  long, 

5'o  feet  wide,  and  three   stones  in  height.     It  cost  ;^i5'o,ooo  but  a  great  deal  of  the  material  and  decoration  was 

donated  by  the  patriotic  citizens  of  New  York.      The   State   appropriated    1:300,000   for   the    building    and  other 

exhibits,  but  this  was  greatly  increased  as  soon  as  the  generous  enthusiasm  of  the  country  touched  New  York, 

till  the  total  exceeded  ;^6oo,ooo,  or  in  other  words,  "New  York  stands  next  to  Illinois  in  the  amount  she  raised 

for  the  Fair."     Her  exhibits  are  to  be  found   in   all   departments,  in   the   Horticultural,  Agricultural,  Manufactures 

and  Liberal  Arts,  Music,  Electricity,  Art  and  Fisheries.     The  New  York  Building  is  almost  the  best  State  structure 

erected.     Work  did   not  commence   upon   it   till   March   1893,  but  it  was   pushed   along   briskly.     It  is  a   roomy, 

handsome  structure.      A  noticeable  feature  of  the  architecture  consists   of  three  great   pillars   which   support  the 

roof.     They  are  made  of  nine  trees  cut  down  in  the    Adirondack's,   and    twisted   together    into   three,    causing  a 

very  novel  effect.     Several  statues  and  busts  ht  into  the  niches  in  front  of  the  building,  while  within,  the  walls 

are  hung  with  beautitul  pictures,  and  are  otherwise  chastely  ornamented.     New  York  also  exhibits  in  her  buildin 

a  large  number  of   Revolutionary  relicsT^and  the  portraits  and  autographs  of  famous  men.      It  is  only  riglit  that 

New  York  should  fill  a  proud  place  in  the  Exposition.     She  has  been  the  Mecca  of  the  alien  caravans  that  came 

to  these  shores.      Her  population  is  the   most   cosmopolitan  of  all,  embracing  827,000  Americans,  298,000    Irish, 

263,000   Germans,  40,000   English,  32,000   Italians,   12,000   French,  14,000  Polish,   10,000  Russians,  10,000  Scotch, 

7000  Swiss  and  Hungarians,  and  22  other  nations  dwell  within  her  narrow  borders.      Evidences  of  her  generous 

co-operation  with  Chicago  are  to  be  met  with  on  every  side.     In  every  large  department  her  booths  and  pavilions 

are  filled  with  the  products  of  her  mines  and  soil,    her    lands  and  waters,  and   tlie  skillful   creations  of   the  deft 

fingers  of  her  sons  and  daughters.     She  has  not  sulked  like  Achilles  in  his  tent. 

410 


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Copyfighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


New  York  Building. 


NORTH    DAKOTA    BUILDING. 

The  State  Building  of  Nortli  Dal<ota  adjoins  those  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas.  Three  large  stone  cannon- 
balls  may  be  seen  in  a  small  inclosure  without,  reminding  us  of  the  time  when  such  were  used  in  the  massive 
ordnance  once  in  vogue.  The  building  is  of  white  staff,  70  by  ^o  feet,  and  cost  about  $4000.  At  the  foot 
of  the  pillars  and  along  the  front  piazza  varicolored  geraniums  and  delicate  blue  lobelias  in  boxes  have  a  very 
cheerful  appearance.  On  either  side  of  the  main  entrance  there  are  huge  sheaves  of  v/heat,  done  in  staff.  The 
walls  of  the  interior  are  clevedy  decorated  with  over  390  specimens  of  grass  in  curious  patterns  and  designs. 
Aside  from  sages  and  ferns,  forty-nine  genera  of  true  grasses  are  represented.  In  one  of  the  glass  cases  by  the 
wall,  there  is  a  beautiful  silk  banner,  or  rather  quilt,  richly  embroidered,  the  work  of  the  Indian  children  of  Day 
School  No.  I,  Standing  Rock  Indian  Agency.  The  ladies  of  North  Dakota  have  contributed  many  beautiful 
specimens  of  needlework.  At  one  end  of  the  main  liall  there  is  a  mimic  wheat-field — the  bearded  grain 
standing  erect,  and  marshaled  in  lines  as  straight  as  the  drill  could  make  them.  Above  this  field  done  in  grain, 
upon  a  large  banner,  is  the  head  of  a  horse  looking  through  a  liorse-shoe,  also  made  of  wheat;  close  by  a 
magnificent  beaver  is  seen  on  top  of  a  case  filled  with  water-fowl.  The  most  interesting  part  of  the  exhibit  is 
at  the  other  end  of  the  main  hall,  to  the  left  of  the  entrance.  It  consists  of  a  great  pyramid  of  spring  wheat, 
and  many  will  be  surprised  to  learn  that  there  are  146  varieties  of  this  grain.  Opposite  the  horse's  head  there  is 
a  head  of  a  magnificent  bull  made  of  wheat,  and  looking  througli  a  garland  of  the  same  grain.  Heads  of  animals 
done  in  cereals,  and  many  varieties  stuffed  hang  around  the  wall.  A  large  pyramid  of  corn  also  adds  to  the 
agricultural  wealth  of  the  exhibit.  At  the  top  of  the  stairway  there  is  a  large  painting,  representing  a  scene  in 
North  Dakota,  very  life-like  and  well  executed.  The  second  story  is  given  over  to  club-rooms.  There  is  a 
parlor  for  ladies,  and  reading-  and  smoking-rooms  for  gentlemen,  the  whole  breathing  an  atmosphere  of  comfort. 
The  building  smells  of  the  hay-tleld,  on  account  of  the  great  number  of  grasses  arranged   around  the  walls. 

The  people  of  North  Dakota  are  justly  proud  of  their  exhibit. 

412 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


North   Dakota  Building. 


OHIO    BUILDING. 

The  Ohio  State  Building  is  of  composite  architecture.     In  front  of  the  building  there  is  a   monument  done 

in    bronze,  with    statues  of  six  of  Ohio's  greatest  sons  grouped  around  it ;   these  are  Grant,  Sheridan,  Sherman, 

Chase,   Stanton   and    Garfield,    with   Cornelia,    the    mother    of   the   Gracchi,     pointing   to   a   scroll,    bearing   the 

inscription,  "These  are  my  jewels."     The   color  tone  of  the  building  is  of  dark  cream ;    it  has  a  circular  portico, 

with  Corinthian  pillars  in  front.     Entering,  we  are  in  an  oblong   reception-room    with    stained   glass    oriels,  and 

small   galleries   at  each   side.     Opposite   the  portal   is   a   recess  with  beautifully  stained  window  and  numerous 

palms.    The   Bureau   of   Information   and   the   Committee   rooms  on  the    lower   floor   are   very   complete.    The 

Cincinnati  Room  is  beautifully  furnished  with  every  appurtenance  of  elegance  and  luxury.     It  is  really  a  modern 

drawing-room  with  parlors  on  either  side.     The  ladies'  parlor  is  upholstered  and  carpeted  in   dark   blue,   and   is 

also  elegantly  furnished.    The  reading-rooms  are  very  complete,  and  keep  on  hand  a  full  tile  of  the  leading  Ohio 

papers.     Ascending   the  broad  stairway  at  the  end  of   the  central  room,  we  reach  the  gallery  that  surrounds  the 

interior  of  the  building.     Here  and   there   are   openings   which   give   access   to    pleasant    balconies,  where   fresh 

air  and  delightful  scenery  may  be  enjoyed.     There  are  club-rooms  having  every  convenience  for  gentlemen    on 

this  floor.     We  should  not  overlook  the  large  bronze  plate  to  the   right   of  the    main    entrance,    upon    which   is 

inscribed  the  date  of  the  arrival  of  the  first  settlers  in  Ohio,  with  a  record  of  the  present  population.     This  plate 

is  eloquent  of  the  progress  of  the  mighty  State  in  whose  building  it  is  placed.     It  seems  marvelous  that  so  few 

years  should  have  elapsed  since  that  little  band  settled  in  the  unknown  wilds,  and  now  Ohio   has  become   one 

of  the  staunchest  pillars  of  the  mightiest  Union  of  ancient  or  modern   times.     In    all   the    departments,   Ohio   is 

well    represented.    The  real  pride  of  the  commonwealth   is   lier  men   as   typified    by   the    statue  in  front  of  the 

building.    Grant,  the  far-seeing  and  persistent;  Sherman,  the  splendid  tactician,  who  made  the  great  march  from 

Atlanta  to  the  Sea;  Sheridan,  the  hero  of  Winchester  and  a   hundred  battles;  Chase,  learned  and  able;   Stanton, 

the  right  hand  of  Lincoln;  Garfield,  the  martyr.     Surely  such  are  Ohio's  jewels. 

414 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Ohio  Building. 


PENNSYLVANIA    BUILDING. 

Pennsylvania  has  shown  her  sense  of  the  fitness  of  things  by  reproducing,  as   nearly  as   possible,   Old 

Independence  Hall.     The   building    is   one   of   the  very   handsomest   of   the   group.      Pennsylvania   appropriated 

#300,000    to    meet    the  expenses  of   her  building  and  exhibits,  but   this  was   largely  increased   by  the  generous 

contributions  of  her  citizens.     The  building  rises  to  a  height  of  16^  feet,  and  is  lighted  by  a  profusion  of  electric 

lights,  which  make  a  glorious  display  at  night.     In   the   tower  of  the   rotunda,  directly  opposite  the    gallery  on 

the   second   floor,  hangs  the   Old   Liberty  Bell,  inscribed  with   the  prophetic  words,  "  Proclaim  liberty  to  all  the 

people  thereof."     It   is  fitting  that  the  Pennsylvania   Building   should   shrine  this  sacred   treasure,  and  that  the 

children  of  the  great  West  should   be  permitted  to  gaze   upon   tliat   bell   whose  brazen  tongue    rang  the    first 

orisons   of    American   liberty.      Porches,   twenty  feet  wide,   relieve   the    plainness  of   the    architecture,   and    the 

entrances  recall    to   us   those    early  days  when   the    Declaration    of    American    Independence   was   read   to   the 

assembled    multitude    amid   dead    silence,  till,   when    the   document    was    finished,  the   old   bellman's   grandson 

shouted,    "  Grandfather,   ring !    ring !    ring ! "   and    the    crowd    burst    into    indescribable    enthusiasm.     All    such 

evidences  of  respect  for  our  great   history  tend  to  bring  the  widely  scattered   population    of    the  country  closer 

together,  and  build  our  nationality  on  a  llrmer  and  more  durable  basis.    Pennsylvania  has  presented  her  building 

to  the  city  of    Chicago.      The   interior  is  filled  with  relics,  such  as  the  chair  in  which  Thomas  Jefferson  wrote 

the   Declaration   of   Independence,   the  table   on  which  the   Declaration    was   signed,   Jefferson's   sword,   a    sofa 

which  belonged  to  George  Washington,  and  others  too  numerous  to   mention.     The  upper  stories   are   elegantly 

fitted  up  for  club  purposes.     The  rear  of  the  first  floor  is  devoted   to  parlors  for  the   ladies.     The  Pennsylvania 

exhibits   in    many    of    the   departments    are    notably   fine.     In   the    Mines   and   Mining  Building,  Pennsylvania  is 

represented  by  a  shaft  of  anthracite   coal  sixty-two  feet   high  and    ten    feet   square  at   the   base,  also  by  many 

miners'  tools,  illustrating  methods   of    mining.     Opposite  the   Sixty-fourth  street    entrance   in   the   Transportation 

Building  there  is  a  large  exhibit  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company. 

416 


Pennsylvania  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


RECEPTION-ROOM— PENNSYLVANIA    BUILDING. 

The  first  thing  a  visitor  to  the  Fair  should  do  after  he  has  deposited  his  ticl<et,  is  to  go  to  the  building 
of  the  State  from  wjiich  he  came,  and  register.  Tlien  go  into  the  reception-room  and,  so  great  is  the  concourse 
here,  he  is  sure  to  hnd  many  acquaintances.  In  most  of  the  State  buildings,  these  rooms  are  wonderfully 
home-like,  and  form  pleasant,  cool  retreats  from  the  glare  and  bustle  of  the  grounds.  So  vast  is  the  extent  of 
territory  to  be  traversed,  that  we  might  spend  weeks  at  the  Exposition,  and  not  know  that  our  friends  are 
near  us,  were  it  not  for  these  meeting-places.  We  hnd  in  these  reception-rooms  every  comfort,  and  all  are  made 
thoroughly  welcome.  They  are  little  territories  in  themselves,  sacred  to  rest  and  quiet  sociability.  The  room  in 
our  picture  is  a  large  and  lofty  apartment,  the  carpets  and  furniture  are  of  very  sober  colors,  but  the  general 
effect  is  charming.  Here  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  congregate ;  tired  mothers  bring  their  children  for  an  liour 
of  quiet;  and  old  married  couples,  gray  haired  and  serene  of  face,  sit  side  by  side,  and  recount  their  impressions 
of  the  Fair,  or  look  far  out  into  the  future  and  wish  their  lives  might  be  extended,  to  enable  them  to  view  the 
marvels  in  store  for  the  younger  generation.  The  faces  of  the  people  here  are  very  noticeable ;  it  may  be  the 
Quaker  atmosphere  of  the  State,  or  the  large  admixture  of  German  blood,  but  their  countenances  are  serene, 
calm,  comfortable.  All  look  quite  at  home  here,  there  is  neither  nervousness  nor  restlessness,  and  it  is 
absolutely  the  quietest  reception-room  we  have  yet  entered.  People  converse  in  low  tones,  and  it  is  hard 
to  realize  that  we  are  in  the  midst  of  the  greatest  Fair  mankind  has  ever  held.  These  reception-rooms  are 
the  greatest  blessing  to  the  visitor ;  many  have  to  lodge  in  dingy  apartments  amid  strangers,  here  is  an  island 
of  quiet  peace  and  sweet  serenity,  shared  only  by  those  of  your  own  State,  in  fact,  your  friends  and  neighbors. 
This  building  is  thoroughly  Pennsylvanian ;  tlie  walls  are  of  brick  from  this  State,  the  floors  of  native  marble 
and  timber,  and  the  panelings  of  the  walls  are  of  fine  woods,  from  Pennsylvania  forests.  Evidently  Pennsyl- 
vania is  proud  of   her  sons;  portraits  of   the  most   distinguished  hang  on  the  walls  in  the  lower  and  the  upper 

stories,  and  statues  of  William  Penn  and  Benjamin  Franklin  may  be  seen. 

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Reception= Room — Pennsylvania  Build  ing. 


LIBERTY    BELL— PENNSYLVANIA    BUILDING. 

It  is  strange  that,  though  the  Liberty  Bell  is  dumb,  its  fame  rings  round  the  world.  We  see  it  here,  in 
a  little  enclosure,  beneath  the  rotunda  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Building.  Policemen  from  Philadelphia  guard 
the  precious  treasure,  day  and  night.  The  inscription  upon  it  is  plainly  visible;  it  reads:  "Proclaim  liberty 
throughout  the  land,  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof.  Leviticus  xxv:  lo.  By  order  of  the  Assembly  of  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania,  for  the  State  House  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  17^2."  For  many  years,  on  great 
public  occasions,  whether  of  joy  or  sorrow,  this  bell  was  rung.  On  the  Fourth  of  July,  1776,  it  was  pealed 
after  the  reading  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  A  crack  was  observed  in  its  side,  July  8,  183^,  when  it 
was  being  tolled  in  memory  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  who  had  died  two  days  before.  The  bell  stands  about 
four  feet  high,  and  weighs  2080  pounds.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Town  Council  held  in  i7^o-5'i,  the  superintendents 
were  authorized  to  provide  a  bell  of  such  size  and  weight  as  they  might  think  proper ;  the  bell  was  cast  in 
England,  and  shipped  to  this  country,  but  the  first  stroke  of  the  hammer  cracked  it,  and  rendered  it  worthless. 
Two  citizens  of  Philadelphia  offered  to  recast  it,  but  when  finished  the  tone  was  not  deemed  satisfactory,  as 
probably  too  much  copper  had  been  used;  at  least,  this  was  thought  at  the  time.  The  third  casting  was  suc- 
cessful, so  the  bell  was  hung  in  the  tower,  where  it  remained  until  removed  to  Allentown,  Pennsylvania,  in 
1778,  to  avoid  capture  by  the  British,  who  would  probably  have  melted  it  into  cannon.  When  the  British 
evacuated  Philadelphia,  the  bell  was  restored  to  its  place,  and  remained  in  the  hall  until  taken  to  the  city  of 
Chicago,  in  response  to  an  act  of  Councils  warranting  its  removal,  and  a  pledge  from  Cliicago  to  take  good  care 
of  it.  Thus  thousands,  who  may  never  see  Philadelphia,  can  look  upon  this,  one  of  the  most  sacred  relics  of 
their  country.  When  the  bell  left  Philadelphia,  the  streets  were  literally  crowded  with  people;  militia  regiments 
paraded,  and  bands  of  music  headed  most  of  the  societies  in  the  procession.  It  was  a  glorious  sight,  and  shows 
how  great  an  attachment  the  people  feel  toward  that  bronze-tongued  orator,  which  did,  indeed,  proclaim  "Liberty 

throughout  the  land,  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof."     Dear  old  bell,  may  you  long  remain  with  us  1 

420 


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RHODE    ISLAND    BUILDING. 

Even  little  Rhode  Island  felt  that  she  could  not  afford  to  be  absent  from  the  galaxy  of  States  represented 
at  the  Fair.  Her  building  is  of  two  stories,  and  cost  ^10,000.  She  contributed  $5'o,ooo  toward  the  State  exhibit 
and  has  presented  her  attractive  little  building  to  Chicago.  There  are  many  interesting  things  in  this  cottage. 
We  enter  a  square  reception-room,  and  to  the  left  notice  a  marble  mantel.  At  first,  it  does  not  appear  very 
interesting,  but  a  glance  at  the  card  above  us  informs  us  that  it  came  from  the  old  colonial  mansion  in 
Providence,  Rhode  Island,  in  which  the  plan  was  formed  for  the  destruction  of  the  British  naval  schooner, 
"Gaspee,"  which  plan  was  executed  by  the  citizens  of  Providence,  June  9,  1772.  This  was  really  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolution,  and  was  the  first  naval  battle  fought,  to  be  soon  followed  by  tlie  capture  of  the  "Matthias"  off 
the  coast  of  Maine.  The  building  lias  recently  been  pulled  down  to  make  way  for  a  block,  but  the  original 
parlor  was  purchased  intact  by  William  R.  Talbot,  of  William  Street,  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  He  has  incor- 
porated it  in  his  own  house.  There  is  an  interesting  portrait  of  Major  Barton,  who  captured  the  British  Major 
Preston  in  a  somewhat  ridiculous  manner  and  another  excellent  portrait  of  Commodore  Oliver  H.  Perry,  v/hose 
motto,  borrowed  from  the  heroic  Lawrence,  was,  "Don't  give  up  the  ship."  An  insignificant  little  print  in  a 
rude,  old-fashioned  looking  frame  is  well  worthy  of  special  attention.  It  represents  the  Vernon  House,  still 
standing  at  the  corner  of  Clark  and  Mary  Streets,  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  It  was  loaned  by  its  owner,  during 
the  Revolution,  to  Louis  XVI.,  of  France,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  French  soldiers  under  Count  de 
Rochambeau,  who  came  to  aid  tlie  cause  of  Liberty.  The  frame,  which  looks  so  insignificant,  is  made  from 
the  wood  of  the  house  of  Joseph,  the  youngest  son  of  Roger  Williams.  Tliere  are  also  pictures  of  many  of 
the  colonial  governors,  among  them  that  of  Governor  William  Codington  is  especially  fine.  There  is  a  very 
pretty  little  parlor  for  ladies,  attractively  furnished,  and  well  patronized  by  the  fair  sex  of  Rhode  Island  who 
come  to  the  Fair.    The  general  interior  tone  is  cream  color,  and  the  cottage  effect  of  the  building  is  relieved  by 

the  large  Ionic  pillars,  which  tower  on  either  side  of  the  main  entrance. 

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Rhode    Island    Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition- 


SOUTH    DAKOTA    BUILDING. 

There  are  ii,ooo  feet  of  floor  space  in  the  State  Building  of  South  Dakota.  The  building  is  in  the 
Romanesque  style ;  the  exterior  is  gray,  and  it  has  a  beautiful  pillared  entrance.  Polished  sandstone  and 
jasper  are  arranged  in  semicircular  forms  over  the  main  portal.  The  pillars  are  of  very  highly  polished  stone 
and  give  a  beautiful  effect  to  the  building.  As  one  enters,  there  are  small  parlors  on  either  side,  looking  cool 
and  comfortable.  Passing  these,  we  find  ourselves  beneath  a  rotunda  which  lets  in  a  flood  of  light.  To  our 
right,  a  large  number  of  petrifactions  are  on  view;  many  of  them  being  whole  sections  of  trees,  the  largest 
about  three  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  has  become  agatized,  and  is  very  rich  in  color.  There  is  one 
particularly  beautiful  specimen  from  Arizona.  A  Swiss  chalet  composed  of  many  colored  minerals  with  gabled 
marble  roof  is  a  very  ingenious  and  interesting  object.  South  Dakota  must  have  some  very  precocious  young 
people  within  its  borders,  for  there  is  a  model  of  a  miner's  cabin  built  of  tiny  logs,  and  also  showing  the 
methods  of  small  placer-mining  pursued  in  that  State.  The  model  was  made  by  a  boy  fourteen  years  old,  a 
resident  of  Deadwood,  South  Dakota.  In  the  centre  of  the  rotunda,  a  column  surmounted  by  an  eagle  rises, 
and  close  by  are  some  tine  specimens  of  tin  ore  and  blocked  tin.  Silver  ore  and  rough  blocks  of  jasper  may 
be  seen  close  by  the  tin  exhibit.  In  a  small  room  adjoining,  i6o  varieties  of  sweet-smelling  grasses  surround 
the  wall;  and  in  the  centre  of  the  room,  a  great  variety  of  preserved  fruits  in  glass  jars  are  on  view.  A  large 
South  Dakota  sheep,  with  very  small  head  and  huge  fleece,  greatly  resembling  the  Merino  breed,  surmounts 
the  fruit  exhibit.  There  are  also  a  great  variety  of  fossils  in  this  building,  many  of  them  of  antediluvian  animals 
of  mammotJT  proportion.  South  Dakota  appears  to  be  rich  in  these  ancient  remains.  There  are  also  committee 
and  reception-rooms  in  the  building,  for  ladies  and  gentlemen.  At  the  entrances,  huge  blocks  of  the  red  sand- 
stone of  which  the  Indians  used  to  carve  their  peace-pipes,  may  be  seen.  The  building  is  a  veritable  museum 
of  interesting  objects,  and  deserves  the  evident  attention  it  receives  from  visitors,  who  appreciate  the  rapid 
strides  which  have  been  made  by  the  far  Western  States  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  progress. 

424 


South    Dakota    Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  Woiia's  Columbian  Exposition. 


NEW    MEXICO,    ARIZONA,    AND    OKLAHOMA    BUILDING. 

These  three  Territories  liave  in  common  constructed  a  very  attractive  building.  Each  subscribed  ^25'oo 
toward  the  cost  of  erection.  Arizona  contributed  ^30,000,  New  Mexico  ^2^,000,  and  Oklahoma  $2^00,  toward 
their  exhibits  in  other  departments.  Their  building  is  120  feet  square;  in  front  of  the  building  rises  a  huge 
cube  of  coal,  and  on  either  side  cacti  tower  over  twelve  feet  high.  A  large  rockery  is  covered  with  plants  of 
the  same  species,  though  of  smaller  growth.  Entering,  we  find  ourselves  in  a  comparatively  small  room,  the 
walls  of  which  are  hung  with  Indian  curiosities.  Our  attention  is  immediately  attracted  to  a  magnificent  war 
bonnet  consisting  of  a  head-band  of  colored  eagle  feathers,  with  two  long  bands  descending  from  it,  the 
feathers  standing  straight  out  and  highly  colored.  These  are  intended  to  fall  down  the  back  of  the  wearer. 
Tlie  matei'ials  used  are  eagles'  feathers,  porcupine  quills,  and  Iroquois  shells.  Articles  of  wearing  apparel,  made 
of  buckskin  and  oi'namented  with  beads  and  colors,  show  that  the  Apaches  are  not  destitute  of  vanity.  The 
room  in  wliich  we  are  is  rendered  very  attractive  by  a  frieze  of  corn  and  grasses,  with  designs  of  the  same  around 
the  v/alls.  There  is  in  the  New  Mexico  room  a  goodly  display  of  Pueblo  curiosities.  One  entire  side  is  occupied 
by  idols  of  every  size,  and  in  all  sorts  of  grotesque  attitudes,  some  of  them  greatly  resembling  monkeys,  and 
others  mere  square  blocks,  with  holes  perforated  in  them,  to  show  where  the  features  should  be.  We  are  not 
prepared  for  tl^e  line  display  of  potteries  and  household  utensils  accredited  to  the  worshipers  of  such  crude 
deities.  Yet  in  the  ceramic  art  they  certainly  excel,  as  this  display  clearly  proves,  while  some  of  their  textile 
fabrics  are  firmly  woven  and  tastefully  colored.  We  have  here  a  good  opportunity  to  compare  the  civilization 
of  the  Pueblos  with  that  of  the  so-called  cliff-dwellers,  and  it  is  greatly  in  favor  of  the  former.  The  pottery  of 
the  latter  is  ruder,  and  their  fabrics  are  less  skillfully  manipulated.  These  curiosities  were  collected  by  the 
ladies  of  San  Juan  County,  New  Mexico.  The  glaze  used  on  some  of  the  large  bowls  made  by  the  Pueblos  is 
a  secret  known  only  to  the  Indians;  it  is  very  durable  and  brilliant.  Upstairs  there  are  reception-rooms,  hung 
round  with  gaudy  Indian  blankets.     Many  other  valuable  exhibits  are  in  the  building. 

426 


Copyrijhteil  bij  the  WorlilS  Columbian  Exposition. 

New   Mexico,  Arizona  and   Oklahoma    Building. 


TEXAS   BUILDING. 

The  Texas  Building  is  in   the  style  of  the  old   Spanish   Mission,  identified  with  the  early  history  of  the 

State.     The  dimensions  of  the  building  are  85'  by  2^0  feet,  and  it  is  70  feet  high.     The  private  subscriptions  of 

the  State  toward  the  Exposition  amounted  to  ^300,000,  of  whicli  the  great   city  of  Galveston   contributed   fully 

one-lialf.     The  building  is  delightfully  located,  being  surrounded   by  trees,   which  gives  a   delicate  tone  to   the 

white  staff.    A  very  handsome  piazza,  decorated  with  palms  and  flowers  extends   around   the  building.     As  we 

enter,  we  notice  small  parlors  on  either  side  which  open  out  on  the  piazza.     Passing  these,    we  find   ourselves 

in  a  large  square  central  hall,  the  walls  of  which  are  tinted  Egyptian  red.    At   one   end   of   the   hall   there   is   a 

platform  raised  about  three  feet  above  the  fioor;  back  of  tlie  platform  there  is  a   large  picture   of   General   Sam 

Houston,  called  the  Dawn  of  Texan  Liberty.     It  is  a  very  fine  picture,  well-calculated  to  recall   those  stern   and 

bloody  days,  when  men  of  iron  nerve  and  indomitable  courage  lifted  the  Lone  Star  banner  against  the  tyranny 

and  oppression  of  Mexico,  and  for  a  time  stood  alone  a  sovereign  State   without  associates.     Standing  there   in 

the  dim  cloistral  light,  we  think  of  the  heroic  defence  of  the  Alamo,  and  the  ultimate  massacre  of  many   of  its 

brave  defenders.     It  seems  like  a  lesson  in  ancient  history,  and  it  is  very  hard  indeed  to  realize  that   only  very 

recently  some  of  the  last  participators  in  those  bloody  frays  have  passed  away.     On  the  panels  above  the  pillars, 

the  lone  star — white,  on  a  red  ground — is  frequently  repeated,  and  between  these  emblems  many  beautiful  fiags 

are  hung.     The  second  fioor  is  taken  up  with  a  gallery  of  prettily   ornamented   arches,  and   glass   doors   at   the 

side  which  separate   the  gallery  from   cool   verandas,   shaded   by  trees   and   littered  with   easy-chairs.      Narrow 

stairs  ascend  to  the  turrets  from  the  gallery,  and  a  fine  view   may   be   obtained   by  those   who   care   to  climb. 

The  prevailing  feeling  as  we  enter  this  building  is  one  of  rest  and  quietness.      It  is  safe  to  say  that  for  privacy 

mingled  with  placid  sociability,  none  of  the  State  buildings  can  compare  with  that  of  Texas.     There  are  many 

curiosities  and  relics  in  the  building  appertaining  to  the  history  of  Texas.     The  State  is  an  Empire  in  itself,  and 

its  exhibits  show  the  immense  progress  that  has  been  made  in  every  brancli  of  science  and  industry. 

428 


Texas  Building. 


Copyrighted  bij  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


UTAH    BUILDING. 

The  building  of  this  great  Territory  is  of  two  stories,  48  by  84  feet  in  surface  extent.  As  we  approach  it, 
we  are  greeted  by  a  lieroic  bronze  statue  of  Brigham  Young,  the  father  of  tlie  Territory,  and  the  Grand  High  Priest 
of  Mormonism.  Before  we  enter,  we  pass  through  a  gate  which  is  a  fac-simile  of  the  "  Eagle  Gate "  of  Salt 
Lake  City.  It  consists  of  four  pillars,  the  first  two  of  which  are  surmounted  by  an  eagle  with  outspread  wings 
which  forms  the  apex  of  the  arch.  There  is  a  semicircle,  or  portico,  supported  by  Ionic  pillars  in  front. 
Entering,  we  find  ourselves  in  a  semicircular  chamber,  to  the  right  is  an  exhibit  of  boots  and  shoes  made  in 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  a  little  beyond  that  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  displays  to  be  found  on  the  Exposition 
grounds;  two  large  cases,  one  against  the  wall  and  another  upon  a  stand  near  by,  are  devoted  entirely  to  the 
remains  of  the  Cliff  Dwellers,  that  ancient  race  which  inhabited  America  before  the  light  of  history  dawned  on 
these  shores.  In  February  of  this  year,  1893,  a  rich  discovery  was  made ;  some  of  the  Cliff  tombs  were  opened, 
and  mummies,  surrounded  by  their  domestic  utensils  and  weapons  of  war,  were  found.  In  the  case  against  the 
wall,  there  are  nine  skulls,  evidently  those  of  a  very  intelligent  race;  there  are  also  complete  mummies  of  a  man, 
a  woman  and  a  child,  with  pottery,  trays,  wooden  swords,  stone  axes,  and  very  many  other  curious  articles, 
the  use  of  some  of  which  is  unknown.  In  the  case  near  by  are  the  contents  of  one  of  these  dwellings  which 
was  opened  February  16,  1893.  The  mummy  of  a  large  man,  evidently  a  chief,  forms  the  centre  of  the 
collection ;  around  him  there  are  a  large  number  of  articles  which  were  buried  with  him ;  bundles  of  thin  sticks, 
the  use  of  which  is  not  known ;  matting  made  of  river  flag,  which  was  found  under  the  mummy,  gourds, 
pottery,  wooden  swords,  mats  and  axes ;  in  fact,  all  the  wealth  of  that  primeval  race  is  here  gathered.  There 
are  many  other  pre-historic  Indian  relics  arranged  in  the  cases  around  the  room.  There  is  a  good  collection  of 
modern  Navajo  jewelry,  fabrics  of  various  kinds,  Indian  cradles,  moccasins,  arrow  cases  and  the  like.  One  is 
surprised  to  find  some  very  beautiful  specimens  of  Utah  silk,  manufactured  in  Salt  Lake  City,  with  remarkably 
handsome  laces  and  veils,  showing  the  progress  and  industry  of  the  people  of  Utah. 

430 


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Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Utah  Building. 


VERMONT    BUILDING. 

To  say  that  the  building  erected  by  the  State  of  Vermont  is  original  would  be  but  lightly  expressive  of 
the  truth.  It  is  unique.  There  is  nothing  like  it  on  the  Fair  grounds,  probably  not  in  the  world  at  the  present 
time.  When  the  visitor  first  enters  it  there  is  a  slight  feeling  of  disappointment ;  one  looks  in  vain  for  exhibits, 
but  after  a  little  time  it  dawns  on  the  more  intelligent  that  the  building  is  itself  an  exhibit,  and  truly  wonderful. 
It  is  in  the  Pompeiian  style  of  architecture  made  familiar  by  the  excavations  at  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum. 
Passing  under  a  carved  portal,  we  enter  a  paved  court-yard.  The  floors  of  the  court-yard  and  the  pavilion  are 
of  marble,  from  the  quarries  in  Rutland,  Vermont.  In  tlie  centre  of  the  yard  there  is  a  very  handsome  fountain 
representing  youth  renewing  the  stream  of  life.  The  fountain  and  basin  are  also  of  stone  quarried  in  the  State. 
To  the  right  and  left  of  the  court-yard  are  the  reception-  and  toilet-rooms,  very  neat  and  comfortable.  The  chief 
point  of  attraction,  however,  is  the  pavilion  in  the  centre.  From  a  shaft  on  either  side  two  figures  rise  repre- 
senting the  greatest  industries  of  the  State,  agriculture  and  quarrying;  four  beautiful  caryatides  form  the  supporting 
pillars  of  the  portal ;  they  are  splendid  figures  and  produce  an  extremely  rich  effect.  There  is  a  semicircular 
Pompeiian  window  v/ith  figures  representing  "  Freedom"  and  "  Unity"  above  the  portal.  Entering,  we  find 
ourselves  in  a  circular  chamber  floored  with  marble.  The  only  furniture  is  a  table  and  a  fev^'  chairs  with  a  full- 
size  painting  of  Chief-Justice  Morrill,  done  in  oil.  The  marble  of  wliich  all  the  floors  are  made  is  especially 
noticeable.  Thousands  of  the  men  of  Vermont  are  engaged  in  quarrying ;  in  fact,  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
industnes  of  the  State.  Much  of  this  stone  is  used  for  monumental  purposes ;  it  is  so  fine  and  may  be  so 
beautifully  polished.  In  the  town  of  Barre  alone  a  single  granite  quarry  covers  more  than  seventy  acres,  and 
more  will  be  worked  in  a  short  time.  Most  of  the  workmen  are  of  native  stock,  for  Vermont  has  fewer  for- 
eigners in  proportion  to  its  population  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  One  of  her  exhibits  is  unique 
and  praiseworthy;  in  a  special  building  near  the  V/hite  Horse  Inn,  the  art  of  making  maple  sugar  is  shown; 
the  thin  sap  is  placed  in  huge  boilers  and  boiled  down  till  it  becomes  a  thick  syrup. 

4?2 


Vermont    Building. 


Copyrighted  bij  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


VIRGINIA   BUILDING. 

Virginia  has  done  wisely  in  giving  us  a  fac-simile  of  Mt.  Vernon,  that  historic  structure  so  long  occupied 
by  George  V/ashington.  On  entering,  the  library  hrst  attracts  our  attention.  Under  the  ancient  mantel,  violins 
over  one  hundred  years  old  may  be  seen,  and  above  it  there  is  a  clock  one  hundred  and  thirty  years  of  age. 
A  large  cabinet  of  relics  covers  one  entire  side  of  the  room.  In  it  there  is  a  tea-caddy  which  belonged  to  Martha 
Washington  ;  a  knife  found  in  Washington's  secretary  after  his  death,  his  cup  and  saucer,  sword  and  cane, 
with  many  other  valuable  relics.  Opposite,  a  large  bookcase  is  hlled  with  the  works  of  Virginia  authors, 
though  it  is  only  a  partial  display,  as  many  could  not  be  secured.  Entering  another  room,  we  see  George 
Washington's  secretary  and  a  small  table  which  were  once  his  property.  There  is  also  a  fac-simile  of  a 
harpsichord,  presented  by  Washington  to  his  adopted  daughter,  Nellie  Custis.  In  one  corner  of  the  room  may 
be  seen  Dolly  Madison's  piano,  from  the  home  of  President  Madison,  Montpelier,  Orange  County,  Virginia. 
Another  room  is  occupied  by  a  large  statue  of  Andromache  and  Astyanax,  by  Ed.  V.  Valentine,  of  Richmond, 
Virginia.  Ascending  the  stairs,  we  are  confronted  on  the  first  landmg  by  a  Grand-Father's  Clock,  which  has 
kept  accurate  time  for  over  a  century.  In  one  of  the  small  rooms,  the  plain  secretary  once  used  by  John 
Randolph,  of  Roanoke,  may  be  seen.  In  another,  there  is  an  old  four-post  bedstead  with  curtains,  an  exact 
fac-simile  of  that  on  which  George  Washington  died.  Opposite  the  hall  is  the  Nellie  Custis  room,  in  which  is 
a  bed  supposed  to  have  been  occupied  by  that  fortunate  young  lady;  and,  more  interesting  than  all,  a 
time-stained  chest  of  drawers  once  the  property  of  Mary,  the  revered  mother  of  the  Father  of  his  Country;  this 
relic  is  probably  two  hundred  years  old.  Several  of  the  rooms  are  closed;  among  them  that  occupied  by 
La  Fayette,  and  the  River  room.  The  house  is  marvelously  rich  in  relics ;  one  of  the  curious  exhibits  in  the 
library  is  a  cloak  made  entirely  from  the  feathers  of  the  Virginia  wild  turkey,  a  bird  now  almost  extinct  in  that 
State.  There  are  some  fine  etchings  on  the  wall,  the  work  of  a  young  lady,  and  the  many  rooms  of  the 
edifice  have  a  savor  of  antiquity  that  is  very  fascinating.     It  is  continually  thronged  by  crowds  of  visitors. 

434 


Virginia    Building. 


Copyrighttd  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


WASHINGTON    BUILDING. 

Washington,  as  if  to   do   lionor   to   her  new   Statehood,  has   erected   a   truly   remarl<able  building.      The 

lower  story  is  built  of  logs  dressed  only  on  one  side.     They  are  giants  of   their   kind,    those   in   the  lower  tier 

bein;j  120  feet  long  and  4  feet  tliick.     A  great  deal   of   the  timber  was   donated,  but   the   cost    of   the   edifice 

exceeded  $50,000.     it  is  220  feet  long  and    140   feet    wide.     The   huge   logs    of   which   we  have   spoken,  came 

from  the  Puget  Sound  region,  and  were  donated   by  the   Lumbermen's  Association   of    the   State.     One   of  the 

special  features  of  the  building  is  the  main  entrance,  which  is  of  granite,  marble  and  ore  quarried    in    the   State. 

Four  oddly  designed  towers  ornament  the  corners  of  the  structure.     The   interior    is   finished   in    cedar   and   fir, 

and  presents  a  very  attractive  appearance,      hi  front,  a  flagstaff,  formed  of  one  great  tree,  rises  to  the  height  of 

175  feet.     It  is  five  or  six  feet  in  diameter,  and  could  hardly  be   rivalled   by   the  growth   of   any   forest   in    the 

world.    The  building  is  in  tlie  form  of  a  triple  chalet,  the  corner  logs  being  of  yellow  fir  cut  from  a  huge  tree  7^ 

feet  in  diameter,  and  fully  350  feet  long;   fir  is  a  most  beautiful  and  durable  wood,  though  it  rarely  reaches  such 

great  proportions.      In  front,  a  Washington  fir  mast  215  feet  high,  but  only  3><  feet  in  diameter,  floats  the  Stars 

and  Stripes.     Within,  there  is  a  model  farm,  38  by  48  feet,  and  a  single  block  of  coal  weighing  50,250  pounds. 

There  is  also  a  thirteen-foot  Mammoth,  the  largest  ever  found  in  tlie  world.     The  whole  makes  a  very  unique 

and  interesting  collection.    Washington  has  shown  her  patriotism  grandly.     Though  so  lately  admitted  as  a  State, 

her  legislature  contributed  $100,000  toward  her  exhibits.     At  the  Fair  she  has  large  displays  in  the    Departments 

of  Mines  and  Mining,  Fisheries,  Electricity,  Live  Stock,   Transportation    and    the    Fine   Arts.     Her   building  is  an 

exhibition  in  itself,  and  worthily   reveals   her   wealth  of    ore,  timber,    marble   and    granite.     Though   this   is   her 

first  exhibit,  she  compares  favorably  with  her  older  sisters,   and   impresses   the   beholder    with    a   sense   of  the 

inexhaustible  resources  and   boundless  possibilities   of  our   new  commonwealths.     Though   Washington    is   the 

extreme  northwestern  of  our  States,  her  energy  and  enthusiasm    mark   her  the   peer  of  her  older  and  mightier 

neighbors,  and  give  promise  of  making  her  a  formidable  rival  in  the  near  future. 

436 


Washington  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


INTERIOR   VIEW— WASHINGTON    BUILDING. 

The  scene  represented  in  our  picture  forms  a  very  unique  and  ingenious  exlnibit  in  the  Washington 
Building.  It  is  a  model  farm,  and  beautifully  illustrates  the  life  and  labor  of  the  agriculturist;  here  is  the  home 
of  the  farmer  of  the  far  West,  a  plain  structure  enough,  but  in  houses  such  as  these  we  fmd  a  large  share  of 
the  best  brain  and  muscle  of  the  country.  The  barn  is  also  a  feature;  wherever  land  is  good  and  the  farmer 
is  prosperous,  we  find  large  roomy  barns,  and  this  is  no  exception,  but  forms  a  good  advertisement  for  the 
soil.  In  another  place  we  see  how  the  rich  earth  is  broken  up ;  the  fat  furrows  lie  before  us,  long  and  straight 
and  even.  We  think  of  early  spring  mornings  long  ago,  when  the  smell  of  the  fresh-turned  earth  filled  the  air, 
and  the  unjaded  horses  answered  with  alacrity  to  the  rein  of  the  singing  farmer.  In  another  place  we  see  the 
standing  grain,  each  stalk  separate;  it  must  have  required  a  great  deal  of  labor  and  patience  to  produce  this. 
Here  a  reaper  is  mowing  down  the  grain,  and  raking  and  binding  as  it  moves;  while,  close  by,  a  threshing- 
machine  waits  to  receive  its  golden  tribute.  In  one  corner  of  the  field  a  little  cook-house  stands,  where  the 
farmer  and  his  men  eat  the  midday  meal ;  these  people  are  much  too  busy  to  waste  time  by  going  to  the 
house,  so  they  live  in  tlie  harvest-field  through  the  long  day,  and  lead  a  sort  of  gypsy-like  existence  till  the 
crop  is  gathered  in.  To  many  of  the  foreigners  who  have  come  to  see  the  Fair,  scenes  like  these  are  of  special 
interest.  Everything  here  is  on  such  a  vast  scale,  that  it  is  refreshing  to  take  in  at  a  glance  the  whole  economy 
of  a  great  farm.  With  machinery  such  as  this,  our  farmers  have  conquered  glorious  crops  from  the  soil,  and 
made  the  wilderness  blossom  into  waving  fields  of  bannered  corn,  and  oceans  of  rippling  golden  grain.  We 
think,  as  we  gaze,  of  the  myriad  acres  in  our  new  States  still  waiting  to  be  brought  under  cultivation,  and  we 
thank  God  for  a  land  so  broad,  so  fertile,  and  so  prodigal  in  fertility,  where  every  man  of  pluck  and  industry 
may  thrive.  The  beauty  of  the  State  of  Washington  lies  in  the  fact  that  its  population  is  largely  from  the  New 
England  States — a  race  ready  in  resource,  fertile  in  plans,  and  sure  to  make  the  most  of  the  splendid  oppor- 
tunities afforded  by  a  virgin  soil,  and  a  new  country,  which  will  take  centuries  at  least  to  exhaust. 

438 


Interior  View— Washington   Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


TIMBER— WASHINGTON  BUILDING. 

The   huge  logs  we  see  in  this  picture  came  from  the  Paget  Sound   region   of   the   State   of  Washington, 

whicii  has  a  very  large  area  of  forests.     The  capacity  of   the   lumber-mills   of   the   State   is   nearly   800,000,000 

feet  per  year,  most  of  them  being  in  the  Puget  Sound  country.     Some  of  her  woods  are  very  valuable;  yellow 

and  red  fw   form  the  most  considerable  part  of  the  forests   of  the  country.     These  trees  grow  to  a  great  height, 

and  make  excellent  lumber;  white  and  red  cedar  also  abound,  and  when  polished  are  very  beautiful.    The  largest 

trees  are  of  the  white  pine  species ;  some  of  them  growing  to  proportions  truly  magnificent.     One  of  the  curious 

features  of  the  Exposition  is  the  great   variety    of  woods   from   the   different   States,   and   the   diverse   forms   in 

which  they  are  exhibited;  some  are  simply   in   the  log,  left  rough   as  it   came  from   the   forest;   others  are   in 

slabs,  polished  to  shov/  the  delicate  grain  and  texture ;  and  some  of  the  logs  are  split  down  the  middle  to  show 

the  heart  of  the  timber.     A  section    of   one   great  tree  shows  that  it  was  a  sapling  when  Columbus  discovered 

America.     Another  has   a  large   room   in    it,   through   which   the    multitude   pass,   as    many   as   twenty   persons 

remaining  in  it  at  one  time.     A  great  deal  of  interest  is  now  being  taken  in  forestry ;  many  of  the  States    found 

their  woods  so  rapidly  decreasing,  that  it  was  feared  that  tlie  rainfall  would  be  seriously  affected ;  this  led  to  the 

planting  of  many  trees ;  some  States  having  a  special  day  set  apart,   when   the    children    of   tlie    public   schools 

take  part  in  the  useful  work.     In  Germany,  forestry  has  long   been  a    special    science;  on    the   estates   of   great 

noblemen,  and  in  the  government    woods,  the  greatest  care    is   taken    of  the    trees   by   the    forest-master;    the 

dying  branches  are  carefully  lopped ;  a  sufficient  space  is  left  around  each  tree  to  give  it  light  and  air,  and    in 

some  cases  the  bark  is  carefully  scraped  to  free  it  from  fungous  growths.     The  Russian   government    has    also 

begun  to  take  great  care  of  her  forests,  for  it  has    been   found    that   the   health   of  the   population   is  seriously 

affected   by  the  destruction  of  the  trees.      Even  in  Egypt,  tree-planting  has  become  common  and,  even  with  a 

short  experience,  it  has  been   found  that  the   rainfall   is   greatly  increased.     It   is   possible  to  stand  now  with 

one  foot  on   the   desert  and   the   other   on   cultivated   soil. 

440 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Timber — Washington  Building. 


WEST    VIRGINIA    BUILDING. 

The  cost  of  the  State  Building  of  West  Virginia  was  |2o,ooo.  The  wood,  of  which  the  interior  of  the 
building  is  constructed,  is  of  the  finest  sycamore  the  State  could  afford,  and  it  takes  a  very  handsome  finish. 
The  work  also  was  accomplished  by  West  Virginia  mechanics.  As  we  pass  the  low  portal,  we  see  a  very 
handsome  fireplace  with  a  deer's  head  over  it.  The  hreplace  is  also  of  sycamore  hnely  wrought.  It  is  in  the 
second  story  that  the  most  interesting  objects  are  to  be  found.  To  the  right  of  the  entrance  is  the  desk  at 
which  Generals  Lee  and  Grant  signed  the  surrender  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  which  practically  ended 
the  Civil  War.  It  is  of  plain  mahogany,  and  by  no  means  an  elaborate  piece  of  furniture.  Beside  it,  is  the 
couch  on  which  the  two  generals  sat  while  they  discussed  the  terms  of  capitulation.  These  interesting  objects 
are  the  property  of  Mrs.  H.  E.  Spilman,  the  second  daughter  of  Major  William  McLean,  at  whose  house  the 
surrender  was  made;  she  resides  at  Spilman,  Mason  County,  West  Virginia.  The  secretary  and  couch  are  for 
sale;  the  former  for  ^2000,  the  latter  for  )j^iooo.  There  are  some  excellent  pictures  (^n  the  wall,  but  an  insig- 
nificant-looking glass  case  contains  objects  of  much  greater  importance.  One  is  the  original  entry  for  the 
execution  of  Major  Andre,  given  from  the  headquarters  at  Orangetown,  New  Jersey,  and  calling  for  the  execu- 
tion to  take  place  precisely  at  five  o'clock,  October  i,  1780,  \vh\ch  is  in  tlie  handwriting  of  George  Washington. 
There  are  also  many  relics  of  John  Brown;  two  of  his  pipes  and  a  pistol  taken  from  him  at  Harper's  Ferry; 
the  original  order  for  his  execution  by  Governor  Wise,  and  endorsed  by  the  sheriff,  as  also  a  section  of  the 
rope  with  which  he  was  hanged.  Besides  these  are  several  autograph  letters  of  the  most  prominent  Confederate 
generals ;  six  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee's  to  Governor  Henry  A.  Wise,  and  two  of  the  governor's  replies.  The 
building  is  gayly  decorated  with  glass,  and  the  large  room  in  which  these  curiosities  may  be  found  is  used  as 
a  reading-  and  writing-room  for  gentlemen.  Tlie  oil  paintings  which  hang  on  the  wall  are,  as  a  general  rule, 
superior  to  most  of   those  one  sees  in  the  State  Buildings,  and  speak  volumes  in   praise  of  the  artists  of  West 

Virginia.      Visits  to  these  State   Buildings  are  sure  to  revolutionize  our  ideas  of   interior  decorations  in  America. 

442 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


West    Virginia   Building. 


WISCONSIN  BUILDING. 

Wisconsin  has  a  beautiful  little  State  Building  whicli  cost  ^^20,000.  The  base  of  the  structure  is  brown 
stone  from  the  Lake  Superior  regions.  It  is  in  huge  wrought  solid  blocks.  Above,  it  is  of  pressed  brick,  while 
the  shingles  are  from  the  northern  forests  of  the  State.  It  has  a  greater  look  of  solidity  than  any  of  the 
buildings  made  of  staff.  It  is  beautifully  finished  within  with  hard  wood  highly  polished,  and  some  admirable 
specimens  of  mosaic  work.  The  material  used  is,  with  the  exception  of  the  onyx,  from  Wisconsin.  The  arms 
of  the  State  are  sculptured  on  the  front  of  the  building,  which  is  two  stories,  gabled  roof,  and  has  an  upper  and 
a  lower  balcony.  We  enter  a  low  door,  on  the  left  hand  of  whicli  is  a  package-room,  and  on  the  right  the 
State  Bureau  of  Information.  The  interior  is  finished  in  oak  and  has  a  rich  effect.  The  statuary  in  this  building 
is  of  remarkable  excellence,  and  is  the  work  of  women  of  the  State.  That  entitled  the  Genius  of  Wisconsin,  by 
Nellie  Farnsworth  Meirs,  is  deserving  of  more  than  passing  mention.  It  represents  a  woman  of  heroic  proportion, 
her  face  full  of  the  brightness  and  strength  of  chastest  love,  witl^  an  eagle  on  her  shoulder  which  she  caresses 
with  one  hand,  while  her  upturned  eyes  look  affectionately  upon  the  sovereign  of  the  air.  The  figure  is  half- 
draped,  and  its  contours,  while  opulent,  are  not  redundant.  The  whole  design  is  very  impressive.  There  is 
another  massive  female  figure  standing  on  a  ruggedly-sketched  eagle,  the  back  of  which  has  been  hollowed  out 
to  form  a  pedestal.  The  figure  holds  a  folded  flag  in  the  right  hand.  At  the  head  of  the  broad  stair  there  is 
a  beautiful  stained-glass  window  of  Wisconsin  workmanship,  through  which  the  light  filters  upon  the  rich 
furniture  of  the  interior.  In  the  gallery  there  is  only  one  object  to  attract  the  attention,  which  is  a  beautifully- 
wrought  Spanish  banner,  liearing  tlie  arms  of  Castile  and  Leon,  with  the  inscription: 

"  To  Castile  and  Leon, 

Columbus  gave  a  New  World." 

It  is  said  the  great  admiral  desired  to  have  this  inscription  on  his  monument.  In  the  library,  or  reading-room, 
there  is  a  large  bookcase  filled  with  the  works  of  Wisconsin  authors,  which  speaks  well  for  the  literary 
intelligence  of  the  State.      Wisconsin  is  well  represented  in  all  departments  of  the  Fair. 

444 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Wisconsin    Building. 


BRAZIL    BUILDING. 

Next  to  Germany,  the  great  Republic  of  Brazil  has  expended  the  most  money   on   her   building.     It   is   a 

gorgeous  white  palace  surrounded  by  grounds  artistically  laid  out.     It  was  erected  by  a  Brazilian  architect.     The 

style  is  in  tlie  French  Renaissance.     The  exterior  is  richly  carved  and  the  whole  is   surmounted    by  a   majestic 

dome  with  a  graceful  campanile  at  each  corner.     The  lower  floor  is  devoted  to  the  exhibition  of  many   varieties 

of  coffee,  and  products  of  the  forests  of  the  country.     Without,  there  is  a  beautiful  pavilion  in  which  free  coffee 

is  served  to  all  who  desire  it.     The  pillars  of   the   great   central    hall   are   of   the    Corinthian    order,  the    capitals 

foliated  and  heavily    gilded.     A  soft  light   filters    through    beautifully    stained-glass    windov/s,  and    pervades    the 

building  with  a  rare-toned  radiance.     Ascending  the  broad  stairs,  our  attention  is  first  attracted  by  the  green  and 

yellow  flag  of  Brazil.     It  has  a  blue  centre  with  twenty  white  stars  representing  the  twenty  provinces  or   states 

of  the  Republic.    This  upper  room  is  beautiful  beyond  praise.     Above,  rises  a  glorious  rotunda   supported   by   a 

circle  of  square  pillars.     Immediately  beneath  is  a  pyramid   of   red    plush    surrounded  by  divans  and  forming   a 

pedestal  for  a  marble  statue  of  Mercury.     The  upholstering  is  deserving  of   mention ;    the   carpets   and   draperies 

alone  cost  in  excess  of  ^5'ooo.      There  are  immense  pictures   on   the   walls,   showing  great   arflstic   merit.    The 

largest  of  all,  and  not  the  least  excellent  in  execuflon,  represents   the   taking   of  the   oath    of  allegiance  to  Dom 

Pedro  the   First.      Another   is   a   panorama  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  near  which  is  a   magnificent    profile   map   of   the 

same  place.    The  rest  of  fliis  floor  is  occupied  by  offices  and  reading-rooms,  and  in  spite  of  the  vast  proportions 

of  the  building,  there  is  a  comfortable  air  about  everything.     The   roof    may   be    reached    by   spiral    iron   stairs, 

placed  one  at  each  side  of  the  northern  end  of  the  great  upper   hall.     Ascending  to   the   roof,  a   glorious   view 

presents  itself;  the  white  dome  rises  like  a   dream    above   us,  a   shapely  mountain    of   snow;   the   four   dainty 

campaniles   make  lovely  watch-towers;    far  before  us  stretch  the  blue  waters  of  the  lake;  we  look  down    upon 

the  Fisheries  Building,  the  Administration  Building,  the  Agricultural,  the  Woman's  and  the  Illinois  State  Building. 

The  Brazilian  Building  has  no  equal  among  the  State  and  National  edifices  on  the  grounds. 

446 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Brazil   Building. 


COFFEE    GARDEN. 

There  is  one  thing  that  America  is   bound   to   learn   from   this  Exposition — that   is,  how   to  make   coffee. : 

All  the  republics  south  of  us  seem  to  vie  with  one  another  as  to   which    can    best   tickle   the    American    palate 

with  the  grateful  and  odorous  beverage.     Guatemala,  Venezuela,  Costa  Rica  and  Brazil,  each  serves  coffee  in  her 

own  way,  and  tries  to  impress  upon   the   drinker  that   her   own   is   the   very  best.     Brazil  was  one  of  the  last 

countries  to  be  ready  to  entertain  her  friends;    her  splendid  building  was   long  under  the   hands   of   carpenters, 

painters  and  decorators,  but  now  she  is  fairly  in  the  swim,  and  the  fragrant  aroma  of  excellent  coffee  greets  us; 

as  we  drav/  near.     That   the   Brazilian  coffee  is   popular   with   the   multitude,  is   very   evident;    the   crowd   sits 

around   tables,  and  seems  thoroughly  to  appreciate  the  treat;    we  take  a  seat  also,  and  a  nimble-footed   damsel 

brings  us  a  steaming  cup  of  the  amber  fluid ;  we  sip  it  for  a  moment,  and  feel  that  here  is  indeed  coffee ;   we 

have  taken  coffee  with  Turks  and  Egyptians,  and  found  the  flavor  delightful ;    we   have  dropped  into  the  rustic 

booth  of  Costa  Rica,  and  a  dark-eyed  daughter  of  the  south  presented  us  with  a  ravishing  cup  of  the  beverage 

Venezuela  has  also  enticed  us,  but  this  is  best  of  all ;    we  think  of  the   muddy   mixture,  misnamed   coffee,  sc; 

often  drank  in  country  places;    we  remember  the  coffee  made  of  parched  corn,  and  even  of  the  dried  crusts  o  : 

Boston   brown-bread ;     all   the   makeshifts   of   country   life    return    to    us    with    force,   and    we    ask    ourselvei' 

whether   tlie   people   sitting    here   will   ever   be   able   to   return  to  them.     Will   not   the   memory  of    this  coffet 

forever  preclude  the  use  of  a  poorer  beverage  ?    There  is  no  doubt  that  Brazil  will  find  the  United  States  a  gooi 

customer  for  her  coffee,  for  the  so-called  Mocha  wlnich  is  foisted  on  our  markets,  and  the  fine  old   govern  men 

Java   in   common   use,  are   really  inferior  to   this;    and    there   are   so   many  varieties  of  it;    table  after  table  i 

covered  with  coffee  in  sacks,  and  bags,  and  cases;    even  the  floors  are  piled  in  some  places  with   bags   of  th, 

delicious  berry,  and  those  in  attendance  are  very  ready  to  explain  to  us  the  name  and  character  of  each  variety 

These   coffee-gardens  are  useful   schools  for  the  housewives   of   this  country,  and  will   enable  them  to  take  t!^, 

their  country  homes  something  of  the  experience  of  our  southern  neighbors. 

448 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Expositiott. 


Coffee  Garden — Brazil  Building. 


CANADA   BUILDING. 

The  Canadkm  building  rises  in  front  of  the  medieval  structure  erected  by  the  Spanish  government.  It 
is  a  very  graceful  edifice  intended  as  the  official  headquarters  of  the  Canadian  Commission.  One  side  fronts 
on  the  Lake,  while  across  the  street  from  it,  is  the  more  imposing  building  of  Great  Britain;  between  the  two, 
and  within  sight  of  the  entrance  to  the  New  South  Wales  Building,  the  Albert  Memorial  Fountain  is  very 
propedy  placed.  It  is  in  memory  of  the  husband  of  Queen  Victoria  who  died  in  1861.  All  the  British  depend- 
encies and  colonies  contributed  toward  its  erection.  The  grounds  about  the  building  are  very  tastefully  laid  out. 
The  grass  is  close-shaven  and  green  as  an  English  lawn,  and  fountains  playing  constantly  keep  the  flowers 
bright  with  diamond  drops  that  glitter  in  the  sunshine.  The  wood  of  which  the  edifice  is  composed  is  from 
the  four  great  provinces  of  Canada,  and  was  put  together  by  Canadian  workmen.  Everything  within  is 
distinctively  Canadian.  Trophies  of  La  Crosse  sticks  ornament  the  v/alls,  but  otherwise  the  building  does  not 
contain  any  exhibits.  It  possesses  one  curiosity,  however,  in  a  banner  commemorating  the  battle  of  Stony 
Creek,  which  was  fought  by  the  British  against  the  Americans  early  in  the  year  1813.  Numerous  flags  hang 
from  the  pillars,  and  greatly  brighten  the  interior.  Upstairs  there  are  reception-  and  lunch-rooms,  while  a 
balcony  which  extends  around  the  building  gives-  an  opportunity  to  all  to  enjoy  the  scenery  of  the  Lake  and 
Jackson  Park.  The  color  of  the  building  is  a  French  gray,  and  the  large  dome  which  rises  above  the  structure 
has  a  very  imposing  appearance.  The  first  Canadian  exhibit  which  reached  the  Fair  was  very  characteristic  and 
in  a  measure  complimentary  to  this  nation.  It  consisted  of  thirteen  huge  logs  containing  1^34  feet  of  lumber. 
These  logs  were  intended  to  represent  the  thirteen  original  colonies  which  were  the  seed  of  this  great  Union. 
Canada  is  an  empire  in  herself,  and  the  number  and  value  of  her  exhibits  give  definite  proof  of  her  inex- 
haustible resources.  They  embrace  a  great  variety  of  grain,  edible  roots,  seed,  domestic  animals,  minerals,  timber, 
wool,  the  products  of  fisheries  and  dairies,  and  a  vast  variety  of  manufactured  articles.  One  of  her  exhibits  in 
the  Agricultural  Building  is  a  cheese  weighing  11  tons;    another,  a  block  of  pure   nickel   weighing  4600  pounds. 

450 


Canada  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


CEYLON    BUILDING. 

The  building  in  which  Ceylon  has  stored  her  treasures  is  of  dark  wood  surmounted  by  a  dome  sus- 
tained by  richly-carved  pillars,  and  has  two  wings  covered  with  a  profusion  of  carving.  It  is  constructed  of 
twenty-two  different  kinds  of  wood,  of  which  Ceylon  produces  two  hundred  varieties.  The  building  represents 
an  old  Buddhist  temple  of  Anaduraphura,  said  to  be  nearly  fifteen  hundred  years  old.  The  interior  arrangement 
has  been  faithfully  copied;  the  gilded  frames  represent  scenes  in  the  life  of  Buddha,  Vishna  and  Siva.  In  one 
place  we  see  Gautama  in  his  father's  palace;  another  view  represents  him  in  the  yellow  gown  of  the  beggar, 
holding  out  a  wooden  bowl  for  the  alms  of  the  charitable;  and  again  he  is  represented  as  sitting  under  the 
great  Bo  tree  v/hich  was  the  first  temple  of  his  faith.  At  one  end  of  the  long  building  a  huge  gilt  statue  of 
Buddha,  with  folded  arms  and  dreamy  eyes,  may  be  seen,  and  near  it  one  of  Vishna,  richly  decorated  in  gold 
and  colors.  There  are  many  books  in  the  Bali  and  Cingalese  tongues,  mostly  religious  works.  Carvings  in 
ivory  and  bronze,  huge  polished  feet  of  the  elephant,  basket  work  of  all  descriptions,  and  innumerable  samples 
of  tea,  form  a  confusing  medley.  Models  of  temples  and  pagodas,  with  others,  showing  the  cultivation  of  rice 
and  tea,  make  a  very  interesting  exhibit.  Some  of  the  largest  elephant  tusks  in  the  Exposition  may  be  seen 
here,  and  this  huge  beast  appears  in  many  varieties  of  material,  from  dainty  trinkets  in  ivory  and  silver  to 
mammoth  statues  in  bronze.  There  are  many  figures  robed  in  the  Cingalese  costume,  and  also  some  native 
soldiers  and  policemen,  looking  as  though  they  were  proud  of  their  uniform.  The  less  civilized  races  of  Ceylon 
are  also  represented;  there  is  a  very  spirited  group  of  Nuddahs  just  returning  from  a  hunting  expedition;  they 
are  almost  destitute  of  clothing,  and  their  dark  bodies  glisten  from  the  exercise.  One  holds  a  dead  rabbit  in 
his  hand,  while  others  have  spears,  bows  and  axes  ;  in  fact,  all  the  paraphernalia  of  war  and  the  chase.  As 
there  are  few  railroads  in  Ceylon,  it  is  interesting  to  see  a  Royal  Mail  Coach,  such  as  is  used  in  traveling  through 
the  island.  There  are  four  natives  in  it,  evidently  devotees  on  their  way  to  some  sacred  shrine.  The  specimens 
of    wood-carving    in    this    building    are    numerous    and    beautiful. 

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Ceylon    Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  Worla's  Columbian  Exposition. 


COLOMBIA    BUILDING. 

The  building  of  Colombia  does  not  differ  essentially  from  those  of  the  other  South  American  Republics, 
but  it  contains  a  mass  of  treasure  astonishing  to  the  visitor.  Two  great  tribes,  or  nations,  of  Indians  dwell 
within  her  borders — the  Chibchas  and  the  Quimbayas,  and  the  work  of  their  ancestors  forms  a  large  feature  of 
the  exhibit.  The  natural  resources  of  the  country  are  very  great;  eighty  kinds  of  wood,  all  in  the  rough  state, 
are  placed  round  the  walls.  The  berry  of  the  chocolate  bean,  and  bottles  of  pousse  cafe  made  from  it,  with 
rum  and  other  liquors,  many  of  them  strange  to  northern  palates,  appear  side  by  side  with  a  wealth  of  native 
nuts  and  medicinal  barks  and  roots.  Resins,  gums,  tobacco  of  excellent  quality,  rubber,  copal  and  vegetable 
fibres  are  only  a  few  of  the  many  valuable  productions  of  the  soil  displayed,  while,  of  course,  many  varieties 
of  coffee  are  on  exhibition.  A  large  collection  of  snakes  next  attracts  our  attention.  If  Colombia  is  an  earthly 
paradise,  as  its  citizens  assert,  it  has  a  plentiful  supply  of  the  species  of  reptiles  that  seduced  our  first  parents. 
A  case  of  beautiful  humming-birds,  more  than  five  hundred  in  number,  is  well  worth  a  visit.  They  look  like 
flying  gems,  some  glowing  with  the  blooded  color  of  the  ruby,  and  others  of  brilliant  emerald,  or  gorgeous  blue 
and  yellow.  "Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  like  one  of  these."  We  come  now  to  the  carvings  in 
wood;  these  consist  of  a  multitude  of  figures  made  by  the  Indians,  and  dealing  with  every  side  of  native  life; 
some  are  so  tiny  as  to  be  almost  microscopical,  yet  the  features  and  details  of  the  dress  are  perfect.  Others 
are  clothed  in  the  very  fabrics  worn  by  the  Indians,  and  look  remarkably  lifelike.  Some  of  these  larger  figures 
are  made  in  wax,  colored  to  represent  nature.  Even  the  deformities  of  the  originals  are  faithfully  portrayed. 
Farther  on,  in  another  room,  we  are  confronted  with  a  pile  of  gold  ore ;  ^8,000,000  worth  of  the  precious  metal 
was  shipped  from  Colombia  last  year.  The  gold-producing  districts  are  Antioquia,  Tolima  and  Cauca.  The  most 
wonderful  exhibit  is  yet  to  be  mentioned  ;  whole  cases  full  of  antique  musical  instruments,  made  by  the  Indians 
before  the  Conquest,  and  still  of  sweetest  tone,  with  other  interesting  relics,  line  the  wall.  Gold,  in  ornaments 
and  figures,  too  numerous  to   describe,  show  the   wondrous  skill  of  these  early  goldsmiths. 

454 


Colombia  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


COSTA    RICA   BUILDING. 

The  Building  of  Costa  Rica  is  intended  to  represent  an  Aztec  Temple ;  the  exterior  is  yellowish  in  color. 
The  real  interest  is  within.  This  Republic  appears  to  be  rich  in  fur-bearing  animals,  and  immediately  on  entering 
the  low  portal  we  are  confronted  with  some  of  the  finest  specimens  in  the  Exposition  ;  the  variety  of  furs  is 
very  surprising;  while  not  so  numerous,  they  seem  fully  equal  in  quality  to  the  finest  Russian  article.  Several 
cases  in  one  corner  of  the  building  are  filled  with  shells ;  very  large  and  beautiful  tortoise-shells,  highly  polished, 
are  in  this  exhibit.  Odd  fish  are  shown  in  glass  jars,  and  on  the  wall  the  arms  of  Costa  Rica  are  displayed  in 
lovely  fresh-water  shells.  Among  the  curiosities  there  is  a  very  large  root  of  tine  sarsaparilla  tree,  so  large,  in 
fact,  that  it  is  difficult  to  realize  its  relationship  to  our  small  sapling.  The  fruits  of  Costa  Rica  are  represented 
by  very  tempting-looking  wax  reproductions.  It  is  curious  to  note  these  tropical  dainties  in  close  contiguity  to 
the  display  of  furs.  The  golden  coins,  bank  bills  and  currency  of  the  Republic  fill  a  large  case,  and  form  a 
very  interesting  study.  Costa  Rica  is  also  rich  in  minerals,  and  has  a  large  pyramid  formed  of  them  in  the 
central  hall.  Silks  are  shown  in  abundance,  and  some  of  the  embroidery  upon  the  dresses,  the  work  of  ladies  of 
Bogota,  would  be  hard  to  rival  anywhere.  Upstairs,  there  is  a  very  distinctive  collection  ;  ingenious  pictures  made 
of  shells  and  feathers  decorate  the  walls.  The  educational  department  is  filed  with  books  and  maps,  and  a 
pavilion  with  native  furniture,  draped  in  brown  brocade,  is  a  principal  point  of  interest.  Those  who  arranged 
the  Costa  Rican  display  in  this  building  are  deserving  of  the  highest  credit  for  the  system  they  have  observed. 
The  Herbarium  is  very  complete;  raw-silk  ropes,  cords,  fibres  and  fabrics  are  deftly  arranged.  The  science  of 
ornithology  is  exemplif ed  by  cases  of  beautiful  birds  arranged  according  to  their  species.  At  the  end  of  the 
great  upper  room  there  is  a  very  creditable  panorama  of  mountains,  streams  and  trees,  on  the  latter  of  which 
are  perched  monkeys  and  birds,  while  other  animals  sport  around.  A  liberal  display  of  bunting  gives  a  cheerful 
tone  to  the  interior.      There  is  a  little  cafe  on  the  lower  floor  in   which    Costa   Rica  coffee  is   dispensed.      It  is 

said  to  be  of  a  very  excellent  flavor;   the  odor  is  delightful. 

456 


Costa  Rica  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


FRENCH    BUILDING. 

The  French  Government  Building  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  lake  shore,  northwest  of  the  Ceylon 
Building.  It  practically  consists  of  two  edifices ;  the  smaller,  which  is  devoted  to  the  exhibits  of  the  city  of 
Paris,  is  connected  with  the  main  building  by  a  semicircular  colonnade.  The  space  between  the  two  structures 
is  devoted  to  French  landscape-gardening.  The  building  is  entirely  of  staff,  and  is  beautifully  decorated  with 
statuary  and  painting,  the  walls  of  the  colonnade  being  entirely  covered  with  pictures  representing  French 
historical  subjects.  It  is  in  the  style  of  the  French  Renaissance,  but  one  story  high,  and  covers  an  area  of 
2^0  by  175'  feet.  The  exhibit  in  tlie  Paris  building  is  of  special  interest  ;  the  detection  of  chme,  and  the  ident- 
ification of  criminals  have,  judging  from  the  pictures  seen  here,  been  reduced  to  a  fine  art.  Measurements  are 
taken  of  the  hands,  ears,  feet  and  other  features  of  the  criminal  classes,  and  models  are  carefully  made.  The 
way  in  which  the  streets  of  the  city  of  Paris  are  cleaned  is  also  illustrated,  even  to  the  brooms  used  by  the 
crossing-sweepers.  One  of  the  rooms  of  this  pavilion  is  hung  with  Gobelin  tapestry  and  tilled  with  curious 
works  of  art  in  bronze  and  bisque.  In  the  main  pavilion  is  the  Lafayette  Room,  which  contains  some  of  the 
best  French  pictures  in  existence.  It  is  also  rich  in  relics  of  the  great  Frenchman,  who  left  a  life  of  ease  and 
luxury  to  cast  in  his  lot  with  this  nation  in  its  struggle  with  the  mother-country ;  in  fact,  it  holds  all  the  gifts, 
mementos  and  relics  that  could  possibly  be  obtained,  wliich  throw  light  upon  the  relations  held  by  Lafayette 
toward  the  United  States.  The  sketches  for  this  building  were  made  in  France,  and  models  of  the  statuary 
were  also  sent  over,  so  that  the  edifice  may  be  said  to  be  essentially  French.  It  is  the  headquarters  of  the 
French  officials  who  attend  tlie  Fair.  Viewing  this  building,  we  are  forcibly  reminded  that  Paris  is  indeed 
France.  The  very  best  exhibits  come  from  tlnat  gay  capital ;  and,  mercurial  as  some  deem  the  sons  of  France, 
there  is  a  dominating,  practical  sense  about  their  work  that  cannot  be  gainsaid.  The  models  of  the  schools'  - 
prisons,  and   sewerage  system    of  the    city    of    Paris    display   organic    genius,    and    may    teach  many   a    good 

lesson    to    those    who    come    to    the    Fair    from    our    great    cities. 

458 


CopyriyiiteU  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


French  Building. 


GERMANY    BUILDING. 

Great   Germany   has    done    greatly  at    tlie   Fair.      Her  exhibits  surpass  all    those   of   other  countries  in 

number,  and  some  of  them  in  manifest  excellence.     Her  building  is  a  composite  structure  with  an  odd  mingling 

of  ancient  and   modern   arcliitectural   forms.       It  is    of   stone,    wood    and    staff ;    the    exterior  is   painted   with 

wreaths,  scrolls  and  fanciful  figures;  the  base  of  the  building  is  of  gray  stone,  while  the  upper  verandas  are  of 

some  rich   dark  wood.    At  the  base  of  the  towers  many  colored   shields  and  armorial   bearings  appear,  and   in 

the  central  tower  there  is  a  clock  with   a  chime  of  bells.     These  bells  were  presented  to  the  commissioners  by 

the  Emperor  and  Empress,  and  the  Crown  Prince  of  Germany.     The  largest  weighs  8000  pounds,  the  next  ^000, 

the  smallest  3000.    They  are  rung  every  day  at   eight  o'clock  in   the  morning  and  at   six  in  the  evening.    The 

interior  of  the  building  greatly  resembles  a  church,  and   is  said  to  be  taken   from   the  plan  of  the  cathedral  at 

Nuremberg.     In  fact,  a   part  of  the  interior   is  called  the  chapel   and   is  devoted  to   the  exhibition  of  religious 

objects.    The  great  publishing  liouses  of  Germany  are  represented  here  by   numerous  works.     There  are  2800 

English  books  published   by  Tauclmitz  of  Leipsic,  and  a  mucli   larger  number  of  books  in  German.     Each   case 

represents  the  obtainable  literature  on  special  subjects.     Thei'e  are  hundreds  of  volumes  on  architecture,  many  on 

engravings,  and  the  physical  sciences,  with  complete  sets  of  text-books  used  in  the  schools  of  Germany.     There 

is  a  splendid   model  of  the  Nuremberg  clock  which   strikes   the   hours  and   half-hours,  and   in   front  of  which 

numerous  figures  appear,  representing  eight  scenes  in  tlie  Passion  Play  of  Oberammergau.     The  most  interesting 

feature  is  the  chapel,  which  is   lighted   by  three   magnificent  stained-glass  windows ;  the  central  one  is  intended 

for  the  United  States   Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  Maryland.     It  is  in  memory  of  the  sailors  who  perished  in 

the  terrible  shipwreck  of    the   United  States  war  vessels  in   the   harbor  of  Apia,  Samoa.      In  the  centre  of  the 

chapel  there  is  a  life-sized  figure  of  Christ  upon  the  cross.     A   Roman   Centurion   in   full  armor   stands  near, 

while  Mary  Magdalene,  kneeling  at  the  Saviour's  feet,  gazes  into  His  face  with  an  expression  of  rapt  adoration. 

Mary  the  Mother  of  our  Lord  leans  her  dropping  head  upon  the  shoulder  of  the  apostle  John. 

460 


Germany   Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


INTERIOR    VIEW— GERMAN    BUILDING. 

Our  picture  represents  a  part  of  the  publishers'  exhibit  in  the  German  Government  Building,  and  also  a 
set  of  furniture  modeled  after  that  in  one  of  the  Imperial  palaces.  The  centre  of  the  structure  is  in  the  form  of 
a  chapel,  rich  in  gilt  mouldings  and  heavy,  almost  mediaeval  decorations.  All  the  colors  in  this  building  are 
subdued  and  quiet,  and  as  we  walk  among  these  books  and  look  at  the  beautiful  buildings  and  suggestive  titles, 
we  feel  as  though  we  were  in  some  great  library,  the  only  drawback  being,  that  we  cannot  handle  the  books. 
In  the  school  exhibit,  we  see  many  beautiful  maps  and  engravings,  with  specimens  of  chronography,  litho- 
graphing, and  many  photographs.  A  great  part  of  this  collection  will  ultimately  find  its  way  into  the  libraries 
of  our  great  institutions,  and  help  to  enrich  them.  We  have  here  also  a  reading-room,  where  the  visitor  is 
privileged  to  examine  any  book  which  may  have  attracted  his  attention.  The  reception-room  of  the  Imperial 
Commissioner  is  exceedingly  handsome;  the  carved  wooden  ceilings  are  really  here  on  exhibition,  and  much  of 
the  old  furniture  has  been  sent  by  German  firms,  as  an  advertisement  of  their  wares.  There  are  some  very 
beautiful  carpets  spread  over  the  floors,  quite  as  line  as  any  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building.  In 
the  chapel,  wliich  is  tilled  with  a  "dim  religious  light,"  we  see  cases  of  church  vestments  of  velvet,  silk, 
brocades,  and  linens  beautifully  worked  with  gold  and  silver  thread,  into  appropriate  patterns.  The  altar  services, 
in  gold  and  silver,  are  the  best  the  goldsmiths'  art  could  supply,  and  must  make  many  a  poor  country  parson 
stare,  who  performs  the  sacred  ceremonies  with  pewter  or  silver-gilt  vessels.  Painted  statues  of  saints  sur- 
round the  walls  of  this  chapel ;  they  form  a  curious  gathering  indeed.  Next  to  St.  Francis  de  Assisi,  we  find 
St.  Patrick  with  a  mitre  on  his  head,  and  a  crosier  in  his  right  hand,  while  his  left  holds  the  shamrock,  so  dear 
to  the  hearts  of  Irishmen.  The  painting  of  the  statues  varies  somewhat  from  the  medi^-eval  treatment;  the 
colors  being  less  subdued,  and  the  gold  laid  on  with  great  taste  and  rare  effectiveness.  In  another  room,  the 
floor  of  which  is  stone,  we  hnd  a  large  wood-carving  of  "The  Last  Supper."     It  differs  much  from  the  famous 

picture  by  Leonard!  da  Vinci,  and  it  is  evident  that  the  carver  allowed  full  play  to  his  own  imagination. 

462 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Interior  View — German  Building. 


GREAT    BRITAIN    BUILDING. 

Great  Britain's  Building  is  called  "Victoria  House,"  and  is  situated  on  a  little  peninsula  just  north  of 
the  north  inlet  and  very  near  the  lake.  The  battleship  "Illinois"  is  just  across  the  inlet  from  it.  The 
English  Government  appropriated  $7^,000  for  its  construction,  but  private  contributors  raised  the  sum  to  ^12^,000. 
While  from  the  outside  it  is  comparatively  insignificant,  within  all  is  comfort,  elegance  and  refinement.  It 
resembles  greatly  one  of  the  Elizabethan  half-timber  country  houses  in  which  the  squires  used  to  hold  high 
revelry  when  Royal  Bess  was  queen.  The  entire  interior,  such  as  ceilings,  wood-work,  wall-paper,  carpets,  was 
brought  from  England.  Many  great  English  houses  have  furnished  the  models  followed  in  the  interior  construc- 
tion and  the  decorations.  The  ceilings  are  from  Queen  Elizabeth's  palace  at  Plas  Mahue  in  Wales;  the  stair- 
case and  hall  from  the  residence  of  Lord  Hardwicke  in  Cheshire.  It  is  designed  mainly  for  the  headquarters  of 
Sir  Henry  Finconan  Wood,  Secretary  of  the  Royal  British  Commission,  and  his  Assistant  and  General  Superin- 
tendent, Edmund  H.  Lloyd.  Within  there  is  a  superb  fireplace  and  sideboard  which  cost  $21^00.  Every  appur- 
tenance of  comfort  and  lu.xury  is  to  be  found  there,  and  if  at  first  glance  one  might  wonder  where  all  the 
money  used  in  its  construction  went,  he  has  only  to  step  inside  and  cast  his  eyes  around  to  cease  to  be 
surprised.  England  has  come  nobly  forward  in  nearly  every  department  of  the  Fair,  but  the  greatest  surprise 
she  had  in  store  for  the  worid  was  the  really  wonderful  collection  of  pictures  she  exhibits  in  the  Art  Building. 
The  Queen,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  Duke  of  Edinborough  and  the  Duchess  of  Albany  were  prominent  pro- 
moters of  the  display,  and  readily  gave  their  permission  to  send  all  pictures  asked  for.  The  names  of  the 
greatest  living  artists  and  many  of  the  dead  are  to  be  found  on  the  list.  Ireland  and  Scotland  also  are  by  no 
means  backward,  and  the  Irish  fisheries  display  in  the  Fisheries  Building  has  already  attracted  great  attention. 
The  English  pavilion  in  the  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building  has  attracted  a  great  deal  of  attention.  It 
is  a  reproduction  of  the   famous  dining-room  at  Hatheld  House,  the  best   specimen  of    Elizabethan  architecture 

in  England.     The  history  of  the  Cecil  family  from  the  tenth  century  is  carved  upon  its  walls. 

464 


Great  Britain  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


GUATEMALA    BUILDING. 

The  National  Building  of  Guatemala  is  very  attractive,  and  may  be  said  to  be  of  distinctive  South 
American  architecture.  The  exterior  is  of  brown  stucco,  trimmed  with  green  and  gold  ornaments.  Entering,  we 
find  ourselves  in  a  cloister  which  passes  entirely  around  an  open  court  containing  a  garden  filled  with  tropical 
plants  and  flowers.  There  is  a  fountain  in  the  centre.  The  garden  is  entirely  open  to  the  sky.  The  exhibits 
in  this  building  are  very  various.  Large  bunches  of  sugar-cane  are  side  by  side  with  coffee,  cleaned  and  uncleaned. 
Before  it  is  prepared,  the  coffee  is  called  pergumina,  or  in  the  shell,  and  when  cleaned  it  is  said  to  be  "in  gold." 
Guatemala  claims  that  her  coffee  is  far  superior  to  that  raised  in  Brazil  and  other  countries,  and  that  in  fact  much 
of  the  so-called  Mocha  used,  is  of  Guitemalean  growth.  There  is  a  large  display  of  medicinal  barks  and  roots, 
minerals,  and  special  kinds  of  wood.  The  building  is  rich  in  Indian  antiquities,  particularly  of  those  of  the 
Quitche  nation,  that  had  reached  a  high  degree  of  civilization  long  before  the  Conquest.  There  are  many 
books  in  the  language  of  the  Quitches,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  oldest  history  of  America  that  we  possess 
is  a  book  written  by  a  grandson  of  the  last  king  of  Quitche,  entitled  the  Popol  Vuh.  The  language  is  stilli 
spoken  by  a  large  number  of  people.  We  find  in  cases,  a  profusion  of  antiquities  in  stone  and  clay;  cups, 
mugs,  bowls,  amulets  and  figures  made  to  resemble  marble,  with  many  talismans  and  ornaments  of  the  same 
material.  Prominent  among  these  stone  articles  is  a  large  pestle  and  trough  used  by  the  Indians  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  tortillas.  The  manufacture  of  baskets  was  evidently  one  of  their  greatest  arts ;  some  of  the  specimens 
being  very  tine.  The  Indians  made  great  use  of  the  shell  of  the  Jicara  root  in  which  to  carry  water.  They 
ornament  and  color  the  shells  with  great  care,  and  they  make  very  respectable  cups,  gourds  and  bowls.  The 
secret  of  the  dye  used  has  never  been  discovered  by  white  men.  One  of  the  exhibits  is  four  beautifully  carved 
wooden  pillars  taken  from  an  ancient  temple.  They  are  masterpieces  of  the  wood-carvers'  art,  and  compare 
favorably  with  the  work  of  the  most  renowned    Hindoo   artists.     Birds   of  brilliant   plumage   form   an   attractive 

display.    A  collection  of  most  beautiful  garments  gives  clear  evidence  of  the  extravagance  of  the  natives. 

466 


Copyrighted  Oj  tha  Wurld's  Oulunibian  Exposition, 


Guatemala  Building. 


HAYTIEN    BUILDING. 

The  Haytien  Building  is  on  a  beautiful  site  just  south  of  the  German  Building,  and  very  close  to  that  of 
Mexico.  It  is  a  very  handsome  little  structure,  built  entirely  of  wood,  a  story  and  a  half  high,  and  topped  in 
the  centre  by  a  small  dome.  A  veranda  entirely  surrounds  it  and  gives  it  a  very  pleasant,  cool  appearance; 
it  cost  ^20,000.  Hayti  was  the  first  to  occupy  the  site  given  her  in  the  foreign  allotment  and,  considering  the 
poverty  of  the  country  and  the  uncertainty  of  its  politics,  |ioo,ooo,  the  amount  she  appropriated  for  her  building 
and  exhibits,  was  a  very  large  sum.  The  interior  of  this  building  is  fitted  up  in  beautifully  polished  woods,  of 
which  Hayti  has  a  very  large  store,  and  is  divided  into  rooms  for  the  official  representatives  to  the  Fair,  and  for 
club  purposes.  All  Haytiens,  and  in  fact  all  members  of  the  colored  race  throughout  the  world,  are  heartily 
welcomed  there.  General  Hippolyte,  the  present  President  of  the  Republic,  was  very  anxious  that  Hayti  should 
make  a  good  showing.  Hon.  Frederick  Douglass,  who  was  United  States  minister  to  that  Government  some  time 
ago,  devoted  all  his  energies  to  that  end,  and  those  who  view  his  exhibit  will  be  astonished  at  the  progress 
she  has  made  since  Toussaint  I'Ouverture,  the  Black  Napoleon,  secured  her  independence.  Hayti  was  one  of  the 
islands  first  discovered  by  Columbus,  and  it  seem,s  peculiarly  appropriate  that  she  should  be  well  represented  at 
the  Wodd's  Columbian  Exposition.  The  Republic  occupies  only  the  western  part  of  the  Island,  the  area  being 
28,000  square  miles.  San  Domingo  includes  the  remainder,  18,000  square  miles.  The  population  is  now  about 
1,200,000,  ranging  through  every  shade  of  color.  The  Island  is  very  rich  naturally,  and  under  a  stable  govern- 
ment a  great  future  is  before  her.  Her  history  in  part  has  been  so  stormy,  and  the  pressure  of  foreign  nations 
so  heavy  upon  her,  that  she  has  as  yet  had  hardly  a  fair  chance  in  the  national  race.  What  she  can  accomplish, 
however,  with  fair  opportunity,  the  French  occupation  of  the  Island  fully  proved.  France  had  no  richer  posses- 
sion. The  planters  lived  like  princes  on  their  estates,  and  the  whole  country  blossomed  like  the  rose.  When 
-Le  Clerc  was  driven  out,  all  this  was  changed,  and  anarchy  reigned  supreme,  till  Toussaint  was    succeeded   by 

Christophe,  whose  stern  tactics  reduced  the  captious  Haytiens  to  some  show  of   order  and  discipline. 

468 


;1  ^si 


'  ■■"''"^^e"^'':^;isaai.^:  W»fc.' 


Haytien  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


INDIA   BUILDING. 

The  Indian   Building  has  a  most  gorgeous  exterior,  though  the  style  of  architecture  can   not  fittingly  be 

called  oriental.     It  is  not  as  imposing  as  the  Swedish  structure  near  it,   but   is   more   impressive   because   of   its 

unbroken  facade.      Entering,  we  find  ourselves   in    what   appears   to   be   a    Bazaar.     To    the    left,   a   number   of 

gorgeous  rugs,  some  hanging  from  the  wall  and  others  piled  in  heaps  upon  tlie  floor,  reveal   the  industrial  skill 

of  the  natives  of   Hindostan.      To  the  right,  a  series  of  small  rooms  are   devoted  to  the  sale   of   fragrant  tea, 

the  pungent  odor  of  v/hich  pervades  that  part  of  the  building.     Passing  these  rooms,   we   enter  an   oblong  hall 

surrounded   by  galleries,  and    covered    with  a  plate-glass   skylight   through   which   the   sun    shines   down    with 

almost  Indian  radiance.     A  tall  pagoda  in  the  centre  forms  a  resting-place  for  numerous  gods  who   seem   to   loll 

lazily  about  it  like  fakirs  around  the  sacred  fountain.     In  this  wonderful  hall  we  are  frequently   reminded  of  the 

religion  of  the   Hindoos.      On   a   hard   sandal-wood   stand   we   see   a   beautiful   marble    miniature    of  the   great 

Temple  Jodhpore,  while  gods  and  goddesses  in  many  forms  and  attitudes  stare  at  us  from  cabinets,  shelves  and 

stands.    Two  tremendous  elephant  tusks,  with  a  huge  skull  of  that  gigantic  animal,  grace  one  of  the  large  pillars. 

Under  the  galleries  a  series  of  arches  mark  rows  of  bazaars  in  which  the  most  wonderful   fabrics  are  displayed 

and  sold;    their  beauty  is  hardly  visible  in  the  dim  light.      So  great  is  the   amount  of  hard   sandal-wood,  such 

as  tables,  panels  and  even  gates,  that  the  heavy  odor  drifts  searchingly  through  the  great   hall  and  adds  to  the 

general  oriental  flavor.      Even  beneath  these  dim   arches  we  are  confronted  with   more  goddesses,  temples  and 

pagodas;  one  from  Delhi  is  beautifully  done  in  grass,   the   exquisite   carving  showing  abundant   skill.     There  is 

also  a  large  gilt  figure  of  Buddha  taken  from  a  Berliz  Temple  and  looking  blissfully  unconscious  of  the  hubbub 

and  traffic  all  around.     The  shoes  worn  by  the  devout  Hindoos   in   their  temples  and   nowhere  else,  occupy  a 

case  to  themselves.      Every  conceivable  pattern  in  brass,  the  handiwork  of  Hindoo  mechanics,  is  in  this  exhibit. 

Mosaics  from  Agra  and  Jaypore,  brass,  copper,  gold  and  silver  articles  from  Cashmere,  beautiful  figures  in  ivory, 

terra-cotta  and  gold  from  Zurrat  and   Benares   with   gates  and   furniture   in  sandal-wood   complete  this  display. 

470 


India  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


NEW    SOUTH    WALES    BUILDING. 

This  is  one  of  the  plainest   structures  on  the  Exposition  grounds.     The  exterior  is  absolutely  destitute  of 

ornament,  save   six   Ionic   pillars    which    support   a   piazza   that   extends   the  entire   length  of  the   building.    To 

the   right  of    the   entrance,  there   is    a    large    case  of   dried   and    carefully-mounted    wild  flowers  of  Australasia. 

The  walls  are  absolutely  covered  with  pictures ;    our  first  thought  is  that  we  are  in  a  picture  gallery,  but  it  soon 

dawns  upon  us  that  we  have   before  us  one  of  the  most  complete  National    exhibits  in  the  Fair.     The  wall  to 

the    right  is   covered   with  water-colors   representing    ninety-nine  different   varieties  of  flowers.      These  are  the 

work  of   Mrs.  Ellis  Rowan,  of  Victoria.     Some    of   these   flowers   are    entirely  new  to  us;    one  is  the  waratah; 

it  is  the  national  flower  of   New  South  Wales,  and  is  of  the  richest  crimson  color.    The  Christmas  bush  which 

blossoms  at  our  Christmas  time  when  the  Australasian   summer  is  at  its  hottest,  is  a  tree  somewhat   resembling 

the  hawthorn,  and  is   prodigal  of  pink   and   white   blossoms.     Another    odd  flower   is   the  bottle   brush,  which 

exactly  resembles  the  brush   used   by  housekeepers  to  clean  the    chimneys  of    lamps  ;    the  color  is  crimson  and 

yellow.    This  collection  of  ninety-nine  pictures  was  offered  the  government  of  New  South  Wales  for  £5000,  but 

has  not  yet  been  sold,  as  the  authorities   bid  only  £45-00  for  them.      It  is  a  remarkable  collection,  ranging  from 

the   enormous   blossom  of  the   gum    tree,  scarlet,  white    and   cream    in    color,  to    the    tiny  floral    gems  of    the 

Australasian  sod.      They  were  placed   here  with  many  others   because  no  room  could  be  found  for  them  in  the 

palace  of    Fine   Arts.      It  is  not   a   botanist's   but   rather  an   artist's   collection.      The    other   pictures  are   equally 

interesting,  and  give   an   excellent  idea  of  the  landscape  and  the  life  of   New  South  Wales.    There  are  two  tine 

pictures,  one  of  Sydney  Harbor,  and   the   other  of   Botany   Bay,  with    a  splendid    canvas   representing  a  flock  of 

sheep.      Wool   is  the  staple  of   Australasian    wealth.     There  are  several  representations  of    the  natives  hunting 

with  spear  and   boomerang.      Kangaroos,  dingas  or  v/ild   dogs,  emus,  and  other  animals   peculiar  to  this   colony 

are  frequently  reproduced.     The  flag  of  New  South  Wales  is  the  Union  Jack  of  Great  Britain,  with  a  blue  cross 

on  a  white  ground  in  the  corner,  and  five  white  stars.     The  motto  is  "  Sic  Fortis  Ecruria  Crevit." 

472 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


New  South  Wales  Building. 


INTERIOR    VIEW— NEW    SOUTH    WALES    BUILDING. 

The  greatest  surprise  in  tlie  Fair  is,  to  tlie  intelligent  mind,  the  display  of  New  South  Wales  in  the 
various  departments.  In  the  Transportation  Building,  she  lias  one  room  all  to  herself,  and  uses  every  inch  of 
space  with  exhibits  of  merit.  On  the  walls  of  this  room,  hang  pictures  which  fully  represent  Australian  life. 
To  spend  an  hour  liere  is  like  a  visit  to  that  country.  As  grazing  was,  and  perhaps  is,  the  greatest  industry  of 
the  country,  it  is  fitting  that  the  best  picture  here  should  be  that  of  a  shepherd  driving  a  flock  of  sheep ;  the 
sheep  of  Australia  are  generally  of  the  small  Merino  breed,  and  their  wool  is  the  most  excellent  in  the  world. 
The  other  animals  in  these  pictures  are  very  curious;  they  are  all  marsupials,  such  as  kangaroos,  wombats, 
flying-possums,  Tasmanian  devils,  and  the  like.  Those  pictures  which  represent  native  life  have  a  special 
interest  for  the  visitor.  The  natives  of  Australia,  like  our  own  Indians,  are  dying  out;  scarcely  more  than 
75,000  exist  on  the  Continent  to-day;  they  differ  greatly  from  the  negro,  in  the  shape  of  their  limbs,  their  long 
black  hair,  their  soft,  large  eyes,  and  lips  which,  though  thick,  are  not  protuberant.  Unlike  the  negro,  they 
never  tilled  the  soil  nor  built  permanent  houses ;  except  on  the  coast,  their  bark  canoes  are  made  only  for  the 
journey  of  the  moment,  and  then  left  on  the  shore  to  decay.  The  sea-going  canoes  are  much  more  service- 
able. They  have  no  bows  and  arrows,  but  axes  and  spears  made  of  hard  wood,  and  the  boomerang,  a  curved 
piece  of  wood,  so  curiously  curved  that,  when  thrown,  it  will  return  to  the  hand  of  the  owner,  and  often  strike 
objects  behind  him.  Their  fishing-nets  are  made  by  the  women,  of  the  sinews  of  animals,  and  are  strong  enough 
to  hold  a  large  and  powerful  beast.  These  people  are  quite  intelligent  and  readily  learn  the  ways  of  the  white 
man ;  unfortunately  his  vices  attract  them  more  than  his  virtues.  Here  we  see  them  fishing,  hunting,  trapping, 
and  also  in  their  light  canoes.  It  seems  almost  improbable  that  a  few  decades  ago.  New  South  Wales  formed 
only  a  distant  prison  for  English  convicts,  while  now  it  is  an  empire  in  itself,  with  all  the  luxury  and  refine- 
ment common  to  older  nations.  The  view  of  Sydney  harbor  here,  with  its  splendid  wharves  crowded  with 
ships,  and  its  great  buildings  in  the  distance,  gives  us  some  idea  of  the  commerce  and  power  of  this  colony. 

474 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Interior  View — New  South  Wales  Building. 


NORWAY    BUILDING. 

In   spite  of  the  political   union   between   the  two  countries,   and  the  fact  that   Sweden   has   one   of  the 

finest  buildings  in  the  foreign  section,  little   Norway  was  determined  to  have   her  own   building,  and  thus  the 

land  of  the  Vikings  and  the  midnight  sun,  is  represented   by  a  dainty  little  structure  on  the  Lake  front.     It  is  of 

Norway  pine  within  and  without,  even  the  posts  on  which  it   rests  are  of  the  same  wood.     It   is  surmounted 

by  a  small  oblong  dome,  and  has  quaint  oriel  windows,  which  somewhat  remind  us  of  a  country  church.     One 

curious  thing  about   the    building  is   that  it  was    made  in   Norway  by   B.   M.   Thums   and  Co.,  of   the  city  of 

Dronthiem,  and   it  has   not  a  nail   in   it,   each   part   being  fastened   with   screws,  so   that   the  building  may  be 

taken   down,  and   easily  erected   in   any   other  place.     The  architect  was  also   a   Norwegian,   W.    Hansteen,   of 

Cliristiania.     The  edifice  is  surrounded   by  grass  and   trees,  and   in  spite  of  the  immense  throngs   drifting  along 

the  great  avenue  and   lake  front,  it  seems  very  quiet  and  retired.     There  are  no  exhibits  in  the  building,  only  a 

large  map  of   Norway,  a  few  banners,  and  a  picture  of   the  Viking  ship;  this  vessel   and   her   hardy  crew  really 

forms   Norway's  greatest  exhibit,  although   she  is   represented   in   the   Swedish   building,  and  also  many  of  the 

great  departments.     She  may  well  be  proud  of  her  gallant  little  vessel,  which  attracts  the  greatest  attention  from 

visitors.     Her  hardy  sons  have  not  degenerated  from  the  days  wlien  the  stern  sea-kings  toyed  with  tempests  as 

children  with  rattles,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  war  of  the  elements  sang  songs  of  their  fair-haired  wives  and  little 

ones,  in  their  huts  by  the  deep   dark  fjords.    Tlie  political   unrest  of   Norway  does  not  seem  to  have  interfered 

with   her  industries,  as  a  glance  at  her  pavilion  in   the   Manufactures  and    Liberal  Arts   Building  will   show;  no 

display  is  more  thoroughly  characteristic  and  enjoyable.     There  are  neady  80,000  Scandinavians  in  Chicago,  and 

the  great  West  contains  almost  as  many  as  the  little  Northern  Kingdom.    These  children  of  the  brave  land  are 

all  heartily  interested  in  her  well-being  and   prosperity,  and  their  royal  welcome  to  the  Viking  will  not  soon  be 

forgotten.    Temperate,  chaste,   prudent,  and   brave,  the   Scandinavians  form   some  of  the   best   elements  in   our 

heterogeneous  population,  and  their  children  inherit  the  healthy  bodies  and  loyal  temper  of  their  progenitors. 

476 


Norway   Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


SPANISH    BUILDING. 

The   Spanish   Government    Building  stands    on    the    Lal<e  front  between   those  of   Canada  and  Germany. 

It  partly  represents  a  portion   of  the  sill<  exchange  at  Valencia,  Spain,  the   building  of  which  was  begun  before 

Columbus  sailed  to  the   discovery  of  America.     The  tower   seen  in  the  picture  is   like   that  in  which   defaulting 

merchants    and   bankers   were   confined,    and   the  rest  of  the  structure   represents    Column    Hall.      Eight   large 

pillars,  two  feet  and  a  half  in   diameter,  support  the  roof  of  this  hall.      The   building  is  84  by  g^   feet,  and   rises 

to  a  height  of  60  feet,     it  is  used  as  headquarters  by  the  Spanish  Commission.      The  exhibits   of  Spain  are   so 

scattered  that  we  would  hardly  expect  to  find  many  curiosities  in  the  government  building,  yet  it  contains  many 

valuable  mementos  of  Columbus;  several  of  his  letters  are  here,  and  a  state  sword  presented  to  him  by  Queen 

Isabella.      Another  sword  which  belonged  to  Cortez,  the  conqueror  of   Mexico,  is  near  it,  and  other  symbols  of 

the  ancient   military   power  of   Spain  may  be  seen  in   some  old   artillery,  which   looks   very  strange  to   modern 

eyes.     Spain  has  responded  most  cordially  to  the  invitation  of  the  United  States,  and  her  exhibits  are  numerous 

and  interesting.     The  Convent  of   La  Rabida  may  be  said  to  be  a  Spanish   museum;   the  three  caravels  are  one 

of  her  contributions.      In  the   Manufactures  and   Liberal   Arts   Building   one  could  almost  be   lost  in  the  maze  of 

passages  between  the  cases  and  booths  that  hold  her  treasures.     Her  pavilion  is  superb ;  the  portal  is  supported 

by  marble  pillars ;   the  interior  represents  the  cathedral  of  Cordova ;  all  the  great  cities  of  Spain  are  represented, 

and  there  is  probably  a  larger  display  of  cloth  here  than  elsewhere  in   the   building,  and  the  display  of  silk  is 

very  creditable.     There  is  one  beautiful  gold  encrusted  vase  worth  ^40,000,  and  many  of  the  pieces  of  tapestry 

hanging  on  the  walls  would  sell  for  almost  fabulous  sums.     Such  fans  as  Spain  has  sent  to  this  Exposition  are 

very  rarely  seen ;  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  tliat  the  Spanish  ladies  are  so  fond  of  using  them.      The  swords 

shown   are,    many   of  them,  gold-hilted   and  studded   with   precious  stones,  while   the  variety  of    designs    and 

shapes   is   almost   beyond   comprehension.     To   the    Woman's    Building,  Spain    has    contributed    many  valuable 

relics  of  Queen  Isabella,  among  them  her  sword  and  some  of  her  jewels. 

478 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Spanish  Building. 


SWEDEN    BUILDING. 

The  Swedish  building  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  peculiar  on  the  grounds;  it  represents  a  church  in 

Stockholm  of  the  era  of  Columbus.     Looking  at  it  from  the  front,  the  visitor  would  be  apt   to   regard   it   more 

as  a  fortress  than  a  church,  as   the  sides   of  the    main   entrance    represent   donjon-keeps,    and    the  towers   are 

anything  but  belfries.     Over   the  main   portal   the  arms  of   Sweden  occupy  a   prominent   place.     Wide  flights  of 

steps  on  either  side  of  the  main  entrance,  lead  to  the  galleries.     The  sides   of    the   building   are  of   dark    wood, 

with  gothic   gables   and   antique   windows.     Entering,   one   feels   immediately  that  the   genius   of   the   Swedish 

people  is  industrial.     Iron  in  every  form   confronts  the  visitor.     Pig-iron  and  rude  ore  are  side  by  side  with  the 

finest  Bessemer  Steel ;    what  corn  seems  to  be  to  some  cf  our  States,  iron  is  to  Sweden.     Every  section  of  the 

country  is  represented  in  this  industry,  from  rugged  Dalecarlia  to  Stockholm,  the  capital.     Among  the  exhibits  is 

a  saw,  said  to  be  the  largest  band-saw  in  the  world,  and  arranged  around  it  is  a  glittering  company  of  smaller 

implements  of  the  same  description.    The  largest  hot   rolled  steel   band   in   the  world  is  also  here;    it  is  twelve 

inches  wide,  ninety  feet  long  and  weighs  771  pounds.     Other  articles  in  iron  are  a  pillar   from  which  depends  a 

great  number  of  chains  and  cables,  and   below  is  a  large  collection  of   iron  ore  from  the  most  famous  mines  in 

Sweden.     It  would  be  impossible  to  describe  the  iron  treasures  of  this  great   building,  consisting   as   they  do  of 

objects  almost  microscopically  small   and  implements   massive   as   anchors.     Clay,  cements   and   ceramics  form  a 

great   feature   of   this    exhibit,   and    the    work    done  in  these  materials  is  astonishingly  fine.     Granite  beautifully 

polished  and  porphyry  unsurpassed  in  beauty,  are  largely  displayed.     The  paper  industries  of   Sweden    are  also 

exhibited ;    one  great  roll  is  one  hundred  and  twenty  inches  wide.     Furniture  made  by  hand  and    richly  carved, 

cabinets  beautifully  inlaid,  rugs,  furs  and  hangings  of  every  description  help  to  relieve  the  general  work-shop  air 

of  the  building.     Opposite  the  entrance  is  a  small  platform    with    stairs   permitting  ascent.     Here   we   really  see 

Sweden ;    figures  of  the  peasantry  of  the  country  arrayed  in  the  national   costume,    sleighs    drawn    by    reindeer, 

panoramas  distinctively  Swedish,  all  are  here,  and  make  a  most  favorable  impression  upon  the  observer. 

480 


Sweden   Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


TURKISH    BUILDING. 

The  Turkish  Building  in  the  foreign  group  is  in  all    respects   interesting.     Strange   as   it    may   appear,  this 

semi-oriental  nation  was  the  first  to  complete  her  exhibits  at  the  Fair.     Turkey  has  been  called  the  "  sick  man  of 

Europe,"  but  here,  there  is  no  evidence  of  decrepitude.     The  building  is  very  odd  and  is  made  after  the  style  of  a 

fountain,  erected  by  the  Sultan  Achmet  ill.,  m  front  of   the   Mosque   of    St.  Sophia   in    Constantinople.     It   is   of 

dark  wood,  the  exterior  carving  done  by  artists    of    Damascus,  Syria.     There    is   something   about   the   structure 

that  reminds  one  of  a  Tartar  tent ;    on  entering,  there  is  a  surprise  in  store  for  us.     A   huge   torpedo,  exploded 

by  an  electric  cap  made  in  Constantinople,  is  directly  in  front  of  the  main  portal.     It    is   sixteen    feet    long   and 

looks  like  anything  but  the  oftspring  of  the  somnolent  Orient.     In  the  centre  of  the   building   there   are   several 

cases  of   mineral  salts,  and  coffee  for  which  Turkey  is  renowned.     There  are  several  line  proiile  maps  of    Con- 

stantin(.)ple  in  stucco,  and  a  picture  of  the   great   Mosque   of   St.  Sopliia   done   in    human    hair.     The   display   of 

silks  and  jewt-lry  is  truly  remarkable;  though  the  Greeks  in  the  Ottoman  Enipire,  and    not   the   Turks,  may  be 

accredited  with  their  manufacture.     The  embroidery  seen  here  is  all    done    l^y  hand;  no  machine  enters  into   its 

fabrication.     The  women  of  the  Turkish  harems  have  ample  time  to  spend  upon  needlework,  and  of  this  there 

is  a  large   exhibit    here.     The    most    remarkable   pn)duction    of   feminine    skill,  however,  is    the    work   of   three 

Armenian  ladies  (sisters).    They  ha\-e  produced  four  books  of    music,  all    the   notes   embroide'ivd   so   exquisitely 

that  it  would  be  verv  dilTicult  to  distinguish  l^etween  them    and    the   choicest    productions    of   the   printer's   art.      I 

There  is  also  an  elaborately  carved  and  inlaid  wardrobe,  a  beautiful  piece  ()f  work,  unequalled    elsewhere.      We      i 

are  almost  tempted  to  laugh  at  the  hre-engine  and  hose  exhibited  in  the   centre    of    the    building,  but  we  must 

remember  that  only  a  few  years  ago  hres  in  Constantinople  were  left  to  tlie  arbitrament  of  fate,  and  the  poorest 

fire-engine  is  a  great  step  in  advance.     When  the  question  is  Kismet  or  the  tfre  brigade,  the  latter  will  carry  the 

palm  invariably.     There  is  a  tine  case  of  Grecian  and  Turkish  books  very  well  bound,  and  an  assortment  of  rugs 

ranging  from  the  manufactories  of  Smyrna  to  those  of  far-famed  Samarcand. 

4S2 


Turkish  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


VENEZUELA    BUILDING. 

This  Republic  is  represented  by  a  one-storied  building,  constructed  of  imitation  marble,  with  decorations 
in  green  and  gold.  The  arms  of  Venezuela  may  be  seen  above  the  portal.  We  enter  a  square  hall  with  tent- 
like roof,  decorated  with  strips  of  bunting  in  red,  white  and  blue.  Large  pictures  are  in  the  centre,  on  either 
side  of  an  immense  frame  which  reaches  nearly  to  the  roof.  They  represent  scenes  in  the  life  of  the  natives, 
and  are  very  interesting  studies  in  ethnology.  Their  merit  as  works  of  art  is  by  no  means  small,  and  do  great 
credit  to  the  Venezuelan  painters.  The  principal  display  of  this  Republic  is  in  leathers.  Hides  of  numerous 
animals  are  shown,  tanned  and  untanned,  forming  an  exhibit  that  would  be  excellent  in  any  pavilion  in  the 
Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building.  There  are  a  great  number  of  figures  made  of  crude  rubber  by  the 
Indians  of  tlie  Orinoco.  These  go  far  to  substantiate  the  tlieory  of  scientists  that  the  aborigines  of  South 
America  are  of  Mongolian  ancestry,  for  they  bear  a  great  resemblance  to  the  works  of  the  Chinese.  The  crude 
rubber  is  drav/n  from  the  trees  in  a  milk-like  sap,  much  as  we  secure  the  material  for  maple  sugar.  It  is 
caught  in  gourds  and  cocoanut-shells,  and  allowed  to  cool,  when  it  gains  the  necessary  consistency.  A  large 
proportion  of  the  population  of  Venezuela  is  Indian,  and  therefore  many  of  their  industries  figure  largely  in  the 
exhibits.  Baskets  of  every  size,  and  displaying  much  ingenuity  in  their  construction,  abound :  our  basket-makers 
might  learn  many  lessons  from  these  people.  Some  of  their  work  is  so  carefully  executed  that  the  baskets  will 
hold  water.  Tobacco  is  generally  cultivated  in  Venezuela,  and  large  bales  of  the  leaf,  of  exquisite  odor,  tempt 
and  delight  all  lovers  of  the  fragrant  weed.  The  people  of  Venezuela  evidently  love  to  take  comfort,  for  their 
hammocks  are  simply  exquisite.  Some  of  them,  made  of  bark  fibre  by  the  Indians,  are  beyond  all  praise,  so 
dainty  and  strong  are  they.  This  Republic,  however,  evidently  does  not  wish  to  be  judged  by  its  exhibit  of 
leather,  tobacco  and  hammocks.  Grain  of  all  kinds,  on  the  wall  and  in  open  sacks,  calls  attention  to  its  agri- 
cultural pretensions,  which  are  by  no  means  small.  Nuts  from  which  essential  oils  are  extracted  are  seen  in 
great  variety,  and  coffee,  said  to  be  of  excellent  quality,  forms  a  large  part  of  the  exhibit. 

484 


Venezuela  Building. 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


IRISH    INDUSTRIAL    VILLAGE,    MIDWAY    PLAISANCE. 

This  Village  is  located  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Midway  Plaisance,  and  occupies  the  southeastern  side  of 

that  section  of  Jackson  Park.     It  is  often  called  "  Lady  Aberdeen's  Village,"  because  she  organized,  and,  in  fact, 

perfected   the  Irish    Industrial    Association.      The  gate  through   which  you   enter  is  modeled    after   the   portal  of 

King  Cormac's   Chapel,  Rock  of  Cashel,  and  just  beyond  is  a  reproduction  of   the  cloister  of    Muckross   Abbey, 

very   faithfully   executed.      The  centre  of   this  Village  is  occupied  by  a  replica  of   Blarney  Castle,  in  which  is  a 

piece  of  the  famous  Blarney  Stone,  which,  as  tradition  asserts,  "  if  one  should  kiss,  he  would  straightway  become 

eloquent."      Around    the    square,  of  which  the  castle  forms  the  centre,  are  grouped   typical    peasant    cottages,  in 

each  of   which   some   industry   is  being   practised.      In  one,  the   art   of    lace  making  is  practically  illustrated ;  in 

others,  embroidery,  spinning  and  knitting  are  going  on ;   and  the  model  dairy,  in  which  various  ways  of  making 

butter  are  shown,  is  a  great  centre   of  attraction.      Real  Irish  jewelry  is  shown  in  one  of  the  cottages ;  beautiful 

bog-oak  pins  and  brooches  in  old  Celtic  designs,  such  as  the  Tara  Brooch,  the  Fingal  Pin,  and  initials  in  the  old 

Irish  characters  are  produced  before  your   eyes   by   skilled   workmen  from    the  "  Green    Isle,"  and    many   other 

beautiful  articles  of   Irish  manufacture  are  for  sale.      Near  the  castle  stands  a  beautiful  old  Irish  cross,  a  replica 

of  that  of   Donoughmore,  in    Newry.      There  is  also  a  museum   of  antiquities,  a  store  such  as  one  sees  in  the 

villages  of  Ireland,  and  a  public  house  of  the  old-country  style.      Sods  of  Irish  turf  have  been  imported,  and  if 

one  wishes  to  stand  on  real  Irish  soil  he  may  have  the  satisfaction,  and  if  he  wishes  to  pay  for  it  he  can  carry 

off  a  piece  of  turf  in  his  pocket.      This  is  probably  the  busiest  village  in  the  Fair,  and  is  intended  for  a  useful 

purpose.     Quite  often  Ireland  has  suffered  from  famine;  crops  fail,  and   the  wretched  people  are  left  in  absolute 

destitution.     Lady   Aberdeen,  knowing   the   excellence   of  the   work   done    by  the  Insh    peasants,  determined  to 

bring  it  directly  under  the  eyes  of  the  American    people,  so  that  in  hard  times  the  work   might  gain  a  market, 

and  thus  help  the  poor  of  that  country.     The  Village  is  rendered  more   attractive  by  the  concerts,  in  which  the 

dairy-maids  sing  to  the  music  of   the  harp,  giving  to  the  American  ear  a  taste  of  true  Irish  melody. 

486 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Irish  Industrial  Village,     Midway  Plaisance. 


IN    THE    IRISH    VILLAGE. 

This  Village  is  just  west  of  the  Libby  Glass  Co.'s  exhibit,  on  the  Midway  Plaisance,  and  is  in  many 
respects  truly  typical.  It  is  intended  for  the  sale  of  Irish  laces  and  linens,  which  are  made  by  the  women,  and 
are  said  by  judges  to  be  surpassed  by  none  in  the  world.  The  place  of  sale  is  picturesque  and  characteristic, 
being  a  reproduction  of  the  old  castle  of  Donegal,  which  was  built  by  the  O'Donnells,  once  princes  of  that 
region,  and  one  of  whom  raised  a  powerful  rebellion  against  James  I.,  of  England.  The  song  written  on  that 
occasion,  "O'Donnell  Abon,"  is  one  of  the  finest  battle  songs  in  any  language.  The  castle  stands  a  fine  ruin, 
close  to  the  sea  near  the  town  of  Donegal.  Rising  in  the  midst  of  the  village  it  forms  a  very  impressive  pic- 
ture and  attracts  many  visitors.  The  original  dates  from  late  in  the  fourteenth  century,  when  England  had  by 
no  means  thoroughly  conquered  Ireland.  The  Village  represents  a  scene  in  County  Donegal,  which  is  the 
northernmost  in  Ireland,  and  the  least  affected  by  English  customs.  The  population  of  the  Village  is  drawn 
from  the  Emerald  Isle.  Young  gids,  fresh,  healthy,  and  lithe  as  mountain  deer,  their  deep  blue  eyes  shining  like 
the  sun-lit  lakes  of  their  own  green  land,  greet  you  with  cordial  warmth,  and  in  a  rich  brogue  that  is  perfectly 
irresistible.  They  take  the  palm  of  beauty  from  all  the  foreign  women  at  the  Fair.  They  were  brought  over  to 
illustrate  lace-making  and  dairy  work  in  Ireland.  Charles  McSweeney,  the  piper  of  Donegal,  is  also  there. 
He  is  a  very  important  person  in  his  native  land,  and  reminds  one  of  those  ancient  bards  so  dear  t;.)  the  Celtic 
heart.  A  blacksmith,  a  wood-carver,  a  dyer,  spinner,  pillow-lace  worker,  embroiderer,  sprigger  and  veiner,  and 
representatives  of  other  industries  have  been  imported  for  this  Village.  It  is  a  happy,  busy  little  place.  The 
cottages  need  no  description,  being  of  the  ordinary  thatch-roof  type,  as  seen  in  our  picture.  "  Cead  Mile 
Failte,"  over  the  door  means  "You  are  a  thousand  times  welcome."  Few  people  seem  to  realize  that  there  is 
a  distinct  Irish  language  spoken  by  over  half  a  million  of  people,  and  with  a  literature  of  some  pretension ; 
but   so    it   is.      Priests    still  preach    in  it   and  judges  deliver   their  charges    in    it,  and    in  almost   all  'the  "great 

colleges  there  is  a  chair  of  Celtic  literature  for  the  encouragement  of  literary  research- 

,483 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


In  the  Irish  Village. 


HAGENBECK'S    ANIMAL    SHOW. 

Within  tlie   building,  we  see  in   tliis  picture,  is  a  thorouglily   interesting  and   amusing   exliibit  of  trained 

animals.      Tlie  proprietor  lias  contracts  to  supply  the  great  menageries  of  the  world.      Here  are  at  least  twenty 

lions,  trained  to  perform   many  wonderful   feats.      In  the  cage  over  the  main  entrance,  a  lion  paces  constantly, 

looking  with   nervous  glance  on  the  multitude  below.      Entering,  we  find  that  restaurants  and  cafes  take  up  the 

front  of  the  building,  but  tlie  real  interest  centres  in  the  ethnological  exhibit  of  the  weapons  and  implements  of 

many  races,  arranged  in  logical  order.      The   aquarium  which   represents  the   Indian   Ocean,  with   its   fauna   and 

vegetation,  is  truly  wonderful.      The  animals  here  are  the  best  of   their  kind  that  could  be  secured.      The  lions 

are  in  hne  condition,  looking  as  though  just  brought  from  their  native  jungle.     There  are  two  splendid  Bengal 

tigers,  and  a  set  of  boar  hounds,  such  as  would  delight  the  eyes  of  a  medieval  hunter.    There  are  several  bears 

here,  one  large  polar  bear  and  some  of   the  common  black  variety,  besides  panthers,  leopards,  monkeys  and 

parrots.     It  is  an  odd  thing  to  see  a  lion   on  horseback ;   the  horse  naturally  dreads  the  lion,  and  flees  from  his 

presence,  but  here  the  lion   rides  on  the  horse  as  though  used  to  that  method   of   locomotion,  and   the   horse 

seems  in  no  wise  averse  to  the  experiment.      Some  trained  pigs  here  are  also  quite  wonderful ;  they  perform 

many  curious  evolutions,  and  play  tricks  with   cards.      The  smallest  elephant  in  the  world   is  said  to  be  here; 

she  is  called  "Lilly,"  and  weighs  only  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  pounds ;  she  is  thirty-tlve  inches  high,  and  only 

four  and  a  half  feet  long.     It  is  a  strange  sight  to  see  so  many  animals  brought  into  the  arena  together ;  tigers, 

lions,  elephants,  bears  and  dogs,  all  have  their  duty,  and  each  quietly  obeys  the  word  of  command.     Lions  are 

harnessed  to  a  chariot,  and  jog  along  as  peacefully  as  horses.    Tigers  ride  velocipedes,  and  pigs  and  monkeys 

perform  amusing  tricks.      It  is  wonderful  to  think  that  man   can  so  thoroughly  subdue  and  govern  the  animal 

kingdom.     In  the  upper  story  there  is  an  exhibit  of   German  wine-growers,  which  is  very  interesting.      Taking 

all  the  features  of  this  display  into  consideration,  there  are  few  places  in  the  entire   Exposition  so  interesting  to 

the  visitor.     The  building  installs  an  exhibit  worthy  of  a  permanent  place  in  any  great  city. 

490 


Hagenbeck's  Animal  Show. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


JAVANESE    VILLAGE. 

In  the  Midway  Plaisance  the  Javanese  have  a  most  interesting  Village.  The  Island  of  Java  is  under  the 
control  of  the  Dutch,  so  that  it  was  impossible  for  the  Viceroy  to  secure  an  appropriation  to  make  an  exhibit 
at  the  Fair.  However,  a  Dutch  syndicate  took  up  the  matter,  and  as  a  result  the  natives  of  that  lovely  isle 
are  domiciled  among  us.  The  houses  of  the  Village  are  exact  reproductions  of  the  huts  of  the  natives  of  Java, 
and  in  them,  workmen  are  engaged  weaving  cloth,  and  making  numerous  pretty  souvenirs  which  are  eagerly 
purchased.  Teas,  coffees,  spices,  tin,  ore,  gum,  sandalwood,  ebony,  mahogany  and  articles  made  from  native 
grasses  are  offered  for  sale.  There  is  also  a  native  theatre.  Java  is  the  most  important  of  all  the  islands 
in  the  Indian  Archipelago,  though  only  the  fourth  in  size.  The  area  is  estimated  at  49,176  square  miles, 
comprising  some  of  the  richest  land  in  the  world.  Her  rice-tlelds  and  sugar  plantations  are  amazingly  fertile, 
the  climate  is  mild,  the  people  gentle  and  industrious.  These  facts  make  her  the  richest  gem  in  the  crown  of 
Holland,  an  almost  inexhaustible  mine  of  wealth.  The  verdure  is  so  abundant  that  the  towns  and  villages  are 
absolutely  hidden  from  view  in  bowers  of  richest  foliage  which,  as  fast  as  it  withers,  is  replaced  by  equally 
fecund  growth.  Java  is  rich  in  birds  and  animals ;  among  the  latter  the  elephant,  tapir,  and  Malay  bear  may  be 
named.  There  are  two  hundred  and  seventy  species  of  land  birds,  forty  peculiar  to  the  island;  water-fowl  also 
abounds.  The  rhinoceros  is  the  largest  animal  in  the  country  and  has  but  one  horn.  That  of  Sumatra  has 
two.  Rice  is,  of  course,  the  great  staple  of  cultivation.  The  Javanese  regard  it  with  religious  reverence  as 
coming  from  the  body  of  the  rice  goddess,  Dewie  Sree.  Large  quantities  of  other  cereals  are  also  cultivated. 
Coffee,  sugar-cane  and  tobacco  are  largely  grown.  The  population  of  Java  numbers  over  18,000,000.  They  are 
of  the  Malay  stock.  The  antiquities  of  the  island  reveal  a  very  ancient,  and  a  very  high  state  of  civilization;  , 
many  of  the  old  temples  being  of  enormous  size  and  wonderful  architecture.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Javanese 
Village  on  the  Plaisance  look  eagerly  forward  to  the  coming  of  the  Sultan  of  Johore,  a  Malay  sovereign  with 
suite  and  tigers  from  the  Royal  Menagerie.     He  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  richest  potentates  in  the  world. 

4Q2 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Colurnbian  Expoaitfon. 


Javanese   Village, 


ENTRANCE    TO    GERMAN    VILLAGE. 

This  Village  occupies  one  of  the  largest  concessions  in  the  Midway  Plaisance.  It  is  entered  by  a  quaint 
gate,  flanked  by  a  small  Tower,  and  bearing  the  Brandenburg  Arms.  It  is  constructed  after  Medic^val  models 
and  is  a  representation  of  houses  in  the  upper  mountains  of  Bavaria.  The  buildings  are  thoroughly  German, 
and  number  thirty-six  in  all.  The  Kaiser  gave  his  consent  to  its  construction  and  added  the  privilege,  a  very 
rare  one  in  Germany,  of  recruiting  two  crack  military  bands  from  the  German  Army.  In  fact,  the  Emperor 
William  has  entered  into  the  spirit  of  the  Exposition  with  an  enthusiasm  as  rare  among  sovereigns  as  he  him- 
self is  unique  among  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe.  Besides  the  Village,  there  is  a  reproduction  of  a  Country 
Fair,  two  German  Restaurants,  a  German  Concert  Garden,  a  V/ater  Tower,  and  an  Ethnological  Museum. 
A  Castle,  built  in  tlie  sixteenth  century  style,  with  moat  and  palisades,  stands  in  the  centre  of  the  Village. 
Inside,  it  is  an  armory  of  ancient  weapons,  the  finest  collection  in  Germany;  and  sixteen  dummies,  uniformed 
and  equipped,  show  v/hat  the  German  soldier  of  the  olden  time  looked  like,  and  supply  practical  object  lessons 
in  Mediaeval  armor.  The  Town  Hall  of  the  Village,  a  quaint  structure  in  the  Saxon  style  of  architecture,  is  used 
as  a  Museum.  In  the  Market-Place  goods  are  exposed  for  sale.  The  farm  houses  represent  those  of  the  older 
provinces  of  Germany,  and  are  very  quaint  stuctures.  The  concession  occupies  17^,000  square  feet,  and  has  been 
admirably  used  by  the  careful  Teutons.  The  band  numbers  sixty-six  in  all,  and  as  they  are  recruited  from  the 
Garda  regiment  and  the  Garda  corps,  it  is  needless  to  speak  of  the  excellence  of  the  music  furnished.  Mirth, 
gaiety,  business,  instruction,  all  are  commingled  in  a  visit  to  this  odd  Village,  and  after  viewing  it  one  comes 
away  with  a  very  kindly  feeling  for  the  German  people  and  their  young  Emperor.  Germany  is  really  the 
greatest  exhibitor  at  the  Fair.  It  seems  as  though  the  German  people  grasped  the  fact  that  a  wide  market  for 
their  goods  could  be  secured  here.  The  Germans  who  return  to  the  Fatherland  are  generally  prosperous. 
Being  naturally  frugal,  they  make  the  most  of  what  they  acquire,  and  that  these  lessons  have  not  been  lost 
upon  the  astute  Teuton,  a  walk  through  any  of  the  large  buildings  in  Jackson  Park  will  amply  testify. 

494 


Entrance  to  German  Village. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


WITHIN    THE    GERMAN    VILLAGE. 

The  Germans  have  a  saying,  "  Behind  the  mountains,  people  live,"  of  which  we  are  forcibly  reminded  as 

we  wander  through  this  village.     Before  us  are  farmhouses,  such  as  the  pastoral   population   of  Germany  lived 

in  centuries  ago.     There  is  something  solidly  comfortable  about  them,  in   spite   of  the  small   windows,  which 

render  the  interiors  darker  than  would  suit  our  taste.    This  is  a  veritable  bit  of  the  Fatherland ;  we  sit  down  at  one 

of  the  tables   in  the   outdoor  restaurant,  and  regale  ourselves   on   sausages  and   sauerkraut,  seasoned  with  the 

best  music  heard  on  the  grounds.     All  about  us,  people  are  speaking  German,  and  now  a  procession,  evidently 

gotten   up   by   some    fun-loving   soul,   passes    us,   singing  as   they   move.      These    are    hearty,   happy    people, 

determined  to  get,  in  honest  fashion,  the  very   best   that   is   possible   out   of   life.     While   we   are   sitting  here 

a  son  of  the  Tyrol   approaches  us ;   he  wears  the  short,  green  coat,  the  comical   hat  with  a  feather  ornamenting 

it,  and  his  brown   face  has  a  certain   frank  and   manly  beauty  in    it;   he  brings  us  the  beautiful   edelweiss,  a 

flower  that  grows  in  the  snows   of  the  Alpine  peaks,  and  far  down  the  precipices,  where   human  foot  cannot 

tread.    We  gladly  purchase  some,  and  rising  from  the  table,  pass  from  booth  to  booth  where  fair--haired  German 

maidens  vend  their  wares,  not  seeming  over-anxious  or  worrying  themselves  at  all,  but  alert  and  attentive  when 

they  scent  a  customer,  and   sticking  to  their  prices  in  a  steady   manner  unusual   in   America.      After  making  a 

round  of  the  booths,  we  approach  the  real  centre   of  attraction   here,  the  replica  of  a  castle   moated  and  battle- 

mented,  and  looking  as  though  it  would  stand   for  ages.     Entering,  we  find  ourselves  in  a  wonderful  museum ; 

what  these  Germans  do,  they  do  well.     Here  are  arms  of  every  character,  and  suits  of  ancient  armor,  of  chain, 

mail  and  plate;  mounted  warriors,  armed   cap-a-pie  with  lance  in  rest,  look  as  though  ready  for  a  tournament, 

and  there  are  foot  soldiers  stationed,  as  if  prepared  to  march  on  a  foe.      One  department  is  filled  with  life-size 

figures,  clad  in  all  the  various  costumes  of   Germany,  from   the  ermined  robe  of  the  prince,  to  the  fustian  or 

corduroy  of  the  peasant.     It  is  a" sight  calculated  to  linger  long  in  the  memory  of  those  who  love  ^-  liok  back 

and  weave  the  scattered  threads  of  history  into  the  woof  of  personal  experience. 

496 


Copyrighted  by  the  Woria's  Columbian  Exposiiion. 


Within  tlie  German  Village. 


EGYPTIAN    OBELISK. 

Here  is  a  little  bit  of  ancient  Egypt,  looking'  strange  enough  in  this   great   Fair,  but   where  the   world  is 

met   together,  we  cannot    leave   out    Egypt.      This   obelisk   is   a   faithful    representation  of   one  of  "  Cleopatra's 

Needles,"  of  which  two  existed  in  Egypt.     One  was  offered  by  Mahomet  Ali  to  the  English  government,  but  was, 

after  considerable  correspondence,  refused.     At  last  it  was  accepted  and  placed  upon  the  Thames  embankment,  in 

1878.      In  1880,  the  other  was  taken   to    New  York,  and   set  up  in   Central    Park,  where  it  may  now  be  seen, 

reminding  us  of  a  civilization  long  since  passed   away,  and  a  race  whose  gigantic  works  are  still  the  wonder  of 

the  world.      The  obelisk  in  Central    Park,  New  York,  was  found  to  be  suffering  from   the   climate,  and  it  was 

feared   that  disintegration   would  soon   ensue,  but  a  varnish  was   discovered   and   applied  to  it,  and  thus  far  the 

process  of  decay  seems  to  have  been   stopped.      That  the   Egyptians   could   have  produced  these   works   with 

their  rude  tools,  is  a  matter  of  wonder.      From   the  pyramids,  we  learn   how  they  managed  to  split  these  huge 

stones ;   they  are  a  species   of  limestone,  and  when  a  huge   block  was  severed   from  its  native  mass,  a  groove 

was  cut  into  the  centre,  but  not   brought  out  at  either  end  ;  in  this  groove   little   holes  were  drilled,  and  wooden 

pegs   were   hammered  in.      The  groove  was  then   filled  with  water,  and  when  the  pegs  swelled,  the  stone  was 

burst  open.      We  can  see  at   Heliopolis,  many  stones   partially   dressed,  in   which  this  plan   has   been  followed. 

These  obelisks  are  of  harder   material,  being  a  species  of   red  granite;    one  is  seventy-one  feet  high,  and  seven 

feet  seven  inches  at  the  base ;   they  are  covered  with  hieroglyphics.      Why  they  should   be   called  "  Cleopatra's 

Needles  "  is  a  mystery,  as  it  is  not  known  that  that  famous  queen  had  anything  to  do  with  their  erection.     Here, 

then,  we  may  gaze  upon  this  waif  from  the  land  of  the  Nile,  and  dream  of  those  ancient  Pharaohs,  who  ruled 

in  sovereign  majesty  when  the  world  was  young,  and  when  the  progenitors  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race   had  just 

begun  that  march  westward,  wliich   was  to  end   in  the  establishment  of  that  group  of  Teutonic  peoples,  which 

has  done  so  much  to  shape  the  history  of  the  world,  and  lent  a  nerve  and  backbone  to  our   modern   progress, 

such  as  no  other  race,  or  group  of  races,  could   possibly  achieve. 

498 


o 

c 
.S2 
a 


INTERIOR    OF    TURKISH    MOSQUE. 

In  the  Turkish  village,  in  the  Midway  Plaisance,  is  a  beautiful  Mosque,  the  interior  of  which  we  show  in 

this  picture.    There  are  many  pious  Mussulmans  on  tlie  Exposition  grounds  who  would  feel  lost  if  they  did  not 

have  a   house  of  prayer  to  which   to  turn   twice  or  thrice  a   day.     Visitors  are  allowed  to  enter  only  when  the 

hour  of  prayer  is  over,  as  the  Mosque  is  not  considered  a  show-place  in  the  general  sense.     This  building  is  a 

reproduction   of   one   erected  by  the  Sultan   Selim,   in   Constantinople,   and   it   is   a  great  comfort  to  the  three 

hundred   Mussulmans  who  attend   its   services.     Nothing  is  omitted   here  that  could   possibly  remind   one  of  a 

Mosque  in   Tubkey.     At  stated   intervals  the  Muezzin  ascends   to  the   platform,  just  below  the  minaret,  and  calls 

loudly  that   the  time  for  worship   has  come.     In  our  picture  the  heads  of  the  men  who  are  praying,  are  bowed 

toward  the   lioly  city  of  Mecca,  as  the   prophet   in  the   Koran   ordains.     To   the  left,  we   see  the   pulpit  of  the 

Imaum,  from  which   the   holy  writings  are  expounded   to  the   faithful.     Moliammed   used   to   preach   daily  from 

just  such  a  pulpit,  and  the  custom  was  continued   by  his   four  immediate  successors,  even   though   they  were 

practically  the  commanders-in-chief  of  great  and  terrible  armies,  which  were  victoriously  sweeping  the   eastern 

world.     There  are  no  seats  in  Mohammedan  Mosques.    They,  in  this  respect,  resemble  Greek  churches.     Within  the 

Mosque  in  our  picture,  we  find   a  great  variety  of  interesting  objects   brought   from  the  Orient,  and   dear  to  the 

hearts  of   the  children  of    Islam.      The  Turk  is,  of  all  men,  most  religious;    he  eats,  drinks,  sleeps,  and  dresses 

by  the   Koran.     Almost  every  action  of  his   daily  life  is   prescribed   for  him,  and   it   is  this  which   makes  it  so 

hard  to  convert  him   to  Christianity  ;  he  is  an  abstainer  from  wines  and  all  strong   liquors  and,  though  cruel   to 

the  races  that  he   has  conquered,  he   is   possessed  of  a  rare  and  winning  courtesy  to  those  of  his  own  nation, 

and  to  strangers  in  v/hom   he  has  confidence.    The  Sultan  is  supposed  to  be  the   head  of  the  Churcln,  as  well 

as  of   the  Empire,  though  even  he  must  take  advice  from  the  Sheik  Ul  Islam,  who  is  the  legitimate    expounder 

of  Turkish  law  and  custom.     It  is  pleasant  to  see  among  us,  Mohammedans  practising  their  religious  rites  without 

hindrance;  we  may  learn  from  them  to  be  true  to  our  principles  and  duty. 

500 


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=  '£. 


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E 


FERRIS    WHEEL. 

This  wheel  is  a  remarkable  and  attractive  object,  and  a  very  curious  piece  of  mechanism.  It  has  thirty- 
six  pendulum  cars,  each  seating  forty  passengers.  One  revolution  of  the  wheel  carries  1440  passengers  2^0  feet 
into  the  air,  and  gives  them  a  splendid  view  of  the  scene  below  them.  It  is  like  going  up  in  a  balloon.  The 
charge  for  the  ride  is  fifty  cents.  For  this  the  passenger  enjoys  two  revolutions,  and  if  all  the  cars  are  full,  the 
proprietors  reap  ^1440  an  liour.  The  Ferris  Wheel  is  constructed  on  the  same  principle  as  a  bicycle  wheel,  the 
only  difference  being  that,  while  that  of  the  bicycle  rests  on  the  ground,  the  Ferris  Wheel  is  suspended  from  its 
axle.  The  thirty-six  carriages  of  the  great  wheel  are  hung  on  its  periphery  and  are  placed  at  equal  distances. 
Each  car  is  twenty-seven  feet  long,  thirteen  feet  wide,  and  nine  feet  high.  Though  tine  frame  is  of  iron,  it  is 
covered  externally  with  wood.  There  is  a  door  and  there  are  five  large  plate-glass  windows  on  each  side.  It 
contains  forty  revolving  chairs,  made  of  wire  and  firmly  screwed  to  the  floor.  Each  car  weighs  thirteen  tons, 
and  when  filled  the  weight  is  greatly  increased.  An  iron  axle,  six  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  runs  through 
the  roof  and  suspends  it  from  the  periphery  of  the  wheel.  The  wheel  with  its  cars  and  passengers  weighs  about 
1200  tons.  Its  axis  is  supported  on  two  pyramidal  iron  towers,  one  at  each  side.  They  are  forty  by  fifty  feet  square 
at  the  bottom,  six  feet  square  on  top,  and  about  140  feet  high.  The  sides  next  to  the  wheel  are  perpendicular, 
the  others  slanting.  Each  tower  has  four  great  feet  which  rest  on  a  firm  underground  concrete  foundation. 
The  wheel  is  250  feet  in  diameter,  82^  feet  in  circumference,  thirty  feet  wide  and  is  elevated  fifteen  feet  above 
the  ground.  There  is  no  danger  whatever  even  if  the  passengers  are  not  equally  distributed  through  the  cars. 
It  is  a  wonderful  merry-go-round  indeed,  and  is  called  the  Ferris  Wheel  because  it  was  designed  by  engineer 
George  W.  G.  Ferris  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  run  by  a  one-thousand  horse-power  reversible  engine,  which 
is  under  the  east  side  of  it,  and  sunk  four  feet  into  the  ground.  The  wheel  makes  two  revolutions,  including 
six  stops,  in  twenty  minutes.    It  is  a  strange-looking  object  with  its  great  circle  of  boxes,  its  network  of  wires,  and 

its  tower  in  the  centre,  but  it  is  veritably  a  "wheel  of  fortune"  for  its  proprietor. 

502 


Copyrighted  by  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Ferris  Wheel. 


LOOKING    EAST    FROM    FERRIS   WHEEL. 

What  a  view  is  before  us!     The  Plaisance  is  black  with  an  unbroken  multitude;    representatives  of  thirty 

nations  jostle  one  another.     The  architecture  of  the  polished  East,  and  the  rude  dwellings  of  Dahomey  and  the 

South   Sea   Islands,  are   seen.     So  great   is  this  vista  of  wonders  that  we  are  almost  cloyed  v/ith  their  variety. 

First,  to  our  nght,  we  observe  the  fretted  dome  of  the  Moorish  Palace;   it  is  of  perfect  Moorish  architecture,  and 

contains  a  beautiful   palm   garden,  so  cunningly  surrounded   by  mirrors  that  the  appearance   of   size   is  greatly 

increased.     The   rest   of  the   interior,  with   splendid  carved  columns  and  ceiling  of  softly-toned  mother-of-pearl, 

is  simply  ravishing.      Next,  on  our  right,  we  view  the  buildings  of  tlie  Turkish  village,  with  its  theatre,  mosque, 

and  the  reproduction  of  "Cleopatra's  Needle,"  and  right  over  the  way  the  decorated  walls  of  the  German  village 

encloses  another  type   of  national   life;    its   shops   and   farmhouses  telling  the  story  of  peace;    its   moated   and 

battlemented  castle  holding  the  great  museum,  telling  many  a  tale  of  grim  and  bloody  war,  of  festive  tournament 

and   of  fatal   fray.      Next,  we   behold  the  pretty  village   of  the  Javanese,   that  clean,   dainty  race,  so   quiet,  so 

courteous,   so   industrious.      The   wooden   palm-thatched   houses   present  a  great   contrast  to   the   German,   and 

adjoining   this   the   Japanese    Bazaar,   containing    marvels   of   ingenuity   and   beauty.     The  great  building  which 

contains  the  Panorama  of   the  Bernese  Alps  is  seen  adjoining  the  Turkish  village  to  the  right  of  the  picture,  and 

here  we  at  once  take  a  leap  from  the  sultry  clime  of  the  Orient  to  the  crisp,  life-giving  atmosphere  of  the  snowy 

North.     By  craning   our  necks,  we  can   just  get  a  glimpse  of  a  huge  beehive-shaped,  palm-thatched  edifice  in 

the   South   Sea   Island  village;    this  was   sent  by  the  Samoan  king,  Mailetoa,  as  a  gift  to  the  Fair;    it  is  curious 

to  see  an  electric  light  in  the  centre  of  this  dwelling.     The  castles  in  the  two  Irish  villages  loom  up  clear  against 

the  sky,  and  look  exceedingly  picturesque,  reminding  us,  in  their  gray  grimness,  of  tlie  two  Irish  chieftains,  one 

of  whom  wrote  to  the  other,  "  Pay  me  some   tribute,  or  else — ."    The  other  answered,  "  I  owe  you  no  tribute, 

and   if — ."      It  is  a  pity  that  the  time  is  coming  when  all  this  will  pass  away,  and  this  great  avenue  will  tell 

no  tale  of  it,  but  we  have  seen  it  and  can  tell   the  story. 

504 


mil 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 


Looking  East  from  Ferris  Wheel. 


STREET    IN    CAIRO. 

The  Street  in  Cairo,  on  tlie  Midway  Plaisance,  forms  the  great  centre  of  attraction  for  the   multitudes   that 

pour   into   Jackson    Pai'k.      \n    Paris,    in    1889,    the    Rue    du    Cairo    proved   a   great   success,   which    led    to   its 

establishment  as  an   exhibit  of  this   Exposition.     The  Khedive  gave  permission   to   his  architect,  Max  Hertz,  to 

prepare  designs  and  plans,  and   ultimately  to  visit  America  and  superintend  the  construction  of  the  street.      It  is 

a  faithful   copy  of  Cairo   in   its   unimpaired   splendor,  and  furnishes    a   pleasant   bit   of    oriental   life  and   color. 

Without,   the   buildings   are   very   unattractive,   and    constructed    with    no    design    of   regularity ;    the    one   great 

redeeming  feature  being  the  tall,  white   minaret  which,  lifting  its   snowy  dome  far  above  the  other  structures, 

delights  the  eyes  of  the  beholder  with   its  grace  and   beauty;    it   is  visible   in  our   picture.      In  this  street  are 

sixty-two   shops;    the   copy  of   the   residence   of   a   merchant,   two   drinking-fountains,  a  temple,    mosque  and 

theatres,  forming  a  fascinating   medley  of  attractions.      Donkeys  and   camels  are  driven  through  the  streets  by 

boys  and  men  in  Egyptian  costume.     It  is  very  amusing  to  see  the  young  people  of  America  mount  the  kneeling 

camels  which,  when   unengaged,  stand   in   a  row  near  the  entrance.      First,  the   camel  straightens   out  his  hind 

legs,  throwing  the   rider   forward,  and   then   his   front   legs,   throwing  the   person   backward  with  a  jerk.      The 

drivers  cry  out  in  broken  English  to  the  multitude  to  clear  the  v/ay,  and  the  camel  jogs  on,  bouncing  the  rider 

about  in  very  grotesque  fashion.    The  mosque  is  a  counterpart  of  that  of  the  Sultan  Kaif  Bey,  while  the  minaret 

is  one  of  the  finest  in  tlie  worid,  being  a  copy  of  that  of  the  mosque  of  Abou  Bake  Mazhar.     This  mosque  is 

very  highly  ornamented,   the  doors  being  especially  beautiful.     The   merchant's   house,  which   appears   in   this 

illustration,  is  very  richly  decorated;    its  balconies  extend   over  the  street,  and  its  doors  are  inlaid  with  tracings 

in  ivory.    The  goods  in  the  shops  are  all  of  oriental  character,  and  the  venders  sit  cross-legged   in  their   places 

just  as  one  sees  them   in    Egypt.     All   Egypt   has  sent  in  contributions;    mummies,  beetles,  ivory,  brass-work, 

embroideries,  sweetmeats  and  a  host  of  odd  and  pretty  things  tempt  the  passer-by,  while  gold  and  silver  coins, 

ancient  and  modern,  with  slippers,  scarfs  and  caps,  are  eageriy  purchased  as  souvenirs  of  the  Exposition. 

506 


I 


EGYPTIAN    WEDDING. 

Twice  a  day  a  procession  wends  througli  the  streets  of  Cairo,  tlie  "Moulid,"  or  birtliday  festival,  and  a 
wedding  procession.  Tlie  street,  on  these  occasions,  is  alive  with  e.xcitement ;  drums,  gongs,  and  cymbals  make 
a  jubilant  clamor.  Swarthy,  semi-nude  Soudanese  generally  lead  the  van.  A  cryer,  on  a  tall  camel,  brandishes 
a  naked  scimitar  in  one  hand,  and  holds  his  tourfaki,  or  long  gun,  in  the  other.  A  procession  of  men  on  cam.els 
follows,  each  arrayed  in  his  best  attire,  and  bright  with  vivid  color.  The  bride  follows  in  a  palanquin,  her  face 
covered  with  the  yasmak,  or  Turkish  veil,  above  which  her  bright  eyes  shine  like  stars ;  the  drapery  of  the 
palanquin  is  green.  A  great  crowd  generally  attends,  and  even  the  grave-eyed  donkeys  look  on  as  though 
puzzled  to  discover  what  it  is  all  about.  The  street  is  tilled  with  tents  for  a  short  time,  and,  in  these,  astrolo- 
gers, fortune-tellers,  wrestlers,  conjurers,  snake-charmers,  and  dancers  entertain  the  multitude.  All  the  motley 
population  of  the  true  Egypt  are  here  represented ;  priests,  musicians,  and  torch-bearers  swell  the  crowd ; 
Nubians,  Fellahs,  Arabs,  Turks,  and  Copts,  each  in  their  distinct  garb,  helping  to  brighten  the  scene.  For  a 
moment,  we  feel  that  we  are  indeed  in  the  Land  of  the  Nile,  all  the  full  current  of  Egyptian  life  flowing  about 
us,  and  bearing  us  along  on  its  tide.  What  must  be  the  feelings  of  those  who  have  never  traveled  beyond  the 
limits  of  America  as  they  gaze  on  this  scene  ?  They  have  not  visited  Africa ;  but  here,  in  Jackson  Park,  Africa 
has  visited  them.  The  spectacle  is  ravishing,  fascinating!  The  very  cries  of  these  people  differ  from  the 
clamor  made  by  Anglo-Saxon  throats ;  they  are  more  shrill,  more  of  absolute  abandon  in  them.  Here  we  are 
led  to  doubt  the  stories  we  have  read  of  the  drowsy  Orient ;  all  are  very  wide  awake  indeed ;  each  dark  face 
is  wonderfully  expressive.  This  whole  scene  is  a  great  object-lesson,  and  cannot  fail  to  broaden  the  horizon  of 
our  experience.  We  feel,  as  never  before,  that  "  God  hath  made  of  one  blood  all  the  nations  of  the  earth," 
and  that  joy  and  sorrow,  hope,  fear,  pain  and  ecstacy  are  our  common  heritage.  We  pass  out  very  thoughtful 
into  the  glare  of  the  Plaisance.     We  have  been  entertained   and   edified,  and  above   all   we   feel  that    we   need 

quiet,  to  enable  us  to  separate  the  tangled  threads  of  the  odd  experiences  we  have  undergone. 

508 


k, 


GROUP    OF   SOUDANESE. 

These  curious  people  have  a  theatre,  and  several  small  huts,  in  the  street  of  Cairo ;  there  are  few  more 
interesting  people  on  the  ground.  This  group  consists  of  Soudanese  and  Nubians,  but  the  former  are  the  more 
interesting,  probably  because  they  have  traveled  a  little,  while  the  Nubians  have  never  before  been  beyond  the 
boundaries  of  Egypt.  The  theatre  is  a  circular  stiiicture  of  wood,  thatched  with  palm  leaves  and  rushes.  The 
floor  is  of  shingly  gravel,  and  one  hard,  wooden  bench  extends  around  the  walls,  about  one-half  the  circum- 
ference. The  stage  is  a  simple  board  platform,  back  of  which  are  the  living  quarters  of  the  Soudanese.  The 
little  cliild  seen  in  the  foreground  of  our  picture  is,  with  one  exception,  that  of  an  Esquimau  baby  born  on  the 
grounds,  the  youngest  in  the  Fair.  She  is  only  one  year  and  eight  months  old,  and  has  been  taught  a  little 
English;  when  asked  her  name,  she  will  reply,  "Mary  Anderson,"  and  will  use  other  phrases,  such  as  "Glad 
to  see  you,"  and  "How  do  you  do?"  This  little  one  enters  as  heartily  into  the  spirit  of  their  strange  dance  as 
do  her  elders.  There  is  among  these  people  a  girl  about  twelve  years  old,  with  very  black  skin  and  long,  dark 
hair,  who  also  takes  part  in  the  dance,  and  who  is  very  intelligent.  When  they  are  gathered  on  the  stage,  the 
performance  begins.  The  dance  consists  of  stamping  the  feet,  with  violent  contortions  of  the  head  and  shoulders; 
faster,  faster  move  the  heads,  thrown  far  backward,  the  long  hair  swaying  with  the  movement,  till  you  wonder 
they  do  not  drop  with  sheer  dizziness.  The  dance  is  accompanied  by  a  sound  resembling  "  hish-kish,"  which 
is  constantly  repeated ;  men  and  v/omen  engage  in  it  alike,  and,  in  some  way,  it  is  supposed  to  portray  love, 
though  how,  we  are  hardly  able  to  determine.  They  advance  and  retreat,  now  with  backs  turned  to  each  other, 
and  now  face  to  face.  At  the  close  of  this  dance,  the  women  leave  the  stage,  and  the  men  engage  in  a  war- 
dance  ;  one  beats  the  drum  with  amazing  vigor,  while  the  man  to  the  left  of  the  picture  goes  through  a  series 
of  evolutions  that  almost  tire  the  eye,  all  the  time  singing  a  curious  war-song.  A  curious  sight  it  is  to  see  the 
little  giri  imitate  him,  and  follov/  his  movements  with  amazing  accuracy.    We  leave  the  theatre,  passing  around 

the  huts,  and  getting  a  glimpse  of  the  interiors,  in  which  Nubians  and  Soudanese  lounge,  and  smoke,  and  chatter, 

510 


Group  of  Soudanese. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


DANCERS— EGYPTIAN    THEATRE. 

We  are  still  in  Cairo  Street,  and  must  pay  a  visit  to  the  Egyptian  Theatre.    We  go  to  the  little  box-office, 

and  for  twenty-five  cents,  receive  a  ticket,  which  a  dark-faced  Turk  takes  from  us  as  we  enter.     These  people  seem 

delighted  to  handle  our  American  money ;  even  the  little  donkey  boys  hold  out  their  hands  for  backsheesh,  and 

the  Nubians  and  Soudanese  are  not  one  whit  behind ;  one  vender  has  learned  a  rhyme,  wliich  he  repeats  in  parrot 

fashion,  in  calling  attention  to  his  ices  and  lemonade.     But  we  are  now  in  tlie  theatre ;  all  here  is  strange ;  the  walls 

are  decorated  in  Moorish  and  Egyptian  patterns ;  the  one  briglit  bit  of  color  is  the  stage ;  that  is  simply  gorgeous ; 

as  in  the  Algerian  and  Tunisian  theatres,  it  is  long  and  narrow ;  a  soft  Persian  carpet  covers  the  floor ;  the  back 

is  hung  with  tapestries,  burning  with  rich  hues.     The  divan  upon  which  the  musicians  sit  is  of  purple  ground,  with 

gold  and  silver  patterns ;  back  and  forth  on  the   stage,  the  dancing-girls  flit,  their  bright  skirts  flashing  with  their 

supple  movements.     In  our  picture,  three  of  these  girls  may  be  seen — splendid  specimens  of  oriental  beauty.     The 

upper  part  of  their  bodies  is  covered  with  a  light  open-work  garment,  which  gives  free  play  to  the  muscles  ;  no 

corsets  have  ever  imprisoned  their  natural  waists ;  over  this  garment  strings  of  pearls  and  bright  bangles  fall,  and 

bracelets  of  'jingling  coins  clasp    their  wrists;    the  skirts  are  of   some    satiny  material,  usually  in  one   color,  red, 

blue,  yellow,  white   and   green,  and   over   them,  parti-colored   sashes   fall   from    the  waist.     In   dancing,  all   use 

castanets,  and  some  of  them  are  exceedingly  skillful  in  their  use.     The  movement  of  the  dance  is  peculiar ;  the 

feet   are  held   close  together,  and   only  the  body  answers  to  the  music ;  except  that,  now  and  then,  a  few  steps 

backward   and   forward   are   taken,  probably,  to  rest   the  performer.     These  girls  are  trained   from  childhood   in 

this  dance.     Probably  their  mothers   followed   the  same  profession,  as  in  most  cases  it  is  hereditary.      Those  in 

our  picture  are  the  best  dancers  in  the  Fair,  and  though  they  perform  several   times  a  day,  they  never  seem  to 

weary.     In  all,  we  saw  seven   dancing-girls  in   this  theatre,  though   only  three  dance  at  each   performance.     At 

intervals,  jugglers,  mountebanks,  musicians  and  conjurers  amuse  the  audience,  and  their  cleverness  far.  surpasses 

that  of  any  of  our  so-called  magicians,  the  best  of  whom  might  learn  a  lesson  from  these  people. 

512 


C 

U 

C 

Q 


ALGERIAN  THEATRE. 

We  enter  the  Tunisian  and  Algerian  Village,  and  at  once  find  ourselves  in  an  oriental  atmosphere.  The 
Theatre  is,  of  course,  the  principal  building,  and  is  a  very  pretty  structure.  Its  Moorish  domes  and  the  Saracenic 
fretwork  of  its  windows  mark  it  distinct  from  other  like  buildings  on  the  Plaisance.  It  is  richly  colored  and 
beautifully  decorated  with  Tunisian  and  Algerian  tiles.  Fifty  persons  are  connected  with  its  service,  such  as 
jugglers,  dancing-girls  and  musicians.  The  jugglers  are  especially  skillful,  performing  many  of  tlie  tricks  practised 
by  the  fakirs  of  Jndia,  such  as  raising  pine-apples,  pounng  water  and  goldfish  from  their  girdles,  breaking  bowls 
before  your  eyes,  and  then  presenting  you  with  apparently  the  same  bowl  filled  with  water.  One  good  thing 
about  this  theatre  is  that  there  are  no  large  hats  to  obstruct  the  view.  We  sit  on  plain  wooden  benches,  and 
the  stage  lies  clear  before  us.  It  is  long  and  narrow,  but  the  arch  over  it  is  richly  draped  with  handsome 
shawls  and  hangings,  while  rich  tapestries  decorate  the  walls.  To  the  side  is  a  curtained  room,  into  which  the 
actors  go  and  come  during  the  performance.  Their  shrill  voices  may  easily  be  heard  by  those  in  the  theatre, 
above  the  music  and  the  noises  of  the  stage.  Along  the  back  of  the  stage  a  cushioned  divan  extends,  in  the 
centre  of  which  the  musicians  squat.  One  plays  a  sort  of  piccolo,  another  a  viol,  and  a  third  industriously 
beats  a  drum.  It  may  be  called  music,  but  if  it  be  such  our  western  ears  are  not  trained  to  appreciate  it.  Five 
or  six  gids,  in  brilliantly  colored  garb,  loll  and  lounge  on  the  divan  near  the  musicians,  while  one  of  their 
number  dances,  at  the  same  time  playing  the  castanets  with  deft  fingers.  The  play  is  often  interrupted  to  enable 
the  dancer  to  talk  with  the  musicians.  It  is  not  uncommon  for  them  to  turn  their  backs  upon  the  audience, 
while  the  girls  go  and  come  upon  the  stage,  and  chat  and  walk  about  at  will.  These  dances  are  really  panto- 
mimes. They  are  intended  to  tell  a  story  in  dumb-show,  and  the  girls  in  this  theatre  are  excellent  expositors 
of  the  art.  One  dance  tells  a  story  of  love;  the  advance,  rejection,  and  then  acceptance  of  the  lover  are  clearly 
outlined,  while  another  is  an  exhibition  of  suffering.  It  is  well  worth  while  to  visit  this  theatre  and  see  how 
the  orientals  enjoy  themselves.    Their  songs  are  not  very  inspiriting,  but  the  performance  is  delightful. 

514 


V 


,.^/M^ 

;;^/(;««, 


Bf 


^\.^l^\K^ 


I 


II 


Algerian  Theatre. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


ALGERIAN    AND    TUNISIAN    VILLAGE. 

To  really  appreciate  this  village,  and  how  contact  with  European  life  has  left  its  mark  on  the  Arab  popu- 
lation of  Africa,  one  should  first  view  the  Dahomeyans,  who  are  Africans  pure  and  simple,  and  then  come  here. 
We  find  ourselves  in  a  veritable  bit  of  oriental  scenery;  around  us  are  fifty  bazaars,  with  natives  sitting  cross- 
legged  by  their  wares,  the  more  eager  ones  urging  the  passers-by  to  purchase,  using,  with  amazing  volubility, 
words  that  they  have  picked  up  since  they  came  to  Chicago.  Here  are  also  ten  kiosks,  a  large  bazaar,  concert 
hall,  cafes  and  a  kabyle,  and  an  Algerian  tent ;  fountains  and  palms  form  a  proper  setting  for  the  quaint  archi- 
tecture. We  have  a  good  opportunity  here  to  see  these  people  at  their  work ;  some  are  engaged  on  intricate 
wood-carving  and  engraving  in  brass  and  copper,  others  are  weaving,  or  making  a  delicate  confection  called 
"alakuma,"  for  which  they  are  famed,  and  which  is  made  of  almonds,  gum,  sugar  and  the  white  of  eggs. 
Not  only  does  the  fragrant  odor  of  coffee  greet  us  as  we  pass  the  cafes,  but  sherbets  of  various  colors,  and 
novel  tarts  are  offered  us,  with  fruit  ices  and  other  oriental  concoctions.  It  is  noticeable  that  nearly  all  the 
work  is  done  by  the  people  with  Moorish  and  Arab  blood  in  their  veins ;  tlie  negroes  strut  about,  or  frolic  along 
the  street  like  great,  overgrown  children ;  their  faces  seem  always  smiling,  and  their  loud  laugh  may  be  heard 
over  other  noises.  The  Arabs  seldom  laugh,  but  look  like  people  shrewdly  interested  in  business.  The  Kabyles, 
whose  tent  you  see  here,  belong  to  several  tribes  which  inhabit  the  Algerian  region  of  northern  Africa ;  their 
numbers  are  estimated  as  in  excess  of  2,000,000 ;  this  race  is  evidently  aboriginal,  and  once  covered  a  vast 
extent  of  country;  they  are  a  little  larger  than  the  Arab,  but  not  so  graceful.  You  will  notice  among  them 
several  with  light,  rosy  complexions,  and  blue  or  gray  eyes.  These  people  are  thoroughly  industrious;  not  so 
shrewd  or  cunning  as  the  Arabs  proper,  their  industries  are  numerous  and  respectable.  They  excel  in  the  making 
of  leather,  oil  and  soap.  As  jewelers,  they  manufacture  lovely  articles  in  silver,  coral  and  enamel,  and  are 
good  weavers  and  dyers  of  cloth.     This  Village,  then,  presents  us  with  three  distinct  races — the  Arab,  the  Kabyle 

and  the  negro,  and  is  well  worth  investigation,  affording  a  rare  study  in  ethnology. 

516 


.^>iHli 


I 


irflSeONCIR 


AM 


Algerian  and  Tunisian  Village. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition* 


IN    THE    AUSTRIAN    VILLAGE. 

Out  of  the  glare  and  i'usIt  of  the  Plaisance,  we  pass  between  the  two  quaint  towers,  under  the  massive 
arch,  whicli  forms  the  entrance  to  "  Old  Vienna."  At  the  portal,  we  are  confronted  by  a  tall,  motionless  figure, 
clad  in  the  uniform  of  the  municipal  guards  of  ancient  days,  and  holding  a  halberd  in  his  hand.  After  passing  this, 
it  seems  that  the  hands  on  the  dial  of  time  had  been  turned  backward ;  around  us  are  the  picturesque  structures 
such  as  stood  in  Vienna  1 5'o  years  ago ;  quaint  gables  and  projecting  balconies,  with  odd  little  windows,  and,  in 
some  cases,  old  German  mottoes  painted  on  the  buildings  make  up,  with  the  people  crowding  the  square,  a  fas- 
cinating and  unusual  sight.  There  are  about  seventy  buildings  in  all,  facing  on  a  sort  of  curved  street,  that 
widens  greatly  toward  the  centre,  and,  in  the  middle  of  the  open  space,  the  grand  stand  is  seen.  Visitors  sit  at 
little  tables  in  the  open  air,  and  while  partaking  of  the  delicacies  served  in  dainty  style  by  young  Vienna  giris, 
listen  to  the  music  discoursed  by  the  band,  under  tlie  leadership  of  the  Hofcapelmeister,  who  is  musical  director 
of  the  Royal  Fourtli  Austrian  Infantry  Regiment.  He  is  a  great  composer,  and  is  permitted  to  remain  liere  by 
the  Emperor  of  Austria.  Thirty-four  stores  are  filled  with  rare  goods  from  Vienna,  and  tlie  principal  towns  of 
Austro-Hungary ;  and  the  courteous  and  engaging  Viennese,  nearly  all  of  whom,  by  the  way,  speak  French,  seem 
to  drive  a  brisk  and  profitable  trade.  In  the  centre  of  this  village,  we  see  the  Rathhaus,  or  old  Town  Hall,  a 
faithful  copy  of  that  in  the  "  Graben  "  of  old  Vienna.  We  must  not  overtook  the  museum  here ;  it  is  filled  with 
Grecian  pictures,  taken  from  the  tombs  of  Farjum,  in  Egypt;  they  are  about  2000  years  old.  Farjum  was  made 
a  military  colony  by  Alexander  the  Great;  the  soldiers  here  did  not  marry  the  Egyptians,  but  sent  for  wives 
to  Macedonia  and  Greece.  The  result  was  that  the  Greek  speech  and  culture  remained  among  them.  Other 
curiosities,  such  as  face  mummies  and  very  ancient  papyrii,  may  be  seen.  To  have  missed  Old  Vienna  in  our 
rambles,  would  have  been  to  lose  one  of  the  pleasantest  memories  in  our  lives.  Over  ^00  Austrians  are  engaged 
in  the  Fair,  and  they  are  quite  as  courteous  as  Frenchmen,  as  brave  as  Germans,  as  proud   as  Magyars,  and  as 

clever  in  trade  as  any  Yankee  that  we  can  produce  on  this  continent.. 

518 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


In  the  Austrian  Village. 


CHINESE    THEATRE. 

The  prevailing  cliaracteristic  of  Cliinese  nature  is  permanence.  The  play  we  see  here  is  just  the  same 
as  we  might  see  in  San  Francisco,  Canton,  or  even  Pekin.  The  fad  of  the  Chinese  is  constantly  to  produce 
liistorical  subjects  and,  as  no  females  are  allowed  on  the  stage,  it  is  particularly  amusing  to  see  men  take  such 
characters  as  should  belong  to  women,  though  it  must  be  confessed  that  in  voice  and  gesture  they  are  extra- 
ordinarily successful.  In  Shakespeare's  time,  the  same  sentiment  prevailed  in  England.  Boys,  dressed  in 
women's  clothes,  were  used  upon  the  stage,  and  it  was  not  till  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  that  the  female  sex 
was  absolutely  and  freely  represented  in  Thespian  exhibitions.  In  tliis  theatre  the  perf(jrmances  are  given  from 
nine  in  the  morning  until  ten  at  night ;  they  consist  of  scenes  representing  the  history  of  Cliina,  with  the  most 
curious  kind  of  love-making  that  man  ever  looked  upon,  mingled  with  gore  and  slaughter  in  a  strange  dime- 
novel  kind  of  manner.  We  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  performance  in  which  a  Chinese  sovereign  was 
jealous  of  his  wife,  and  in  order  to  make  it  impossible  for  her  to  wander  far  from  home,  had  obliged  her  to 
bind  her  feet  in  the  style  common  to  Chinese  fashionable  people.  The  war  scenes  are  peculiarly  gory ;  the 
killing  is  entirely  out  of  proportion  to  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  the  battle;  in  fact,  killing  seems  to  be 
a  sort  of  morning  luxury  to  the  Chinese.  Having  looked  upon  this  play,  which  seems  too  serious  almost  to 
be  called  play,  we  passed  to  the  second  story,  which  is  a  Joss  house,  and  contains  the  figures  of  the  gods 
worshipped  by  the  Chinese.  The  pleasing  feature  of  this  exhibit  is,  that  all  the  tortures  of  the  infernal  regions 
are  faithfully  represented  in  the  most  savage  manner.  If  it  was  intended,  by  this  display,  to  harrow  a  man's 
feelings,  the  effort  is  extremely  successful,  for  all  the  torments  and  tortures  that  could  possibly  be  applied  to  a 
Inuman  being  are  represented  here.  One  thing,  however,  is  of  great  value  to  us,  namely,  pictures,  scenes  of 
China,  showing  her  commercial  and  social  life.  We  have  here,  also,  a  very  attractive  bazaar  and  cafe,  in  which 
various  articles  of  Chinese  manufacture  are  for  sale,  with  beautiful  furniture  made  of  ebony,  inlaid  with  mother- 
of-pearl.     Chinese  dishes  are  served  here  to  those  who  wish  them, 

520 


> 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Chinese  Theatre. 


ALASKAN    INDIANS. 

In  this  picture  we  see  a  group  of  Alaskan  Indians  wino,  by  the  purchase  of  the  territory  of  Alaska,  have 
become  citizens  of  the  United  States.  There  are  about  1^,000  of  them  in  all,  but  they  bid  fair  to  become 
extinct  in  a  short  time,  as  they  learn  the  vices  without  the  virtues  of  the  white  man.  They  are  a  very  treach- 
erous, discontented  people,  in  this  respect  differing  materially  from  their  compeers,  the  Esquimaux.  The  oddly- 
decorated  pole  seen  in  the  background  of  the  picture  is  what  is  called  a  totem  pole,  and  answers  the  same 
purpose  as  a  genealogical  tree,  or  a  family  record  does  with  us.  The  ancient  Alaskans  had  an  almost  super- 
stitious reverence  for  these  poles,  and  made  it  a  point  of  honor  to  know  how  to  read  the  emblems  upon  them. 
But  this  art  is  now  dying  out.  The  younger  generation  lias  no  family  pride,  and  even  most  of  the  older  men 
and  women  cannot  read  the  old  tribal  records.  Many  of  these  poles  have  lately  been  collected  for  the  Smitli- 
sonian  Institute,  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Besides  the  1 5^,000  Indians  and  a  few  Esquimaux,  there  are  now  about 
8000  whites  in  Alaska.  It  covers  an  area  of  about  ^14,000  square  miles,  and  was  purchased  from  Russia  in 
1867,  for  a  money  payment  of  ^7,200,000.  It  can  never  prove  a  great  agricultural  country,  on  account  of  the 
cold  climate,  which  seems  favorable  only  to  native  grasses  and  berries  which  abound.  It  has,  however,  M^on- 
derful  forests,  v/liich  grow  as  far  as  2,000  feet  up  on  the  mountains.  These  forests  consist  of  cedar,  birch, 
pine,  larch  and  fir,  which  grow  very  large.  There  are  also  many  wild  animals,  including  elk,  deer,  several 
varieties  of  bear,  as  also  fur-bearing  animals,  such  as  the  fox,  beaver,  otter,  ermine,  marten  and  squirrel.  The 
port  of  entrance  and  present  seat  of  government  is  Sitka.  It  contains  i5',ooo  inhabitants,  and  is  the  seat  of  a 
Greek  archbishopric.  There  are  also  fortifications,  magazines,  and  an  observatory.  It  is  thought  that  there  are 
valuable  mines  in  the  interior,  and  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  the  government  may  prospect  with  a  view 
to  finding  precious  metals.  Alaska  is  a  great  territory  cheaply  purchased.  It  remains  for  us  to  make  the  best 
we  can  of  it.  Just  now  we  are  having  a  little  trouble  about  the  seals  on  the  Pribylov  group,  but  these  form  a 
very  small  percentage  of  the  revenue  we  may  hope  to  gain  from  this  acquisition. 


Alaskan  Indians. 


Copyrighted  by  ths  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


CAPTIVE    BALLOON. 

Among  the  many  unique  delights  of  the  Midway  Plaisance,  the  Captive  Balloon  is  not  the  least  fascinating. 

It  is  found  in  a  wide  park  or  enclosure  opposite   the   Dahomey  Village.      This   park  is  charmingly  embellished 

with  fountains,  slirubs  and  flowers,  and  is   in    itself  a   pleasant   resting-place   for    those  who   are  weary  of   the 

hurry  and   crowd  without.       The  balloon  is  a  fac-simile  of   that  used   in   the    Paris   Exposition  of    i88g,  and  its 

popularity  is  undoubted,  though  tlie  charge   for  an  ascension  is  two  dollars.      The  car  will  seat  sixteen  persons 

comfortably,  and  the  height  to  which   the   balloon  ascends   is  149^  feet,  or  over  two-thirds  of   a  mile.       Three 

ascents  an   hour  can   be   made   in   fair  weather.       It   is   said   that   last  year  the   managers   confined   the  ascent 

to  1492  feet  in  honor  of    Columbus,  who  discovered  America  in  that  year.       Whoever  has  the  good  fortune  to 

go   up   in   that   balloon   will    see    a    marvelous   sight — in    fact,    obtain    a   bird's-eye   view    of    the    entire    Fair. 

Beneath    lies   a   miniature   world ;    the  swarthy  son  of  Dahomey  stands   sentinel  over  his  village   on  a  platform 

resembling   those  in    his   native   land ;     the  grotesque    Chinese   Temple   lifts   its   two   six-storied   spires,  as  if  it 

wanted  to  be  taken  up  bodily ;  while,  like  a  sturdy  giant,  the  great   Ferris  Wheel  contests  the  height ;    the  entire 

length  of  the  Plaisance  is  in  view ;  Cairo's   busy  street,  where   grunting  camels  and  sleek  donkeys   mingle  with 

the  curious  throng;  the  quiet  little  village  of   the  South   Sea   Islanders,  Old  Vienna,  and   the   German  Village — in 

fact,  all  lies  plain  before  you.     In  the  distance,  you  see  the  great  buildings  of  the  Exposition.      Domes,  tov/ers, 

spires,  winged    Victories,  bathed  in  light,  waters  flashing  in  the   rays  of    an  unclouded   sun  :    so  beautiful  is  the 

view  that  it  seems  hardly  real.       We  are  floating  over  fairy-land.      We  lean   over  the   car  and   try  to   drink  in 

every  detail  of    that  wonderful  view,  till  we  feel  ourselves  going  down,  and  still   down,   nearer   and    nearer  the 

scenes  below;     till,   at   last,  with  a  sigh,  we   feel   ourselves   once   more   on   terra-flrma ;    yet  that   one  vision  is 

worth  a  month  of  tamer  life.     Within  the  Park,  we  find  the  Grand  Plaisance  Restaurant,  capable  of  seating  three 

thousand  persons,  and  turning  in  thither,  we  refresh   ourselves  and   think  of   the  good   time   coming  when  man 

shall  have  discovered  the  art  of  flying,  and  we  may  all  ascend  the  trackless  air. 

524 


Captive  Balloon. 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


ILLINOIS    MILITIA. 

"  Tramp,  tramp,  tramp,  the  boys  are  marching."     Their  serried  ranks  stretch  far  down  the  Plaisance.     On 

they  come  with   the  steady  tread  of  veterans  inured  to  war.     They  are  a  splendid   lot  of  men,  not  done  up   in 

buckram  and  cotton  batting,  but  lithe,  strong,  flexible.     Our  hearts  bound  within  us  as  we  gaze  on  tliem.     We 

do  not  wish  war. with  any  nation  on  earth,  yet,  if  the  time  should   come,  we   feel   that  here  at  least  we  have 

fighting  material  equal  to  any  in  the  world.     This  is  not  at  all  wonderful.     Looking  into  the  faces  of  the  marching 

men,  we  see  a   mixture  of  races,  truly  wonderful.     There  is  the  spirited   Irishman   full  of   physical   and   mental 

activity,  every  muscle  of  his  supple  body  keeping  time  to  the  martial  music,  and  his  eyes  bright  with  suppressed 

excitement.     Close  by   him    marches   the  ruddy  son  of  the   Northland,  strong,  upright,  valiant,  a  good   man   to 

meet  as  a  friend,  and  one  to  be  feared  in   the  clash  of   battle.     Many  of  these  men  are  Germans,  sons  of  the 

gallant  band  led  by   Hermann  in   his  attack  on   the   legions  of  Varus.     The  earth   shakes   beneath   their  tread. 

The  stirring  notes  of   the  band  quicken  the  heartbeats  of  the  multitude ;   cheers  are  heard  on  every  side  as  the 

chivalry  of  Illinois  moves  on,  amid  as  strange  surroundings  as  a  campaigning  army  ever  saw.     On  one  side  we 

see  old  Vienna,  its  gables  and  balconies  forming  an  odd  architectural  jumble.     On  the  other,  the  Chinese  Temple, 

with   its  two  curious  towers.     We  wonder  what  the   denizens  of  the  old  world   think  of   these  men  marching 

past  their  temporary  homes.     On  every  hand  the  soldiers  are  greeted  with   brotherly  acclaim.     The  subjects  of 

Franz  Josef  and    Kaiser  Wilhelm  lift  their   hats  and   cheer  in  concert  with  Turks,  Algerians  and   Persians.    The 

Asiatics  are   less   demonstrative.    Mild-eyed  Javanese,   swarthy  Malays,  and  impassive  Chinamen  gaze  dreamily 

on  the   scene,  and   all    seem   to  feel   that,  though   America   may  possess   a  vast   military   force,  and  though  her 

sons   have   a   special   aptitude  for   military   training,  it  will   be  used   only  for   defence   and  never  for  aggression. 

March  on,  brave  boys !  we  delight  in  your  strength  and  gallant  bearing,  and  we  know  that  should  the  day  ever 

come  when  the  land  needs  your  service,  you  will  prove  that  your  valor  is  equal  to  your  discipline  and  soldierly 

appearance.    The  nation  that  would  strike  at  us  with  such  defenders  must  indeed  be  bold  to  temerity. 

526 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Illinois   Militia. 


PRINCESS    EULALIE. 

This  visit  of  Princess  Eulalie  to  tine  Midway  Plaisance  was  sufficiently  unusual  to  call  out  all  the  enthu- 
siasm of  the  multitude.  The  great  avenue  was  thronged  to  welcome  the  Spanish  Princess.  Even  in  her  own  land 
the  demonstrations  of  loyal  affection  could  not  be  more  hearty.  We  feel  tliat  the  Queen  Regent  of  Spain  did  a 
very  graceful  act  in  sending  as  her  representative  a  princess  so  charming  and  affable.  The  hearty  manner  in 
wliich  she  enters  into  the  pleasures  afforded  her,  and  her  undisguised  admiration  for  the  nation  of  which  she 
is  the  honored  guest,  have  won  all  hearts.  We  do  not  exclude  her  princely  husband  in  this  tribute.  We  have 
been  fortunate  also  in  entertaining  the  Duke  de  Veragua,  a  lineal  descendant  of  Christopher  Columbus,  and  the 
bearer  of  many  of  his  titles  and  dignities.  In  reading  of  the  great  Admiral  he  seems  so  far  removed  from  us 
that  we  are  apt  to  look  upon  him  as  almost  a  myth,  but  this  man  bearing  his  name  and  instinct  with  his 
blood,  brings  Columbus  very  near  to  us.  We  feel  that  the  centuries  are  short  after  all,  and  that  all  history  is, 
as  it  were,  the  record  of  a  day.  The  Sultan  of  Johore  has  also  visited  us,  and  though  his  principality  is  small, 
his  appearance  among  us,  and  the  little  company  established  by  his  people,  make  us  feel  that  this  is  a  great 
World's  Fair  indeed.  In  many  countries  it  is  thought  that  the  citizens  of  a  republic  have  a  natural  hatred  for 
sovereigns,  but  we  have  shown  that,  while  we  regard  government  "  by  the  people,  of  the  people,  and  for  the 
people,"  as  the  best,  we  know  how  to  honor  and  even  to  love  those  who  represent  the  government  of 
other  countries,  especially  when,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Princess  Eulalie,  they  take  us  as  they  find  us,  and  do 
not  expect  to  be  surrounded  by  the  pomp  and  circumstance  of  Courts.  We  have  been  through  the  great 
Exposition;  we  have  transferred  its  glorious  buildings  to  our  pages,  and  set  before  you  its  stately  and  charming 
statuary;  we  have  taken  you  by  the  hand  and  shown  you  its  marvelous  exhibits,  and  we  have  wandered 
together  through  its  villages,  and  looked  into  the  faces  of  strange  races ;  we  have  dreamed  beside  the  lake,  and 
viewed  together  the  glory  of  night,  made  more  glorious   by  the  mysteries  of  fire ;  we   have   missed  no  corner 

where  an  object  of  interest  could  be  found,  and  so  we  leave  you,  hoping  to  meet  again  in  friendly  companionship. 

52S 


I 


Copyrighted  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 


Princess  Eulalie 


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Shepp's  World's  Fair 
Photographed. 


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